Foreign Chemist

Marie Curie
Born in Poland in 1867, Marie Curie is one of the most famous female scientists in the history of
physics and chemistry. This included her pioneering wor in !adioacti"ity, and she holds the distinct
honor of #eing the $rst person who was e"er awarded two %o#el Pri&es. That includes the %o#el Pri&e
in #oth physics and chemistry. Curie was a professor at the 'ni"ersity of Paris, which was also a $rst
for a female at the time, and helped create a wide legacy that encouraged other females to enter into
the pre"iously male(dominated world of the physical sciences.
The world)s $rst studies of radioacti"ity were undertaen #y Marie Curie. *he created a theory of
radioacti"ity, pioneered new techni+ues of isolating radioacti"e isotopes, and also disco"ered two
completely new elements in the process. These included polonium and radium. The radioacti"e
isotopes that were isolated were then put into a treatment of cancerous cells, which was the #asis of
the radiation therapy that is still used to this day to treat cancer. Curie was educated at the 'ni"ersity
of Paris, where her older sister also studied. This was where she made her home #ase for research
after graduating with her higher degrees.
,s a matter of her thirst for further research capa#ilities, Marie Curie founded Curie -nstitutes in Paris
and .arsaw. *he wored together with her hus#and, Pierre Curie, who also shared her %o#el Pri&e in
physics. , family tradition, her daughter and son(in(law also managed to #e awarded a shared %o#el
Pri&e. *he went on to found The !adium -nstitute in 1/01 in .arsaw that ser"ed as a further home
#ase for research into the $eld of radioacti"ity. This was the #eginning of a whole new #ranch of
science, and is Curie)s greatest legacy into the world of chemistry.
, further legacy that Marie Curie was a#le to lea"e #ehind was a change in perceptions a#out the role
of women in the scienti$c world. *he was admired #y her peers such as ,l#ert 2instein, and despite
growing fame she managed to eep her focus on the $eld that she lo"ed, that of physics and
chemistry. 3er life has #een adapted into a num#er of #oos and $lms, which focus 4ust as much on
the feminist aspects of her life as of #eing ahead of her time scienti$cally as well. -n the end, howe"er,
radiology was the most important aspect of her life)s wor, and that is what she will #e remem#ered
for
Linda Hsieh-Wilson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Linda Carol Hsieh-Wilson is an American chemist. She is known for her work in
chemical neurobiology and currently a professor of chemistry and behaioral
sciences at the Semel !nstitute for "euroscience and Human #ehaior at the $niersity
of %alifornia, Los Angeles. She is also a former Howard Hughes &edical
!nstitute inestigator at the%alifornia !nstitute of 'echnology and an ad(unct professor
of psychiatry
Biography
Hsieh-Wilson receied her #achelor)s degree in chemistry at *ale $niersity. After
graduating, she completed her +h.,. in -../ at the$niersity of %alifornia,
#erkeley where she worked with +eter 0. Schult1 on antibody-based catalysis.
2-3
She
studied neuronal targeting protein spinophilin at the 4ockefeller $niersity with "obel
Laureate +aul 0reengard until 5666.
253
She then obtained an appointment at the
,epartment of %hemistry at the %alifornia !nstitute of 'echnology in 5666 as an
assistant professor and became an associate professor of chemistry and an inestigator
at the Howard Hughes &edical !nstitute in 5667.
283293
Research interests
Hsieh-Wilson)s research is at the interface between organic
chemistry and neuroscience.
273
She inestigates how glycans affect the structure and
function of proteins in the nerous system. Her laboratory has deeloped
a chemoen1ymatic method to tag proteins that hae been appended with a dynamic
form of glycosylation called :-0lcnac.
2/3
Her work with glycosaminoglycan microarrays
has significantly understanding of specific sulfated glycosaminoglycans in neuronal
communication, learning, and memory as well as adanced the field of chemical
biology.
2;3
She has demonstrated how fucosylation can modulate neurite growth and
neuronal morphology.
2<3
Notable papers
'he Web of Science lists 7- publications in peer-reiewed scientific (ournals that hae
been cited oer -566 times, leading to an h-inde=of 5-.
2.3
Her three most cited papers
>?.6 times@ areA
2.3
-. *an B, Hsieh-Wilson L, Feng C, 'omi1awa D, Allen +#, Fienberg AA, "airn A%,
0reengard + >Canuary -...@. E+rotein phosphatase - modulation of neostriatal
A&+A channelsA regulation by ,A4++-85 and spinophilinE. Nature
Neuroscience 2 >-@A -8F;. doiA-6.-68<G97-/. +&!, -6-.7-;9.
5. Dhidekel ", Ficarro S#, +eters H%, Hsieh-Wilson L% >September
5669@. EH=ploring the :-0lc"Ac proteomeA direct identification of :-0lc"Ac-
modified proteins from the brainE. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 101 >8/@A -8-85F
;. doiA-6.-6;8Gpnas.69689;--6-. +&% 7-/78/. +&!, -7896-9/. 4etrieed
56---6;--/.
8. 0ama %!, 'ully SH, Sotogaku ", %lark +&, 4awat &, Iaidehi ", 0oddard WA,
"ishi A, Hsieh-Wilson L% >September 566/@. ESulfation patterns of
glycosaminoglycans encode molecular recognition and actiityE. Nature
Chemical Biology 2 >.@A 9/;F;8.doiA-6.-68<Gnchembio<-6. +&!, -/<;<-5<.
Aards and honors
#eckman *oung !nestigator Award >5666@
4esearch %orporation 4esearch !nnoation Award >5666@
Alfred +. Sloan Fellowship >5668@
Hli Lilly Award in #iological %hemistry >566/@
Arthur %. %ope Scholar Award >566<@
2-63
0ill *oung !nestigator Award in "euroscience >566.@
2--3
%arolina Henriette &ac 0illary
Carolina Henriette Mac !illa"ry >Amsterdam, Canuary 55, -.69 - Amsterdam, &ay ., -..8@ was
a ,utch chemist andcrystallographer. She is known for her discoeries on the use of diffraction in
crystallography.
Biography #edit$
&ac 0illary was born the second of si= children in an intellectual family >her father was a brain surgeon, her
mother a teacher@. !n -.5- she began a study in chemistry at the $niersity of Amsterdam, where she became
interested in the >then@ new field of Juantum mechanics. !n -.85 she finished her studies and became the
assistant of chemist A. Smits. She became a friend of C. H. #i(oet, who interested her in crystallography which
led to her -.8; +h, thesis on the sub(ect. She then became assistant of A. H. an Arkel atLeiden, but #i(oet
asked her to come back to the Amsterdam crystallography laboratory that same year. 'ogether with #i(oet she
did research in electromagnetic diffraction and its use in crystallography. She also did research in inorganic
chemistry.
After World War !!, &ac 0illary was one of the deelopers of direct methods, an innoatie calculus that could
be used in crystallography. 'he method uses the HarkerFDasper ineJuality, that was first published in -.9< by
crystallographers ,. Harker and C. S. Dasper. ,ue to her work on Harker Dasper ineJuilities, she became an
international authority on the sub(ect. !n -.9< she worked with 4. +epinsky in Auburn, Alabama, for a year. 'he
,utch company +hilips also got interested in her work on the chemistry of solids. !n -.76 she became the first
woman to be appointed to the 4oyal "etherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. She became a professorat
the $niersity of Amsterdam in -.7;.
!n the Hnglish speaking world &ac 0illary became most famous for her book Symmetry aspects of M. C.
Escher's periodic drawings on the works of &. %. Hscher. 'he book was instrumental in drawing international
attention to the artist as well. &ac 0illary married theoto- rhino- laryngologist C. H. "ieuwenhui1en in -./<. She
retired in -.;5.
Hllen Swallow 4ichards
Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards
2llen *wallow !ichards ( 5rom The Life of Ellen H.
Richards #y Caroline 6. 3unt, 1/11
Born 7ecem#er 0, 1881
7unsta#le, Massachusetts
Died March 09, 1/11 :aged 68;
Boston, Massachusetts
Nationality ,merican
Alma mater
.estford ,cademy, .estford, M,
<assar College
M-T
Parents 5anny Taylor
Peter *wallow
%llen Henrietta &allo Richards >,ecember 8, -<95 F &arch 86, -.--@ was the foremost
female industrial and enironmental chemist in the $nited States in the -.th century, pioneering the field
of home economics. 4ichards graduated from Westford Academy >5nd oldest secondary school in
&assachusetts@. She was the first woman admitted to the &assachusetts !nstitute of 'echnology and its first
female instructor, the first woman in America accepted to any school of science and technology, and the first
American woman to earn a degree in chemistry.
2-3
4ichards was a pragmatic feminist, as well as a founding ecofeminist who belieed that women)s work within
the home was a ital aspect of the economy.
253
Li'e and or( #edit$
#orn as %llen Henrietta &allo in ,unstable, &assachusetts, to Fanny 'aylor and +eter Swalow >who were
members of old families of modest means that pri1ed education@ she was the first woman admitted
to &assachusetts !nstitute of 'echnology. Hllen Swallow taught, tutored, and cleaned for years, finally saing to
enter Iassar %ollege in -</<, earning her bachelor)s degree two years later. After failing to find suitable
employment as an industrial chemist after graduation, she entered &!' to continue her studies, Eit being
understood that her admission did not establish a precedent for the general admission of femalesE according to
the records of the meeting of the &!' %orporation on ,ecember -9, -<;6.
283
'hree years later she receied a
bachelor of science degree from &!' for her thesis, E"otes on Some Sulpharsenites and Sulphantimonites from
%olorado,E
293
and a master of arts degree from Iassar for a thesis on the chemical analysis of iron ore. She
continued her studies at &!' and would hae been awarded its first doctoral degree, but &!' balked at granting
this distinction to a woman and did not award its first doctorate until -<</.
2citation needed3
Hllen Swallow 4ichards, the first female student and instructor at &!'.
!n -<;7 Hllen Swallow married 4obert H. 4ichards, chairman of the &ine Hngineering,epartment at &!'. With
his support she remained associated with &!', olunteering her serices and contributing K-,666 annually to
create programs for female students. !n Canuary -<;/, she began a long association as an instructor with the
first American correspondence school, the Society to Hncourage Studies at Home.
273
Also in -<;/, at the urging
of the Women)s Hducation Association of #oston, the &!' Women)s Laboratory was created, where 4ichards
became an assistant instructor >without pay@ in -<;. in chemical analysis, industrial chemistry, mineralogy,
and applied biology under +rofessor Cohn &. :rdway. !n -<<8, &!' began to accept women and award them
degrees as regular students and the Laboratory was closed.
From -<<9 until her death, Hllen 4ichards was an instructor in the newly founded laboratory of sanitary
chemistry at the Lawrence H=periment Station, the first in the $nited States and headed by her former
professor, William 4. "ichols. !n -<<;, the laboratory, directed by 'homas &essinger ,rown, conducted a
study under 4ichards of water Juality in &assachusetts for the &assachusetts State #oard of Health inoling
oer 56,666 samples, the first such study in America. Her data was used to find causes of pollution and
improper sewage disposal. As a result, &assachusetts established the first water-Juality standards in America
and its first modern sewage treatment plant at Lowell, &assachusetts. 4ichards was a consulting chemist for
the &assachusetts State #oard of Health from -<;5 to -<;7 and the %ommonwealth)s official water analyst
from -<<; until -<.;. She also sered as a consultant to the &anufacturers &utual Fire !nsurance %o and in
-.66 wrote the te=tbook Air !ater and "ood from a Sanitary Standpoint, with A. 0. Woodman. Her interest in
the enironment led her in -<.5 to introduce the word ecology into Hnglish, which had been coined in 0erman
to describe the Ehousehold of natureE.
4ichards) interests also included applying scientific principles to domestic situations, such
as nutrition, clothing, physical fitness,sanitation, and efficient home management, creating the field of home
economics. E+erhaps the fact that ! am not a radical and that ! do not scorn womanly duties but claim it as a
priilege to clean up and sort of superise the room and sew things is winning me stronger allies than anything
else,E she wrote to her parents. She published #he Chemistry of Coo$ing and Cleaning% A Manual for &ouse'
$eepers in -<<-, designed and demonstrated model kitchens, deised curricula, and organi1ed conferences.
2/3
!n -.6<, she was chosen the first president of the newly formed American Home Hconomics Association. Her
books and writings on this topic include"ood Materials and their Adulterations >-<</@, Conser(ation )y
Sanitation, #he Chemistry of Coo$ing and Cleaning, #he Cost of *i(ing>-<..@, Air !ater and
"ood >-.66@, #he Cost of "ood, #he Cost of Shelter, #he Art of +ight *i(ing, #he Cost of Cleanness, Sanitation
in ,aily *ife >-.6;@, and Euthenics the Science of Controlla)le En(ironment >-.-6@. Some of these went
through seeral editions.
4ichards and &arion 'albot >#oston $niersity class of -<<6@ became the Efounding mothersE of what was to
become the American Association of $niersity Women when they inited fifteen other women college
graduates to a meeting at 'albot)s home in #oston, &assachusetts on "oember 5<, -<<-. 'he group
enisioned an organi1ation in which women college graduates would band together to open the doors of higher
education to other women and to find wider opportunities for their training. AA$W became one of the nation)s
leading adocates for education and eJuity for all women and girlsLLa -57-year legacy of leadership. 'oday,
AA$W numbers more than -66,666 members, -,866 branches, and 766 college and uniersity partners
nationwide.
4ichards sered on the board of trustees of Iassar %ollege for many years and was granted an honorary
doctor of science degree in -.-6. She died in -.-- at her home Camaica +lain, &assachusetts.
Legacy #edit$
Her home has been designated a "ational Historic Landmark >the Hllen Swallow 4ichards House@. !n her
honor, &!' designated a room in the main building for the use of women students, and in -.;8, on the occasion
of the hundredth anniersary of 4ichard)s graduation, established the Hllen Swallow 4ichards professorship for
distinguished female faculty members. !n 56--, she was listed as M< on the&!'-76 list of the top -76
innoators and ideas from &!'.
)ublications #edit$
4ichards, Hllen. "irst lessons in food and diet. #ostonA Whitcomb N #arrows, -.69.
4ichards, Hllen. #he Cost of shelter. "ew *orkA C. Wiley N Sons, -.67. !S#" --9-95-86-5-7
4ichards, Hllen. Meat and drin$. #ostonA Health-Hducation League, 2-.6/O3.
4ichards, Hllen. #he Efficient wor$er. #ostonA Health-Hducation League, c-.6<.
4ichards, Hllen. &ealth in la)or camps. #ostonA Health-Hducation League, c-.6<.
4ichards, Hllen. #onics and stimulants. #ostonA Health-Hducation League, 2-.6< or -.6.3.
4ichards, Hllen. Air water and food% from a sanitary standpoint. 9th ed., re. and rewritten. "ew *orkA
C. Wiley N Sons, -.-9.
4ichards, Hllen Euthenics% #he Science of Controlla)le En(ironment % A Plea for Better Conditions As
a "irst Step #oward &igher &uman Efficiency -Pu)lic health in America. !S#" 6-967-6.<5;-<
%ollected Works of Hllen H. Swallow 4ichards in 7 ols., edited by Da1uko Sumida. 'okyoA Hdition
Synapse, 566; !S#" .;<-9-</-//-69<--
Susan Solomon
Susan Solomon
*usan *olomon
Born
1/=6 :age =6>=7;
Chicago, -llinois
Citizenship
'nited *tates
Fields
,tmospheric Chemistry
Institutions
M-T
Alma mater
B.*. :1/77;, -llinois -nstitute of Technology,
M.*. :1/7/;, Ph.7. :1/81; 'ni"ersity of
California, Bereley
nown !or
?&one *tudies
Nota"le
awards
%ational Medal of *cience, %o#el Peace Pri&e
&usan &olo*on >born -.7/ in %hicago@
2-3
is an atmospheric chemist, working for most of her career at
the "ational :ceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
253
!n 56--, Solomon (oined the faculty at
the &assachusetts !nstitute of 'echnology, where she seres as theHllen Swallow 4ichards +rofessor of
Atmospheric %hemistry N %limate Science.
283
Solomon was the first to propose the chlorofluorocarbon free
radical reaction mechanismthat is the cause of the Antarctic o1one hole.
253
Solomon is a member of the $.S. "ational Academy of Sciences, the Huropean Academy of Sciences, and
the French Academy of Sciences.
293
Contents
@hideA
1 Biography
o 1.1 2arly life
o 1.1 Marriage
o 1.0 .or
1.0.1 Boos
1.0.1 The o&one hole
1.0.0 -ntergo"ernmental Panel on
Climate Change
1 ,wards
0 !eferences
Biography#edit$
%arly li'e#edit$
Solomon began her interest in science as a child watching #he Undersea !orld of /ac0ues Cousteau.
2-3
!n high
school she placed third in a national science fair, with a pro(ect that measured the percent of o=ygen in a gas
mi=ture.
2-3
Solomon receied a bachelor)s degree in chemistry from !llinois !nstitute of 'echnology in -.;;.
273
She receied
her +h.,. in chemistry from the $niersity of %alifornia, #erkeley in -.<-, where she speciali1ed in atmospheric
chemistry.
273
Marriage#edit$
Solomon married #arry Sidwell in -.<<.
2-3
Wor(#edit$
Solomon was formerly the head of the %hemistry and %limate +rocesses 0roup of the "ational :ceanic and
Atmospheric Administration %hemical Sciences ,iision until 56--. !n 56--, she (oined the faculty of the
,epartment of Harth, Atmospheric and +lanetary Sciences at the &assachusetts !nstitute of 'echnology.
Books[edit]
#he Coldest March% Scott's "atal Antarctic E1pedition, *ale $niersity +ress, 5665 !S#" 6-866-6..5--
7 - ,epicts the tale of %aptain 4obert Falcon Scott)s failed -.-5 Antarctic e=pedition, specifically applying
the comparison of modern meteorological data with that recorded by Scott)s e=pedition in an attempt to
shed new light on the reasons for the demise of Scott)s polar party.
Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere% Chemistry and Physics of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere, 8rd
Hdition, Springer, 5667 !S#" --9656-85<9-/ - ,escribes the atmospheric chemistry and physics of the
middle atmosphere from -6 km to -66 km altitude.
The ozone hole[edit]
Solomon, working with colleagues at the ":AA Harth System 4esearch Laboratory, postulated the mechanism
that the Antarctic o1one hole was created by a heterogeneous reaction of o1one and chlorofluorocarbons free
radicals on the surface of ice particles in the high altitude clouds that form oer Antarctica. !n -.</ and -.<;
Solomon led the "ational :1one H=pedition to &c&urdo Sound, where the team gathered the eidence to
confirmed the accelerated reactions.
253
Her team measured leels of chlorine o=ide -66 times higher than
e=pected in the atmosphere, which had been released by the decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons
by ultraiolet radiation.
273
Solomon also showed that olcanoes could accelerate the reactions caused by chlorofluorocarbons, and so
increase the damage to the o1one layer.
273
Her work formed the basis of the $.". &ontreal +rotocol, an
international agreement to protect the o1one layer by regulating damaging chemicals.
2-3
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[edit]
Solomon sered as a contributing author for the 'hird Assessment 4eport
2/3
and %o-%hair of Working 0roup -
for the Fourth Assessment 4eport
2;3
of the !ntergoernmental +anel on %limate %hange.
253
Aards#edit$
56-5 - ##IA Foundation Frontiers of Dnowledge Award in the %limate %hange category
56-6 F Serice to America &edal, awarded by the +artnership for +ublic Serice
2<3
566. F Iolo Hnironment +ri1e, awarded by the 4oyal Swedish Academy of Sciences
2.3
566. F !nducted into the "ational Women)s Hall of Fame
2-63
566< F 0rande &Pdaille >0reat &edal@ of the French Academy of Sciences
2--3
566; F "obel +eace +ri1e >awarded (ointly to Al 0ore and all !+%% members@
2-53
566; F William #owie &edal, awarded by the American 0eophysical $nion
566/ F !nducted into the %olorado Women)s Hall of Fame
2-83
5669 F #lue +lanet +ri1e, awarded by the Asahi 0lass Foundation
2-93
5666 F %arl-0ustaf 4ossby 4esearch &edal, awarded by the American &eteorological Society
2-73
-... F "ational &edal of Science, awarded by the +resident of the $nited States
2-/3
-..9 F Solomon 0lacier > ;<Q58RS -/5Q86RH@, an Antarctic glacier named in her honor
-..9 F Solomon Saddle > ;<Q58RS -/5Q8.RH@, a snow saddle at about -,<76 metres >/,6;6 ft@
eleation, named in her honor
-..- F Henry 0. Houghton Award, awarded by the American &eteorological Society
2-7
Ada *onath
Ada E# $onath
Prof. ,da 2. Bonath during her "isit to Cerala in 1910 5e#.
Born
,da 6ifshit&
11 Dune 1/0/ :age 70;
Derusalem, British Mandate of Palestine :now
in -srael;
Residence
-srael
Nationality
-sraeli
Fields
Crystallography
Institutions
.ei&mann -nstitute of *cience
Alma mater
3e#rew 'ni"ersity of Derusalem
.ei&mann -nstitute of *cience
nown !or
Cryo #io(crystallography
Nota"le
awards
3ar"ey Pri&e :1991;
.olf Pri&e in Chemistry :1996;
6)?rEal('%2*C? ,ward for .omen in *cience
:1998;
%o#el Pri&e in Chemistry :199/;.
Ada %+ ,onath >HebrewA STUV WXY, pronounced 2 ada (o nat3 F F @ >born 55 Cune -.8.
2-3
@ is
an!sraeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of theribosome. She is the
current director of the Helen and &ilton A. Dimmelman %enter for #iomolecular Structure and Assembly of
the Wei1mann !nstitute of Science. !n 566., she receied the "obel +ri1e in %hemistry along with Ienkatraman
4amakrishnan and 'homas A. Steit1 for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome, becoming
the first !sraeli woman to win the "obel +ri1e out of ten !sraeli "obel laureates,
253
the first woman from the
&iddle Hast to win a "obel pri1e in the sciences,
2citation needed3
and the first woman in 97 years to win the "obel
+ri1e for %hemistry. Howeer, she said herself that there was nothing special about a woman winning the +ri1e.
283
Biography #edit$
*onath >nPe Lifshit1@
293
was born in the 0eula Juarter of Cerusalem.
273
Her parents, Hillel and Hsther Lifshit1,
were Bionist Cews who immigrated to +alestine from Z[d\ >+oland@ in -.88 before the establishment of !srael.
2/3
Her father was a rabbi and came from a rabbinical family. 'hey settled in Cerusalem and ran a grocery, but
found it difficult to make ends meet. 'hey lied in cramped Juarters with seeral other families, and *onath
remembers EbooksE being the only thing she had to keep her occupied.
2;3
,espite their poerty, her parents sent
her to school in the upscale #eit HaDerem neighborhood to assure her a good education. When her father died
at the age of 95, the family moed to'el Ai.
2<3
*onath was accepted to 'ichon Hadash high school although
her mother could not pay the tuition. She gae math lessons to students in return.
2.3
As a youngster, she says
she was inspired by the +olish-French scientist &arie %urie.
2-63
Howeer, she stresses that %urie, whom she as
a child was fascinated by after reading a well-written biography, was not her Erole modelE.
2--3
She returned to
Cerusalem for college, graduating from the Hebrew $niersity of Cerusalem with a bachelor)s degree
in chemistry in -./5, and a master)s degree in biochemistry in -./9. !n -./<, she earned a +h.,. in ]-
4ay crystallography at the Wei1mann !nstitute of Science.
She has one daughter, Hagit *onath, a doctor at Sheba &edical %enter, and a granddaughter, "oa.
2-53
She is
the cousin of anti-occupation actiist ,r 4uchama &arton.
2-83
She has called for the unconditional release of all Hamas prisoners, saying that Eholding +alestinians captie
encourages and perpetuates their motiation to harm !srael and its citi1ens ... once we don)t hae any
prisoners to release they will hae no reason to kidnap soldiersE.
2-93
&cienti'ic career
Ada *onath at the Wei1mann !nstitute of Science
*onath accepted postdoctoral positions at %arnegie &ellon $niersity >-./.@ and &!' >-.;6@. While a postdoc
at &!' she spent some time in the lab of subseJuent -.;/ chemistry "obel +ri1e winner William ". Lipscomb,
Cr. of Harard $niersity where she was inspired to pursue ery large structures.
2-73
!n -.;6, she established what was for nearly a decade the only protein crystallography laboratory in !srael.
'hen, from -.;. to -.<9 she was a group leader with Hein1-0^nter Wittmann at the &a= +lanck !nstitute for
&olecular 0enetics in #erlin. She was isiting professor at the $niersity of %hicago in -.;;-;<.
2-/3
She headed
a &a=-+lanck !nstitute4esearch $nit at ,HS* in Hamburg, 0ermany >-.</F5669@ in parallel to her research
actiities at the Wei1mann !nstitute.
*onath focuses on the mechanisms underlying protein biosynthesis, by ribosomal crystallography, a research
line she pioneered oer twenty years ago despite considerable skepticism of the international scientific
community.
2-;3
4ibosomes translate 4"A into protein and because they hae slightly different structures in
microbes, when compared toeukaryotes, such as human cells, they are often a target for antibiotics. She
determined the complete high-resolution structures of both ribosomal subunits and discoered within the
otherwise asymmetric ribosome, the uniersal symmetrical region that proides the framework and naigates
the process of polypeptide polymeri1ation. %onseJuently she showed that the ribosome is a ribo1yme that
places its substrates in stereochemistry suitable for peptide bond formation and for substrate-
mediated catalysis. 'wo decades ago she isuali1ed the path taken by the nascent proteins, namely the
ribosomal tunnel, and recently reealed the dynamics elements enabling its inolement in elongation arrest,
gating, intra-cellular regulation and nascent chain trafficking into their folding space.
Additionally, *onath elucidated the modes of action of oer twenty different antibiotics targeting the ribosome,
illuminated mechanisms of drug resistance and synergism, deciphered the structural basis for antibiotic
selectiity and showed how it plays a key role in clinical usefulness and therapeutic effectieness, thus paing
the way for structure-based drug design.
For enabling ribosomal crystallography *onath introduced a noel techniJue, cryo bio-crystallography, which
became routine in structural biology and allowed intricate pro(ects otherwise considered formidable.
2-<3
At the Wei1mann !nstitute, *onath is the incumbent of the &artin S. and Helen Dimmel +rofessorial %hair.
Aards and honors
*onath is a member of the $nited States "ational Academy of Sciencesng the announcement of the "obel +ri1e_
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences_ the !srael Academy of Sciences and Humanities_ theHuropean
Academy of Sciences and Art and the Huropean &olecular #iology :rgani1ation.
Her awards and honors include the followingA
!n 5666, the first Huropean %rystallography +ri1e_
!n 5665, the !srael +ri1e, for chemistry_
2-32-.3
!n 566/, the Wolf +ri1e in %hemistry >co-recipient with 0eorge Feher@ Efor ingenious structural
discoeries of the ribosomal machinery of peptide-bond formation and the light-drien primary processes
in photosynthesisE_
2563
!n 566;, the +aul Hhrlich and Ludwig ,armstaedter +ri1e_
!n 566<, she became the first !sraeli woman to win the L):rPal-$"HS%: Award for Women in
Science for her ital work identifying how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics_
2<3
!n 566., the "obel +ri1e in %hemistry >co-recipient with 'homas Steit1 and Ienkatraman
4amakrishnan@.
25-3
She was the first !sraeli woman to be awarded a "obel +ri1e_
2553
As well as the Harey +ri1e from 'echnion - !srael !nstitute of 'echnology, the Dilby +ri1e, the F.A.
%otton &edal for H=cellence in %hemical 4esearch of the American %hemical Society, the Anfinsen
Award of the !nternational +rotein Society, the +aul Darrer0old &edal from the $niersity of Burich,
the &assry +ri1e from the Deck School of &edicine, $niersity of Southern %alifornia in 5669, the 'he
,atta Lectureship and &edal of the Federation of Huropean #iochemical Societies, the Frit1 Lipmann
Award of the0erman #iochemical Society and the Louisa 0ross Horwit1 +ri1e from %olumbia $niersity.
"atalie Ahn
Natalie !+ Ahn +h.,. is a +rofessor of %hemistry and #iochemistry at the $niersity of %olorado at #oulder.
She earned her #.S. in chemistry from $niersity of Washington, Seattle and her +h.,. in chemistry from
the $niersity of %alifornia, #erkeley. Her research is focused understanding the mechanisms of cell signaling.
She has been a professor at$niersity of %olorado at #oulder since 5668 and has been a Howard Hughes
&edical !nstitute >HH&!@ inestigator since 566
4uth Arnon
4uth Arnon
Ruth Arnon >HebrewA `UTab SUa@ is an !sraeli biochemist and codeeloper of the multiple
sclerosis drug %opa=one. She is currently the +aul Hhrlich +rofessor of !mmunology at the Wei1mann !nstitute
of Science.
%arly li'e#edit$
#orn 4uth 4osenberg in 'el Ai, Cune -, -.88. Attended high school at the Her1liya Hebrew 0ymnasium.
Studied chemistry at the Hebrew $niersity of Cerusalem. Coined the !,F special academic study program
allowing her to study and spend summers doing military training. Harned her &. Sc. degree in -.77, and sered
for two years as an officer in the !,F. &arried $riel Arnon, an engineer. 'he couple hae two childrenA &ichal
>b. -.7;@ and *oram >b. -./-@.
2-3
Aards and honors#edit$
!n -..<, Arnon was awarded the Wolf +ri1e in &edicine, along with &ichael Sela, for Etheir ma(or
discoeries in the field of immunology.E
253
!n 566-, she was awarded the !srael +ri1e, in medicine.
283293
She has also receied the 4othschild +ri1e in #iology.
%heryl Arrowsmith
Cheryl H+ Arros*ith is a %anadian-based structural biologist and is the %hief Scientist at the 'oronto
laboratory of the Structural 0enomics %onsortium. Her contributions to protein structural biology includes the
use of "&4 and ]-ray crystallography to pursue structures of proteins on a proteome wide scale.
She receied her +h.,. in chemistry at the $niersity of 'oronto in -.<; and post-doctoral training at Stanford
$niersity working with +rofessor :leg Cardet1ky. :ne of her areas of interest is the tumour
suppressor p78 and related proteins.
Her current research is to determine the 8-dimensional structures of human proteins of therapeutic releance to
diseases such ascancer, malaria and diabetes metabolic disorders by structural proteomics. :ne main
adantage of this approach is economy of scale, although the scientific alue of some resultant structures is at
times Juestioned.
2-3
,r. Arrowsmith was a co-founder of 'oronto-based biotech company Affinium +harmaceuticals in 5666.
&yrtle #achelder
%yrtle Bachelder
Born
March 10, 1/98
?range, Massachusetts
Died
May 11, 1//7 :aged 8/;
Chicago, -llinois
Nationalit
y
'nited *tates
Fields
Metallurgy
!adiochemistry
Institutio
ns
'ni"ersity of Chicago, 6os ,lamos %ational
6a#oratory
nown !o
r
Chemistry of uranium and rare earth elements
Myrtle Claire Bachelder >&arch -8, -.6< F &ay 55, -..;@ was an American chemist and Women)s Army
%orps officer, who is noted for her secret work on the &anhattan +ro(ect atomic bomb program, and for the
deelopment of techniJues in the chemistry of metals.
Contents
@hideA
1 2arly life and career
1 .orld .ar --G the atomic #om#
0 Contri#ution to post(war de"elopments in
nuclear energy
8 *cienti$c research and later career
= !eHections
6 !eferences
7 5urther reading
%arly li'e and career#edit$
#achelder was born in -.6< in :range, &assachusetts. She attained her bachelor of science degree
from &iddlebury %ollege in -.86. She then was a high school science teacher, and athletic coach, at South
Hadley Falls, &assachusetts. 'he sub(ects taught by #achelder included physics, chemistry, and biology. She
attained her master of science degree from #oston $niersity, in -.8..
World War --. the ato*ic bo*b#edit$
#achelder enlisted in the Women)s Army %orps >WA%@ in "oember -.95, at theSpringfield,
&assachusetts headJuarters.
2-3
After spending time in training at military bases in seeral $.S. states, she
receied orders assigning her to the %ompany ),) WA% ,etachment of the &anhattan ,istrict %orps of
Hngineers. Her secret assignment was to lead a group of -7 to 56 women from the WA%, stationed in ,es
&oines, !owa, to Fort Sill, :klahoma, and from there to "ew &e=ico.
253
She and the women under her
command arried at Los Alamos, "ew &e=ico in :ctober -.98.
E&anhattanE was the code name for the special military diision dedicated to deeloping an atomic weapon.
!n the clandestine laboratory at the remote Los Alamos desert site, #achelder was responsible for the analysis
of the spectroscopy of uranium isotopes.
#achelder >center@ at Los Alamos in -.9/, with %apt. Arlene Scheidenhelm, ,irector of WA%, and -st Lt. &arguerite %arrera,
%ommanding :fficer, &anhattan ,istrict.
Since the $-587 isotope can sustain a fission chain reaction, whereas the $-58< isotope cannot, #achelder)s
role in the pro(ect was a crucial taskA to ensure the purity of the sub-critical material, and therefore the nuclear
e=plosion, of the world)s first atomic bombs.
'hese methods were used during the preparation of plutonium-58., the fissile material used in the construction
of the atomic bomb for the 'rinity nuclear test, on Culy -/, -.97. Analogous methods were used for the uranium
weapon, code-named ELittle #oyE, which destroyed Hiroshima, Capan on August /, -.97, and for the plutonium
bomb which destroyed "agasaki, Capan on August ., -.97, leading to the Capanese surrender. 'he secret
program was under the general direction of C. 4obert :ppenheimer, whom #achelder described asA
A Epencil and paper manE, immersed in physics theory, who was more than a little ama1ed by the Los Alamos
lab machinery. #achelder recalled :ppenheimer standing in front of her lab)s most important and e=pensie
instrument punching buttons at random ... He asked EWhat does this doOE 'hen he)d punch another button ...
He might hae wrecked the machine if he hadn)t finally been persuaded to leae it alone.
283
Contribution to post-ar de"elop*ents in nuclear energy#edit$
'he conclusion of the Second World War was also the dawning of a new EAtomic AgeE, in which the peacetime
potential of nuclear energy began to be e=plored. #achelder was among the scientists who opposed the &ay-
Cohnson #ill of :ctober -.97, a %ongressional bill proposed by the !nterim %ommittee, which would hae
maintained military control oer nuclear research. 'he bill was defeated in %ongress and superseded by
the &c&ahon Atomic Hnergy Act. !n Canuary -.9;, the newly-formed Atomic Hnergy %ommission approed the
declassification of 5;6 preiously secret documents. 'hese included discoeries related to ]-radiation and
purification of uranium ores, which had been made by #achelder during the course of the war effort. At this
time, the rarity and importance of #achelder)s achieements as a woman in science were also acknowledged.
293
&cienti'ic research and later career#edit$
Nuclear Energy, the sculpture commemorating the &anhattan +ro(ect site at the $niersity of %hicago.
After leaing the Army, #achelder became a research chemist at the $niersity of %hicago, where the first self-
sustaining nuclear reaction had been achieed in -.95. "obel Laureate Cames Franck had been ,irector of the
%hemistry ,iision of the &etallurgical Laboratoryduring the earlier phases of the &anhattan +ro(ect. #achelder
(oined the $niersity)s !nstitute for the Study of &etals >renamed as the Cames Franck !nstitute in -./;@, and
she conducted further research in metallochemistry.
2732/32;3
Among other achieements, #achelder deeloped methods for the purification of the rare
elements tellurium and indium. :ther aspects of her broad scientific e=pertise found application in the field
of marine archaeology, when she determined the chemical composition of brass cannons found in the Aegean
Sea on sunken ships. She also made contributions toastrochemistry, when "ASA asked her to analy1e the
chemistry of rocks which had been collected from the &oon)s surface during the Apollo &issions of -./. -
-.;5.
2<3
#achelder retired from the Franck !nstitute in -.;8, and was subseJuently actie as an official of the American
Association of 4etired +ersons >AA4+@.
2.3
Angela #elcher
Angela M+ Belcher is a materials scientist, biological engineer, and W.&. Deck+rofessor of Hnergy at
the &assachusetts !nstitute of 'echnology >&!'@ in %ambridge, &assachusetts, $nited States.
2-3
She is director
of the #iomolecular &aterials 0roup at &!' and a 5669 &acArthur Fellow.
#elcher grew up in San Antonio, 'e=as. She attended the $niersity of %alifornia, Santa #arbara, where she
receied her #achelor)s degree from the %ollege of %reatie Studies in -..- and her +h.,. in chemistry in
-..;.
253
After studying abalone shells, she worked with seeral colleagues at &!' and engineered a irus, known as
the &-8 bacteriophagewhose target is usually Escherichia coli. &-8 can be made to latch onto and coat itself
with inorganic materials including gold and cobalt o=ide. 'he long tubular irus >coated in cobalt o=ide@ now
acts as a minuscule length of wire called a nanowire. #elcher)s group coa=ed many of these nanowires
together and found that they resemble the basic components of a potentially ery powerful and compact
battery. !n 5665 she founded %ambrios with Helyn L. Hu of >at the time@ $niersity of %alifornia, Santa
#arbara.
283
'heir ision relied upon the use of nanostructured inorganic materials, fabricated and shaped by
biological molecules to create noel materials and processes for a ariety of industries.
!n 566. #elcher and her team demonstrated the feasibility of using genetically-modified iruses to build both
anode and cathode of alithium-ion battery. 'hese new batteries hae the same energy capacity and power as
cutting-edge rechargeable batteries earmarked for use in hybrid cars, as well as powering a range of electronic
deices. 'he batteries could be manufactured using a cheap and enironmentally friendly process, as the
synthesis can be done near room temperature, using no harmful solents or to=ic materials.
293273
A #ime article
2/3
featured her work on iral batteries and Scientific American named her research leader of the
year in 566/ for her current pro(ect.
2;3
!n 5665, she was named to the &!' 'echnology 4eiew '4-66 as one of
the top -66 innoators in the world under the age of 87
!rina #eletskaya
-rina Belets(aya >born -.88@ is a professor of chemistry at &oscow State $niersity, where she seres as
head of the :rganoelement %hemistry laboratory.
2-3
She specialises in organometallic chemistry and its
application to problems in organic chemistry. She is best known for her studies on aromatic reaction
mechanisms, as well as work on carbanion acidity and reactiity.
253
She deeloped some of the first methods for
carbon-carbon bond formation using palladium or nickel catalysts, and e=tended these reactions to work in
aJueous media. She also helped to open up the chemistry oforganolanthanides. She is an academician of
the 4ussian Academy of Sciences, a former president of the ,iision of :rganic %hemistry of !$+A%, and she
has sered as editor-in-chief of the 4ussian Cournal of :rganic %hemistry
4uth 4. #enerito
Ruth Mary Rogan Benerito >born Canuary -5, -.-/@ is an American scientist and inentor known for her work
related to the te=tile industry, including the deelopment of wash-and-wear cotton. She holds 77 patents.
)ersonal li'e #edit$
Ruth Rogan was born and raised in "ew :rleans. !n an age when girls did not usually go on to higher
education, her father made sure his daughters receied the same education aailable to boys. She
completed high school at age -9 and entered Sophie "ewcomb %ollege, 'ulane $niersity, at age -7, to study
chemistry. She graduated during the 0reat ,epression and hoped to do research, but (obs were not enough
and for a time had to teach at local schools in Cefferson +arish, west of "ew :rleans, before making her name
as a research chemist.
Her further studies took her to #ryn &awr, and back to "ewcomb where she taught chemistry while
researching adanced Juantitatie analysis and physical chemistry, organic chemistry, kinetics, and
thermodynamics. While working as a teacher, #enerito took night classes to earn her master)s degree from
'ulane $niersity. ,uring World War !! she taught college classes, and she earned her doctorate in physical
chemistry from the $niersity of %hicago after the war. She married Frank #enerito in -.76 and went to work at
the $S,A Southern 4egional 4esearch %enter of the $S ,epartment of Agriculture in "ew :rleans, where she
spent most of her career.
!n later years, while she was researching cotton fibers, #enerito taught classes part-time at 'ulane $niersity
and at the $niersity of "ew :rleans. She retired from the $S,A in -.</ but continued to teach part time at
'ulane and the $niersity of "ew :rleans.
Contributions #edit$
-n"ention o' rin(le-'ree 'iber #edit$
4uth #enerito is most famous for her work relating to the use of mono-basic acid chlorides in the production of
cotton, with which she has 77 patents, which allows for more wrinkle-free and durable clothing. She inented
these wash-and-wear cotton fabrics while working at the $.S. ,epartment of Agriculture >$S,A@ laboratories in
"ew :rleans in the -.76s.
2-3
#efore this innoation, a family needed considerable time to iron clothes. #enerito
found a way to chemically treat the surface of cotton that led not only to wrinkle-resistant fabric but also to
stain- and flame-resistant fabrics. 'he inention was said to hae Esaed the cotton industry.E
253
'he secret of the inention is the use of a process called crosslinking. %otton is composed of a material
called cellulose. Like synthetic nylon and polyester fibers, cellulose is a polymer_ that is, its molecules are
shaped like long chains containing many thousands ofatoms. 'he long, chainlike shape of the molecules is
what makes cellulose, like nylon and polyester, a good fiber. She discoered a way to treat cotton fibers so that
the chainlike cellulose molecules were (oined together chemically. 'his procedure is known as crosslinking, and
it makes cotton resistant to wrinkling.
!t was first thought that crosslinking was making the cotton fabric wrinkle resistant by strengthening its fibers,
but the amount of crosslinking used in her treatment is small and does not add much strength. She deeloped
a new theory on how crosslinking works. !t is known that cellulose molecules can stick to each other by means
of the weak hydrogen bonds between molecules. She proposed that one side effect of her crosslinking process
was the strengthening of the hydrogen bonds, which made the material resistant to wrinkling.
Method 'eeding seriously ounded soldiers #edit$
#esides her contribution to te=tile industry, during the Dorean War, she deeloped a way to gie fat
intraenously to patients who were too sick to eatLa method used to feed seriously wounded soldiers, helping
thousands of people
Helen &. #erman
Helen M+ Ber*an >born -.98@ is the director of the 4%S# +rotein ,ata #ank F one of the member
organi1ations of the Worldwide +rotein ,ata #ank and a #oard of 0oernors +rofessor of %hemistry and
%hemical #iology at 4utgers $niersity. A structural biologist, her work includes structural analysis of
protein-nucleic acid comple=es, and the role of water in molecular interactions. She is also the founder
and director of the "ucleic Acid ,atabase, and leads the +rotein Structure !nitiatie Structural 0enomics
Dnowledgebase.
Bac(ground and education #edit$
#erman was born in %hicago, !llinois, and grew up in #rooklyn, "ew *ork. Her father, ,aid #ernstein,
was a physician and her mother, ,orothy #ernstein >nPe Skupsky@, managed her father)s office practice.
!nspired by her hard-working and scholarly father, she was interested in science as a young girl and
planned to become a scientist or doctor. Her mother, who was strongly inoled in the community and
olunteer work, influenced her to be inoled in community actiities throughout her life.
,uring high school, #erman worked in !ngrith ,eyrup)s laboratory at #arnard %ollege. ,eyrup
encouraged #erman to attend #arnard as an undergraduate. While at college, she worked in a %olumbia
$niersity %ollege of +hysicians and Surgeons laboratory with #arbara Low. 'here, #erman learned
about crystallography, which would become a lifelong passion. She graduated from #arnard with an A.#.
in chemistry in -./9.
Following college, #erman attended the $niersity of +ittsburgh for graduate school, a place she selected
because it was the only place in the country with a crystallography department, and one of the few where
crystallography was offered as a sub(ect. 'here she worked with 0eorge A. Ceffrey on carbohydrate
structure, receiing her +h.,. in -./;. #erman remained at the $niersity of +ittsburgh for two more
years as a postdoctoral fellow.
)ro'essional career #edit$
!n -./., #erman moed to the Fo= %hase %ancer %enter in +hiladelphia, where she worked in Cenny +.
0lusker)s laboratory before starting her own independent research program as a faculty member in -.;8.
At Fo= %hase, #erman became interested in nucleic acid structures and in bioinformatics. She knew that
logical organi1ation of data would make it useful to a ariety of scientists.
!n Cune -.;-, #erman attended a symposium at %old Spring Harbor Laboratory, where seeral scientists
agreed that data on the e=panding number of protein structures should be archied in a database.
2-3
'hat
meeting led to the creation of the +rotein ,ata #ank >+,#@ at #rookhaen "ational Laboratory.
253283
!n -.<., #erman moed to 4utgers and in -..5, along with other scientists, she co-founded the "ucleic
Acid ,atabase >",#@ to collect and disseminate information about nucleic acid structure.
293
At 4utgers,
she continued to study nucleic acids, their interactions with proteins,
273
and also researched the structure
of collagen in collaboration with #arbara #rodsky and Cordi #ella.
2/3
She is listed as a depositor on 8<
structures in the +,# from -..5 to 56--, of proteinGnucleic acid comple=es and their components >e.g.
-4$", 8SS], 5#-#@, collagen fragments >e.g. -%0,, -H!<@, and other macromolecules.
!n -..<, #erman and +hilip #ourne together competed for and won the contract for the +rotein ,ata #ank
and the database moed from #rookhaen to the auspices of the 4esearch %ollaboratory for Structural
#ioinformatics >4%S#@, currently a collaboration between 4utgers and the $niersity of %alifornia, San
,iego. With colleagues, #erman redesigned the data management system, added new user tools, and
made the database searchable.
2;3
Since 5668, the +,# archie has been managed by the worldwide
+rotein ,ata #ank>ww+,#@, a partnership founded by #erman that consists of organi1ations that act as
deposition, data processing and distribution centers for +,# data - the 4%S#, the +,#e in Hurope, and
the +,#( in Capan.
2<3
!n 566/ the #io&ag4es,ata >#&4#@ databank for"uclear &agnetic
4esonance >"&4@ structures
2.3
became the fourth member of the ww+,#.
2-63
As of :ctober, 56-5, the
",# holds oer /666 nucleic acid structures and the +,# holds more than <7,666 macromolecular
structures.
Also led by the 4%S#, the +rotein Structure !nitiatie >+S!@ Structural 0enomics Dnowledgebase was
launched in the Spring of 566< to proide a continuously updated portal to research data and other
resources from the +S! efforts.
2--3
#erman has also been actie in the scientific community, sering as president of the American
%rystallographic Association in -.<<, adising both the "ational !nstitutes of Health and the "ational
Scientific Foundation, and sering on the editorial board of seeral (ournals
%arolyn 4. #erto11i
Carolyn Ruth Berto//i >born &ay -., -.//@ is an American chemist. She is the '.B. and !rmgard %hu
,istinguished +rofessor of %hemistry and +rofessor of &olecular and %ell #iology at the $niersity of
%alifornia, #erkeley_ +rofessor of &olecular and %ellular +harmacology at the $niersity of %alifornia, San
Francisco_ is an !nestigator of theHoward Hughes &edical !nstitute_
2-3
and is the former ,irector of
the &olecular Foundry, a nanoscience research center at Lawrence #erkeley "ational Laboratory.
253
She
receied a &acArthur EgeniusE award at age 88,
283
making her one of the youngest scientists to receie this
award
2citation needed3
. !n 56-6 she was the first woman to receie the prestigious Lemelson-&!' +ri1e faculty award.
She is a member of the "ational Academy of Sciences and the !nstitute of &edicine.
Li'e and career#edit$
#orn in #oston, &assachusetts, #erto11i receied her A.#. summa cum laude inchemistry from Harard
$niersity, where she worked with +rofessor Coe 0rabowski on the design and construction of a photoacoustic
calorimeter.
293
While an undergraduate, she played in a rock band with future 4age Against the
&achine guitarist 'om &orello.
273
After graduating she worked briefly at #ell Labs with %hris %hidsey and
at &assachusetts 0eneral Hospital. #erto11i is the daughter of physicist William #erto11i
2/3
and the younger
sister of $%LA mathematician Andrea #erto11i.
2;3
#erto11i completed her +h.,. in %hemistry at $% #erkeley in -..8 with +rofessor &ark #ednarski, working on
the chemical synthesis of oligosaccharide analogs. She then was a postdoctoral fellow at $%SF with +rofessor
Steen 4osen, where she studied the actiity of endothelial oligosaccharides in promoting cell adhesion
at inflammation sites. #erto11i (oined the $% #erkeley faculty in -../. She has been an inestigator
with HH&! since 5666.
253
#erto11i studies the glycobiology underlying diseases such as cancer, inflammatory disorders such as arthritis,
and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. !n particular, #erto11i has adanced understanding of cell
surface oligosaccharides inoled in cell recognition and inter-cellular communication. #erto11i is credited for
deeloping the field of bioorthogonal chemistry which employs abioorthogonal chemical reporters, such as
the a1ide to label biomolecules within liing systems. Her lab has also deeloped tools for research, including
chemical tools for studying glycans in liing systems and more recently nanotechnologies for probing biological
systems.
253
!n addition to her academic work, seeral of the technologies deeloped in her lab hae been adapted for
commercial use in biotechnology start-ups.
Leonora #ilger
&eonora Bil'er
Born
5e#ruary 0, 18/0
Boston, Massachusetts
Died
5e#ruary 1/, 1/7= :aged 81;
Citizenshi
p
'nited *tates
Fields
chemistry
Institution
s
*weet Briar College, 'ni"ersity of
Cincinnati, Cam#ridge 'ni"ersity,'ni"ersity of
3awaii
Alma
mater
'ni"ersity of Cincinnati
(hesis
:1/16;
nown !or
studies of nitrogenouscompounds
Nota"le
awards
Iar"an(?lin Medal
Spouse
2arl M. Bilger
Leonora Bilger >-<.8F-.;7, n2e "euffer@ was an American chemist who studiednitrogenous compounds. She
was a noted teacher and administrator at the $niersity of Hawaii for the ma(ority of her career.
Contents
@hideA
1 6ife
1 2ducatio
n
0 *cienti$c
career
o 0.1
3onors
8 !eferenc
es
Li'e#edit$
#ilger was born Leonora "euffer on 8 February -<.8,
2-3
in #oston, &assachusetts. Her father was 0eorge
"euffer and her mother was Hli1abeth "euffer. When she was about ;, her family moed to %incinnati, :hio,
where #ilger >then "euffer@ attended elementary and secondary schools.
253
#efore -.5., she married Harl &.
#ilger, a professor at the $niersity of %incinnati. She died on -. February, -.;7,
283
<5 years old.
293
%ducation#edit$
#ilger matriculated at the $niersity of %incinnati in -.6. and earned her #achelor of Arts degree in %hemistry
in -.-8, as well as her master)s degree in -.-9.
253
!n -.-/, #ilger receied her +h., in chemistry from the
$niersity of %incinnati,
2-3
where she would later work.
283
&cienti'ic career#edit$
Shortly after receiing her +h.,., #ilger became the head of Sweet #riar %ollege)s ,epartment of %hemistry, a
position she held for two years. !n -.-., she returned to her alma mater)s department of chemistry, where she
stayed for -6 years. #ilger spent a year from -.59-57 at "ewnham %ollege %ambridge $niersity
273
as a Sarah
#erliner Fellow. After her stint at the $niersity of %incinnati, #ilger and her husband moed to the $niersity of
Hawaii)s ,epartment of %hemistry, where she would stay the rest of her professional career. She was promoted
to the department head in -.98 and held that position for -- years_ in -.78 she became a Senior +rofessor
there. !n -./6, she retired and became a professor emerita at the uniersity until -./9, when she retired fully.
,uring her time at the $niersity of Hawaii, she designed their new chemistry laboratory.
283
%ompleted in -.7-,
the ;6,666 sJuare-foot facility cost K-.7 million and was named after the #ilgers in -.7..
2/32932;3
#ilger)s studies of nitrogenous compounds began with her thesis work, which
concerned hydro=ylamines and hydro=amic acids. When she returned to the $niersity of %incinnati)s
chemistry department, she was tasked with directing its research. She herself studied asymmetric nitrogenous
chemicals during this time.
283
#ilger continued this research at the $niersity of Hawaii, howeer, she allocated
more time to teaching and administratie duties.
253
Her later research concerned the to=icity of cancer-fighting
chemicals. She also e=amined the sterols found in tropical oils, and pigments in red peppers
Ha1el #ishop
Hazel Bishop
Bishop applying lipstic, 1/=1
Born 3a&el Iladys Bishop
,ugust 17, 1/96
3o#oen, %ew Dersey
Died 7ecem#er =, 1//8 :aged /1;
!ye, %ew Bor
Nationality ,merican
)ccupation Chemist
Employer 3a&el Bishop, -nc.
nown !or 6ipstic
Ha/el !ladys Bishop >August -;, -.6/ F ,ecember 7, -..<@ was a chemist and the founder of
the cosmetics company Ha1el #ishop, !nc. She is also the inentor of the first long lasting lipstick.
%arly li'e#edit$
She was born in Hoboken, "ew Cersey, one of two children of businessman Henry #ishop and his wife &abel.
2-3
Her father was a keen entrepreneurA )'he family talk around the dinner table always concerned
business.)
2-3
She attended #arnard %ollege in "ew *ork. !n -.5., she graduated from #arnard %ollege with a
degree in %hemistry. She began taking undergraduate courses at %olumbia $niersity. !n -.87, she worked at
the %ollege of +hysicians and Surgeons with A.#. %annon.
253
Career#edit$
!n -.95, she worked as an organic chemist for Standard :il ,eelopment %ompany, designing fuels for
airplanes during World War !!. !n -.97, she (oined the Socony Iacuum :il %ompany.
Lipstic( in"ention#edit$
#ishop was inspired by A.#. %annon, and begun conducting e=periments in her own time. She hoped to own a
business. She thought of a smudge-proof, long lasting lipstick that won)t smear on clothing or cups.
She began e=perimenting with staining dyes, oils, and molten wa=. Hentually, she created a well-crafted
mi=ture. She molded the mi=ture and called the new creation E"o-Smear LipstickE. !n -.76, she acJuired some
capital and begun Ha1el #ishop !nc. to manufacturer lasting lipsticks. She asked 4aymond Spector, an
adertiser, to help her launch the lipstick onto consumers. 'he product was proed to be a success.
Sales by Ha1el #ishop !nc. of its lipstick increased from K9.,75; in -.76 to K-6,-66,/<5 in -.78. She lost
control of the company in -.79 in a pro=y fight with ma(ority stockholders. She founded a research laboratory,
but couldn)t legally use her name in connection with it. !n -./5, she became a stockbroker and an e=pert
regarding cosmetics stocks. %hanging careers again, she became a professor at a fashion institute in -.;<
&argaret #rimble
Margaret Bri*ble >%"B&@ is a "ew Bealand chemist. Her research has included inestigations of shellfish
to=ins
2-3
and means to treat brain in(uries.
253
%arly li'e #edit$
#rimble was brought up in Auckland, "ew Bealand, and encouraged by her grandmother to alue education.
283
&cienti'ic career #edit$
She receied a #Sc and &Sc >Hons@ in %hemistry from the $niersity of Auckland. She was awarded a "B
%ommonwealth scholarship to undertake a +h, in organic chemistry at the $niersity of Southampton, $D.
293
#rimble was the first "ew Bealander to receie the L):real-$"HS%: Women in Science award, and the
second woman to receie the 4utherford medal.
4achel Fuller #rown
Rachel 0uller Bron >"oember 58, -<.< F Canuary -9, -.<6@ was a chemist best known for her long-
distance collaboration with microbiologist Hli1abeth Lee Ha1en in deeloping the first useful antifungal
antibiotic, "ystatin, while doing research for the ,iision of Laboratories and 4esearch of the "ew *ork State
,epartment of Health. #rown receied her #.A. from &ount Holyoke %ollege and her +h., from the $niersity
of %hicago. She was inducted into the "ational !nentors Hall of Fame in -..9.
"ystatin, still produced today under arious trade names, not only cures a ariety of potentially deastating
fungal infections, but has also been used to combat ,utch Hlm disease in trees and to restore artwork
damaged by water and mold.
%arly li'e #edit$
4achel Fuller #rown was born on "oember 58, -<.< in Springfield, &assachusetts to parents 0eorge
Hamilton #rown, a real estate and insurance agent, and Annie Fuller, a director of religious education. 'hey
later moed to&issouri where, at the age of fourteen, #rowncs parents separated and her father left the family
with almost no money. So her family of three moed back to Springfield.
%ducation #edit$
$pon the familycs return to Springfield, 4achel enrolled in %ommercial High School, but her mother forced her
to transfer to %entral High School for a more traditional education.
#rowncs hard work and determination to go to college impressed Henriette F. ,e=ter, a friend of her
grandmother, who decided to pay for #rown to attend &ount Holyoke %ollege. 'hough she originally chose to
ma(or in history, she fell in loe with chemistry, a strong field at &ount Holyoke, after taking a reJuired science
course. #rown earned her A.#. in chemistry and history in -.56.
After working as a laboratory assistant for some time, #rown eentually began her graduate work and earned
an &.S. in organic chemistry from the $niersity of %hicago in -.5-. She then taught for three years at the
Frances Shimer School near %hicago, a school and (unior college for girls.
After taking some language courses and chemistry at Harard, #rown returned to the $niersity of %hicago for
additional graduate work in organic chemistry and bacteriology. After successfully completing her research
pro(ect and the reJuired course work in -.5/, she submitted her +h., thesis. Howeer, due to some
complications in scheduling her oral e=aminations and the depletion of her saings, #rown was forced to leae
%hicago without her +h., to find a (ob at the ,iision of Labor and 4esearch in Albany, "ew *ork.
%arly career #edit$
'he ,iision of Labor and 4esearch, a ma(or arm of the "ew *ork ,epartment of Health, was famous for its
research of human disease-causing agents and the creation of antiserums and accines. 'here #rown worked
for seen years without her +h., until her return to%hicago for a scientific meeting, at which point #rown
arranged to take her oral e=aminations and was awarded her +h.,.
At the diisioncs laboratory, #rown focused on identifying the types of bacteria that caused pneumonia, helping
deelop a pneumoniaaccine still in use today. Additionally, she researched ways to improe the test
for syphilis.
1isco"ering 0ungal Antibiotic #edit$
Howeer, the antibacterial and antifungal work that she is best known for did not begin until -.9<. ,uring this
year, #rown embarked on a pro(ect with Hli1abeth Lee Ha1en, a leading authority on fungus and bacteria
related research. 'he pro(ect would eentually bring the two scientists national recognition for discoering an
antibiotic to fight fungal infections.
+enicillin had been discoered in -.5<, and in the years that followed, antibiotics were increasingly used to
fight bacterial illness. Howeer, one side effect was that these antibiotics allowed for a rapid growth of fungus,
which could lead to sore mouths or upset stomachs. :ther fungal diseases without cures including infections
attacking the central nerous system, athletecs foot, and ring wormswere also a ma(or problem during this time.
Howeer, fungal diseases were not well understood at this time, and there were no antifungal medications safe
for human use. At this time, people knew of microorganisms called actinomycetes that lied in soil and were
known to produce antibiotics, some of which killed fungus. Howeer, these antibiotics also proed fatal in tests
inoling lab mice and thus could not be put into production.
'he successful partnership between Ha1en in "ew *ork %ity and #rown in Albany was due in part to the
efficiency of the $nited States +ostal Serice in the -.96s. !n her "ew *ork %ity laboratory, Ha1en cultured
organisms found in soil samples and tested their ability to fight against two fungiA %ryptococcus neoformans, a
fungus responsible for the chronic disease cryptococcosis, which affects lungs, skin, and other body parts like
the central nerous system, and %andida albicans, which causes candidiasis, which can be minor in some
cases >e.g. a aginal yeast infection@, or a serious infection in patients treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
!f she found such promising antifungal actiity in a particular culture, she would mail it to #rown in a mason (ar.
At her end, #rown isolated the actie agent in the culture, or the ingredient in the soil sample that could
potentially be used to cure these fungal diseases. 'his was before the days of high-performance
liJuid chromatography and other separation techniJues and reJuired meticulous labor as well as a great deal of
patience and paintstaking attention to detail. After isolating the actie ingredient, #rown would return the
sample to Ha1en in "ew *ork, where it was retested against the two fungi. !f effectie, the to=icity was then
ealuated in animals.
"early all the agents that killed the test fungi also turned out to be highly to=ic to animals, signifying that they
could not be safely used for human treatment. !nterestingly enough, of the hundreds of soil samples sent to
Ha1en and #rown from around the world, the one culture that was effectie against fungi and not fatal to
animals was originally found in the soil near a barn of two of Ha1encs friends, the Walter #. "ourses. 'he
microorganism discoered in the soil was later named Streptomyces norsei in their honor. #rowncs chemical
testing showed that the microorganism in this particular soil sample produced two antifungal substances called
Fractions " and A". Fraction " was fatal on tests with animals, (ust like the other substances that Ha1en
tested. Howeer, Fraction A" proed safe in tests on lie animals and was effectie not only against the initial
two fungi, but fourteen others as well. #rown then purified this second antibiotic into small white crystals. 'he
two scientists first named the drug fungicidin, but upon discoery that the name was already in use, changed it
to d"ystatine in honor of the "ew *ork State ,iision of Laboratories and 4esearch.
Nystatin #edit$
"ystatin is a polyene antifungal drug to which many molds and yeast infections are sensitie. !t was also the
first antifungal antibiotic to be safe and effectie in treating human diseases. "ot only did it cure many serious
fungal infections of the skin, mouth, throat, and intestinal tract, but it could also be combined with antibacterial
drugs to balance their side effects. :er the years, "ystatin proed effectie not only in fighting human
diseases, but was also used to stop fungal growth on flood-damaged works of art in Florence, !taly. !t also
showed effectieness in slowing the spread of ,utch Hlm ,isease, a fungal disease of elm trees spread by the
elm bark beetle.
Announce*ent and )roduction #edit$
#rown and Ha1en presented their work at the "ational Academy of Sciences regional meeting in -.76. 'he
subseJuent report by the "ew *ork 'imes started a flurry of calls from pharmaceutical companies, interested in
the commercial possibilities of "ystatin. 'he pharmaceutical industry had the manufacturing capabilities and
ability to test the compound on humans. Howeer, to license the substance, control the purity, and protect the
financial interests of the deelopers, 0ilbert ,alldorf, the diision director of the laboratory in which Ha1en and
#rown worked, assigned patent royalties to the 4esearch %orporation of "ew *ork, a nonprofit foundation
created for the adancement of science. 'he production license was awarded to H. 4. SJuibb N Sons, who
deeloped a safe method of mass production and produced the first sale of the tablets, named &ycostatin, for
human use in -.79.
Later years #edit$
!n -.7-, the ,epartment of Health and Laboratories promoted #rown to associate biochemist. #rown and
Ha1en, in continuing their research, discoered two additional antibioticsLphalmycin and capacidin. 'he two
continued to work closely together in making additional minor contributions to the field of bacteriology until their
retirement.
#rown died on Canuary -9, -.<6 at the age of <- in Albany, "ew *ork
Hmma +. %arr
Emma P. Carr
Born
July 23, 1880
Holmesville, Ohio, USA
Died
January 7, 1972 (aged 91
!vans"on, #llinois, USA
Fields
ul"raviole" s$e%"ros%o$y
Institutions
&oun" Holyo'e (ollege
Alma mater
Ohio S"a"e Universi"y
&oun" Holyo'e (ollege
Universi"y o) (hi%ago
Doctoral advisor
Julius S"iegli"*
Notable awards
+ran%is ,- .arvan &edal(1937
%**a )erry Carr >Culy 58, -<<6 F Canuary ;, -.;5@ was an American spectroscopist and chemical educator.
%arr was born in Holmesille, :hio, the third child of Hdmund and Anna %arr.
2-3
She went to high school
in %oshocton, :hio, before attending :hio State $niersity from -<.< until -<.., and then &ount Holyoke
%ollege from -.66 until -.65.
253
She stayed at &ount Holyoke as an assistant in the chemistry
department
2-3
until going to the $niersity of %hicago to take her senior year in physical chemistry, receiing her
#.S. in -.67.
253
She then spent two years teaching at &ount Holyoke before returning to %hicago to study for
her +h.,., which she receied in -.-6.
2-3253
With her +h.,. in hand, she returned to &ount Holyoke as a professor, being named Head of ,epartment in
-.-8.
2-3253
She was able to establish a research program studying theultraiolet spectra of hydrocarbons, and
established a link between the freJuencies of the absorptions and the enthalpy change of combustion of the
compound.
2-3283
She also participated in the 3nternational Critical #a)les of the !nternational 4esearch %ouncil,
where she worked with +rofessor Iictor Henri of the $niersity of Burich.
253293
She retired in -.9/.
2-3253
%arr was the inaugural recipient in -.8; of the Francis +. 0aran 0old &edal of theAmerican %hemical
Society >A%S@, established Eto recogni1e distinguished serice to chemistry by women chemistsE.
273
She also
receied the Cames Flack "orris Award for :utstanding Achieement in the 'eaching of %hemistry of the
"ortheastern Section of the A%S in Spring -.7; >with &ary Lura Sherrill@.
2/3
'he chemistry building at &ount
Holyoke %ollege was dedicated in her honor in -.77.
253
When her health began to fail her, she was placed in a care home in Hanston, !llinois, nearer to her nephew,
Cames %arr, and the rest of her family. She died of heart failure on Canuary ;, -.;5
Asima %hatter(ee
Asi*a Chatter2ee >#engaliA @ >58 September -.-; F 55 "oember 566/@ was an !ndian chemist
noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry andphytomedicine.
2-3
Her most notable work includes those
on inca alkaloids, and the deelopment of anti-epileptic and anti-malarial drugs. She also authored a
considerable olume of work on medicinal plants of the !ndian subcontinent.
Biography #edit$
%arly li'e #edit$
Asima %hatter(ee was born on 58 September -.-; in #engal. An e=cellent student, %hatter(ee grew up
in %alcutta, attending school and subseJuently enrolling at the Scottish %hurch %ollege, of the $niersity of
%alcutta, graduating with honours in chemistry in -.8/.
253283
Acade*ic or( #edit$
Asima %hatter(ee graduated in -.8< with a &asters degree in organic chemistry, followed by a doctoral work at
the $niersity of %alcutta, where she researched on the chemistry of plant products and synthetic organic
chemistry. Among her notable instructors at the time were +rafulla %handra 4oy and +rof S.". #ose.
Career #edit$
She (oined the Lady #rabourne %ollege, of the $niersity of %alcutta in -.96 as the founding head of the
department of chemistry. !n -.99, %hatter(ee became the first woman to be conferred ,octorate of Science by
an !ndian $niersity.
2-3
!n -.79, Asima %hatter(ee (oined the $niersity %ollege of Science of the $niersity of
%alcutta, as reader in pure chemistry. !n -./5, %hatter(ee was appointed the prestigious Dhaira professorship
of %hemistry at the $niersity of %alcutta, a position she held till -.<5.
*u-%hie %hen
,u-Chie Chen is a 'aiwanese chemist and is a +rofessor of %hemistry in the "ational %hiao 'ung
$niersity, Hsinchu, 'aiwan.
2-3
She receied her +h.,. from &ontana State $niersity.
2-3
%hen is the inentor of $ltrasonication-Assisted Spray !oni1ation >$AS!@,
253
as well as %ontactless Atmospheric
+ressure !oni1ation>%ontactless A+!@,
283
and one of the inentors of the surface-assisted laser
desorptionGioni1ation >SAL,!@
293
techniJues for mass spectrometric analysis of chemical molecules.
%hen)s research interests include biological mass spectrometry and nanobiotechnology.
2
&ildred %ohn
%ildred Cohn
Born
Duly 11, 1/10
%ew Bor City, %ew Bor, '.*.
Died
?cto#er 11, 199/ :aged /6;
Philadelphia, Pennsyl"ania, '*,
Residence
'.*.
Nationality
'nited *tates
Fields
Physical Biochemistry
Institutions
'ni"ersity of Pennsyl"ania
Alma mater
3unter College, Colum#ia 'ni"ersity
Mildred Cohn >Culy -5, -.-8 F :ctober -5, 566.@
2-3253
was an American biochemist who furthered
understanding of biochemical processes through her study of chemical reactions within animal cells. She was a
pioneer in the use of nuclear magnetic resonance for studying en1yme reactions, particularly in Adenosine
triphosphate >A'+@.
283
She receied the nation)s highest science award, the "ational &edal of Science, in -.<5.
293
Contents
@hideA
1 Childhood
1 .or
0 ,chie"emen
ts
8 Marriage
= Partial
Bi#liography
6 !eferences
7 2Jternal
6ins
Childhood#edit$
%ohn)s parents, childhood sweethearts !sidore %ohn and #ertha Dlein %ohn,
283
were Cewish. Her father was a
rabbi. 'hey left 4ussia for the $nited States around -.6;. &ildren %ohn was born Culy -5, -.-8 in the #ron=,
where her family lied in an apartment. When &ildren was -8, her father moed the family to a *iddish-
speaking cooperatie, Heim 0esellschaft, which strongly emphasi1ed education, the arts, social (ustice, and
the preseration of *iddish culture.
2732/3
Wor(#edit$
%ohn graduated from high school at -9 and went on to receie her #achelor)s cum laude from Hunter
%ollege in -.8-. She spent a year earning her master)s in -.85 from %olumbia $niersity, then worked for
the "ational Adisory %ommittee for Aeronautics for two years.
2;3
She subseJuently returned to %olumbia,
studying under Harold $rey, who had (ust won the "obel +ri1e.
2<32.3
She wrote her dissertation on o=ygen
isotopes and earned her +h.,. in physical chemistry in -.8<.
2-63
%ohn conducted post-doctoral studies on sulfur-amino acid metabolism using radioactie sulfur isotopes in the
laboratory of Iincent du Iigneaud at 0eorge Washington $niersity in St. Louis. %ohn pioneered the use of
isotopic tracers to e=amine the metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds.
2--3
When du Iigneaud moed his
laboratory to %ornell $niersity &edical %ollege in "ew *ork %ity, %ohn moed with him.
2-53
!n -.9/, %ohncs husband, physicist Henry +rimakoff accepted a faculty appointment at Washington $niersity,
and %ohn obtained a research position with %arl and 0erty %ori in their biochemistry laboratory in the
$niersitycs School of &edicine.
2-53
'here, she was able to choose her own research topics. She used nuclear
magnetic resonance to inestigate the reaction of phosphorus with A'+, reealing considerable information
about the biochemistry of A'+.
283
When asked in later life about her most e=citing moments in science, %ohn
repliedA E!n -.7<, using nuclear magnetic resonance, ! saw the first three peaks of A'+. 'hat was e=citing. 2!
could3 distinguish the three phosphorus atoms of A'+ with a spectroscopic method, which had neer been
done before.E
2-83
!n -./6, %ohn and her husband (oined the $niersity of +ennsylania. &ildred was appointed as an associate
professor of #iophysics and +hysical #iochemistry, and became a full professor the following year.
2532-53
!n -.<5,
she retired from the faculty as the #en(amin 4ush +rofessor Hmerita of +hysiological %hemistry.
2-53
!n the course of her career, &ildren %ohn worked with four "obel laureates, who receied three "obel pri1esA
Harold $rey, "obel +ri1e in %hemistry, -.89
2<3
%arl and 0erty %ori, "obel +ri1e in +hysiology or &edicine, -.9;
2-93
Iincent du Iigneaud, "obel +ri1e in %hemistry, -.77
2-73
Achie"e*ents#edit$
%ohn wrote -/6 papers, mostly on her primary research sub(ect of using nuclear magnetic resonance to study
A'+.
2-83
She receied a number of honorary doctorates.
She won the American %hemical Societycs 0aran-:lin &edal in -./8.
2-/3
She was awarded the Franklin
!nstitutecs Hlliott %resson &edal in -.;7, for her work on nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of en1ymatic
comple=es. She receied the !nternational :rgani1ation of Women #iochemists Award
2-;3
in -.;..
2;3
She
receied %olumbia $niersitycs %handler &edal in -.</.
2-<3
She was presented with the "ational &edal of Science by +resident 4onald 4eagan in -.<5.
2-.3
,uring her career, %ohn achieed seeral gender firstsA She was the first woman to be appointed to the
editorial board of the /ournal of Biological Chemistry, where she sered as editor from -.7<-/8 and from -./<-
;8. She was also the first woman to become president of the American Society for #iochemistry and &olecular
#iology, and the first female career inestigator for the American Heart Association.
2532-53
!n 566., she was
inducted into the "ational Women)s Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, "ew *ork.
2
&arie &aynard ,aly
%arie %aynard Daly
Born
,pril 16, 1/11
Died
?cto#er 18, 1990 :aged 81;
Marie Maynard 1aly >April -/, -.5- F :ctober 5<, 5668@ was an American biochemist. She was the first
African American woman in the $nited States to earn a +h.,. inchemistry >awarded by %olumbia $niersity in
-.9;@..
%ducation #edit$
After ,aly graduated from all-girls Hunter %ollege High School >where she was also encouraged to pursue
chemistry@, she enrolled infueens %ollege, a small, fairly new school in Flushing, "ew *ork. She lied at home
to sae money, ma(ored in chemistry, and graduated from fueens magna cum laude in -.95.
%arly career #edit$
,aly remained at fueens %ollege for another year, working as a laboratory assistant while attending graduate
school at "ew *ork $niersity. She completed her &aster in %hemistry in one year. She then enrolled in the
doctoral program at %olumbia $niersity, where, under the superision of ,r. &ary L. %aldwell, she completed
her +h.,. in chemistry in -.9;. %aldwell, who had a doctorate in nutrition, booty ,aly discoer how chemicals
produced in the body contribute to food digestion.
,aly sered two years as a physical science instructor at Howard $niersity. After being awarded an American
%ancer Society grant to support her postdoctoral research, she (oined ,r. A. H. &irsky at the 4ockefeller
!nstitute, where they studied the cell nucleus. !n -.78, after Watson and %rick described the structure of ,"A,
,alycs world changed significantlyA suddenly, the cell nucleus research field was flooded with funding
opportunities. Her work flourished in the new enironment.
Later career #edit$
!n -.77 ,aly returned to %olumbiacs %ollege of +hysicians and Surgeons to teach biochemistry. She began
collaborating with ,r. fuentin #. ,eming to inestigate the underlying causes of heart attacks. 'hey found that
high cholesterol leels contributed to the blockage of arteries that supply o=ygen to the heart. She also
inestigated the effects of sugar on the function of coronary arteries. Later, she became a pioneer in studying
the impact of cigarette smoking on the lungs.
!n -./6 ,aly and ,eming moed to *eshia $niersity at the Albert Hinstein %ollege of &edicine in "ew *ork
%ity. At *eshia, she continued her research and taught biochemistry courses. She en(oyed teaching medical
students and was dedicated to increasing the number of minority students enrolled in medical schools.
,aly also sered as an inestigator for the American Heart Association_ she was especially interested in how
hypertension affects the circulatory system. She was a member of the prestigious #oard of 0oernors of
the "ew *ork Academy of Sciences for two years. ,aly retired from the Hinstein %ollege of &edicine in -.</
and in -.<< she established a scholarship for African American chemistry and physics ma(ors at fueens
%ollege in memory of her father.
!n -./- ,aly married Iincent %lark.
Cennifer ,oudna
3enni'er A+ 1oudna +h.,. is a +rofessor of %hemistry and of &olecular and %ell #iologyat the $niersity of
%alifornia, #erkeley. She has been an inestigator with the Howard Hughes &edical !nstitute >H&&!@ since
-..;. She earned her #.A. in %hemistry from+omona %ollege and her +h.,. in #iochemistry from Harard
$niersity on ribo1ymesunder the mentorship of Cack W. S1ostak. She did her postdoctoral work with 'homas
%ech at the $niersity of %olorado, #oulder.
While in the S1ostak lab, she reengineered the self-splicing 0roup ! catalytic intron into a true
catalytic ribo1yme that would copy 4"A templates.
2-3253
4ecogni1ing the limitations of not being able see the
molecular mechanisms of the ribo1ymes. She started work to crystalli1e and sole the three-dimensional
structure of the 'etrahymena 0roup ! ribo1ymein -..- in the %ech Lab and continued while she started her
professorship at *ale $niersity in -..9. While the group was able to grow high-Juality crystals, they struggled
with the phase problem due to unspecific binding of the metal ions. :ne of her early graduate students and
later her husband, Camie %ate decided to soak the crystals inosmium he=amine to imitate magnesium. $sing
this strategy, they were able to sole the structure, the second soled folded 4"A structure since t4"A.
283293
'he
magnesium ions would cluster at the center of the ribo1yme and would sere as a core for 4"A folding similar
to that of a hydrophobic core of a protein.
273
Cennifer was promoted to be the Henry Ford !! +rofessor of &olecular #iophysics and #iochemistry at *ale in
5666. !n 5665, she accepted a faculty position at $niersity of %alifornia, #erkeley as a +rofessor of
#iochemistry and &olecular #iology so that she would be closer to family and the synchrotron at Lawrence
#erkeley "ational Laboratory. 'his initial work to sole large 4"A structures lead to further structural studies on
the H,I ribo1yme, the !4HS, and protein-4"A comple=es like the Signal recognition particle.
273
Her lab now
focuses on obtaining a mechanistic understanding of biological processes inoling 4"A. 'his work is diided
oer three ma(or areas, the %4!S+4 system, 4"A interference, and translational control ia &icro4"As.
2/3
She was a Searle Scholar and receied the -... "AS Award for !nitiaties in 4esearch and the 5666 Alan '.
Waterman Award. She has receied seeral awards and has been elected to the "ational Academy of
Sciences in 5665 and the !nstitute of &edicine in 56-6
Helen ,yer
Helen M+ 1yer >&ay 5/, -<.7 F September 56, -..<@ was an American biochemist andcancer researcher. Her
main work concerned the mechanism of carcinogenesis_ she also worked with metabolism and nutrition.
Li'e #edit$
,yer was born on 5/ &ay -<.7
2-3
to Florence 4obertson ,yer
253
>sometimes named as &athilda 4obertson
,yer@
283
and Coseph H. ,yer in Washington, ,.%.
253
Her father owned a wholesale grocery.
283
She had three older
siblings.
293
As a young woman, she was uninterested in science_ though she took science courses in high
school,
273
she was an accomplished athlete.
293
She went to Western High School and was graduated in -.-8.
283
She credited her high school teachers for inspiring her scientific studies.
293
World War !caused her to abandon
her plans of teaching in %hina, instead, she worked for the 4ed %ross and %iil Serice %ommission during the
war.
273
She neer married.
2/3
'hroughout her life she was inoled with her church and, after her graduation from
0oucher %ollege, the0oucher Alumni Association. ,yer died on 56 September -..<, -68 years old.
2;3
%ducation #edit$
!n -.-;, ,yer receied her #achelor of Arts degree in biology from 0oucher %ollege,
2-3
where she had receied
a scholarship. She also earned a minor in physiology.
273
While a physiology instructor at &t. Holyoke, she took
chemistry classes to supplement her education.
253
She receied her &aster of Science degree in biochemistry in
-.5. and her +h.,. in biochemistry in -.87, both from0eorge Washington $niersity.
2-3
&cienti'ic career #edit$
With only a bachelor)s degree, in -.-., ,yer became an instructor in physiology at &t. Holyoke %ollege. 'he
ne=t year, she became a research assistant at the +harmacologist Hygienic Lab, a subsidiary of the $.S. +ublic
Health Serice.
2-3
'here, she was tasked with inestigating the to=icity of chemotherapeutic agents and
discoered that heay metals in the compounds reacted with thiols to cause to=icity.
273
She also studied the
efficacy of arsenic-based and lead-based compounds in combating cancer, tumors, and syphilis.
293
!n -.57, she
worked with %arl Ioegtlin on an ultimately unpublished study of the growth patterns and growth rate
of rat tumors.
273
As a +h.,. student at 0eorge Washington $niersity, ,yer had a (ob as a teaching fellow,
2-3
where she studied sulfur compounds withIincent du Iigneaud, the -.77 "obel laureate in chemistry. !n
-.87, after receiing her +h.,, she was hired as an assistant professor of biochemistry by her alma mater_ she
held this position until -.95 and taught nutrition chemistry as well as biochemistry. She was respected by her
students for her breadth of knowledge. Her work at 0W$ included the discoery in -.8< that ethionine, an
analogue ofmethionine, could not be substituted in medicine or food because it was poisonous. 'his discoery
influenced the use of sulfa drugs.
253
She also showed that ethionine inhibited growth in rats.
283
With du Iigneaud,
she proed that sulfur-based amino acids could replace cystine. 'he pair attempted to isolate the actie
compounds within the posterior pituitary gland.
283
,yer was hired by the "ational %ancer !nstitute)s %arl Ioegtlin in -.95 as one of -66 chemistry fellows in the
"utrition and %hemical %arcinogenosis work group.
273
She stayed there for the bulk of her career, until -./7.
Her research there inoled studies of gastric cancer in dogs and the carcinogenic effects of acetyl-beta-
methycholine chloride and histamine diphosphate.
283
Her later research concerned itamin #/ and
its antimetabolite, an animal carcinogen.
253
She was the first chemist to create the antimetabolite of anamino
acid.
273
,yer)s studies with itamin #/ included the discoery that the itamin preented heightened e=cretion of
abnormaltryptophan metabolites, including =anthurenic acid, in animals that consumed the lier carcinogen "-
5-fluorenylacetamide.
2<3
She also collaborated with colleagues at the "%! to study en1ymes present in lier
cancers and lier tumors.
2.3
,yer)s other work at the institute also included the immunological effects of cancer
and the effects of cancer proteins on their hosts.
273
She also wrote a comprehensie inde= of chemotherapies
used on tumors in -.9._ this inde= was heaily used by the "ational %ancer !nstitute when it deeloped a
program of chemotherapy.
2.3
'he inde= included the history of tumor chemotherapy research
273
and catalogued
more than 7,666 therapeutic tests.
2;3
From -./7 to -./;, she was a research biochemist for the Life Sciences 4esearch :ffice of the Federation of
American Societies for H=perimental #iology.
253
Her work there was used by the Hnironmental +rotection
Agency.
2;3
'hroughout her career, ,yer published more than /6 articles_ howeer, she was sub(ect to
discrimination because of her se= and because she was unmarried. For e=ample, she was not promoted
beyond an assistant professorship despite her adances in research.
2.3
She retired in -./7 but kept her formal
posts until -.;5.
273
After her formal retirement, she was a consultant for the "
Coanna S. Fowler
0ro* Wi(ipedia4 the 'ree encyclopedia
3oanna &+ 0oler, a senior chemist at the $.S. ,epartment of Hnergycs #rookhaen "ational Laboratory, and
the ,irector of #rookhaencs %enter for 'ranslational "euroimaging, has been named the 5667 recipient of the
,istinguished #asic Scientist of the *ear Award from the Academy of &olecular !maging.
%arly li'e and education#edit$
Fowler receied her +h.,. in chemistry from the $niersity of %olorado and did her postdoctoral work at
the $niersity of Hast Anglia in Hngland and at #rookhaen. She is also an Ad(unct +rofessor in the %hemistry
and #iomedical Hngineering departments at Stony #rook $niersity. She is also married to Frank Fowler,
+rofessor of :rganic %hemistry at Stony #rook $niersity.
Achie"e*ents#edit$
!n -.;/, Fowler and her colleagues designed and synthesi1ed a radioactiely dtaggede form of sugar that is
now used widely to studybrain function and also to diagnose and plan treatment for cancer. She also
deeloped another radiotracer, as these dtaggede molecules are called, that first showed that cocainecs
distribution in the human brain parallels its effects on behaior.
Another of her ma(or accomplishments was the deelopment of radiotracers to map monoamine
o=idase >&A:@, a brain en1yme that regulates the leels of other nere-cell communication chemicals. $sing
these radiotracers, she discoered that smokers hae reduced leels of &A: in their brains. 'his may account
for some of the behaioral and epidemiological features of smoking, such as the high rate of smoking in
indiiduals with depression and drug addiction, two conditions inoling poor nere-cell communication.
'he imaging technologies used in Fowlercs studies are a direct outgrowth of the ,epartment of Hnergycs long-
standing inestment in basic physics and chemistry research. 'hrough work on accelerators designed to
answer Juestions about the fundamental nature of matter and energy, pioneering ,:H scientists understood
and reali1ed the potential to deelop these miraculous tools for the diagnosisand treatment of disease. 'he
ongoing research using these tools to inestigate drug addiction and other diseases of the brain is a prime
e=ample of how our national laboratories bring together the e=pertise of chemists, physicists, and medical
professionals to address Juestions of profound significance for society.
Research#edit$
Fowler)s research has led to fundamental new knowledge, important scientific tools and broad impact in the
application of nuclear medicine to diagnostics and health. She has worked for much of her career deeloping
radiotracers for brain imaging to understand the mechanisms underlying drug addiction. &ost recently, she has
been engaged in deeloping methods to understand the relationship between genes, brain chemistry and
behaior.
Fowler played a central role in the deelopment of a fluorine--<-labeled glucose molecule >F,0@ enabling
human brain glucose metabolism to be measured noninasiely. 'his positron-emitting molecule, together
with positron emission tomography >+H'@ imaging, has become a mainstay for brain-imaging studies
in schi1ophrenia, aging and cancer. Fowler)s interest in monoamine o=idase >&A:@, one of the two ma(or
en1ymes inoled in neurotransmitter regulation in the brain and peripheral organs, led her to deelop the first
radiotracers for imaging &A: in the human brain and in peripheral organs like the lungs and kidneys. 'his led
to the discoery that smokers hae reduced brain and lung &A: and to many studies relating reduced &A: to
some of the behaioral and epidemiological features of smoking
&ichelle Francl
Michelle M+ 0rancl is an American chemist. Francl is a professor of chemistry, and has taught physical
chemistry, general chemistry and mathematical modeling at #ryn &awr %ollege since -.</.
Francl is noted for deeloping new methodology in computational chemistry, including the /-8-0g basis set
for "a to Ar andelectrostatic potential charges.
:n a list of the -666 most cited chemists,2-3 Francl is a member of the editorial board for the /ournal of
Molecular 4raphics and Modelling, actie in the American %hemical Society and the author of #he Sur(i(al
4uide for Physical Chemistry. !n -..9, she was awarded the %hristian 4. and &ary F. Lindback Award by #ryn
&awr %ollege for e=cellence in teaching.253
Francl)s podcast, E!ntroduction to fuantum &echanics,E broke into the i'unes 'op -66 in :ctober 5667.283
Francl receied a +h.,. from the $niersity of %alifornia, !rine in -.<8.
Francl currently writes for 'he %atholic Standard and 'imes, the %atholic newspaper in +hiladelphia.
4osalind Franklin
Rosalind E. Franklin
Born
/osalind !lsie +ran'lin
20 July 1920
1o""ing Hill, 2ondon
Died
13 A$ril 1908 (aged 37
(helsea, 2ondon
Ovarian %an%er
Nationality
4ri"ish
Fields
56ray %rys"allogra$hy
Institutions
4ri"ish (oal U"ilisa"ion /esear%h Asso%ia"ion
Laboratoire central des services chimiques de l'tat
7ing8s (ollege 2ondon
4ir'9e%' (ollege, 2ondon
Alma mater
1e:nham (ollege, (am9ridge
Known or
+ine s"ru%"ure o) %oal andgra$hi"e, S"ru%"ure o) ;1A,
s"ru%"ure o) viruses
Rosalind %lsie 0ran(lin >57 Culy -.56 F -/ April -.7<@
2-3
was a #ritish biophysicist and]-ray
crystallographer who made critical contributions to the understanding of the fine molecular structures
of ,"A, 4"A, iruses, coal, and graphite.
253
Her ,"A work achieed the most fame because ,"A
>deo=yribonucleic acid@ plays an essential role in cell metabolism and genetics, and the discoery of its
structure helped her co-workers understand how genetic information is passed from parents to children.
Franklin is best known for her work on the ]-ray diffraction images of ,"A which led to the discoery of the
,"A double heli=. Her data, according to Francis %rick, were Ethe data we actually usedE
283
to
formulate %rick and Watson)s -.78 hypothesis regarding the structure of ,"A.
293
Franklin)s images of ]-
ray diffraction confirming the helical structure of ,"A were shown to Watson without her approal or
knowledge. 'hough this image and her accurate interpretation of the data proided aluable insight into the
,"A structure, Franklin)s scientific contributions to the discoery of the double heli= are often oerlooked.
273
$npublished drafts of her papers >written (ust as she was arranging to leaeDing)s %ollege London@ show that
she had independently determined the oerall #-form of the ,"A heli= and the location of the phosphate
groups on the outside of the structure. &oreoer, Franklin personally told %rick and Watson that the backbones
had to be on the outside, which was crucial since before this both they and Linus +auling had independently
generated non-illuminating models with the chains inside and the bases pointing outwards.
2/3
Howeer, her work
was published third, in the series of three ,"ANature articles, led by the paper of Watson and %rick which only
hinted at her contribution to their hypothesis.
2;3
After finishing her portion of the work on ,"A, Franklin led pioneering work on the tobacco mosaic irus and
the polio irus. She died in -.7< at the age of 8; of oarian cancer.
Helen &urray Free
Helen %urray Free
Born
5e#ruary 19, 1/10 :age /9;
Pitts#urgh, Pennsyl"ania
Nationality
,merican
Fields
Chemistry
Alma mater
The College of .ooster
Central Michigan 'ni"ersity
nown !or
*elf(Testing *ystems for 7ia#etes
Nota"le
,C* Iar"an Metal :1/79;
awards
Cil#y ,ward :1//6;
%ational -n"entors 3all of 5ame :1999;
%ational Medal of Technology and -nno"ation
:1919;
Helen Murray 0ree >b. February 56, -.58, +ittsburgh, +A@ is a retired American chemist and educator. She
receied a #.A. in chemistry from 'he %ollege of Wooster in -.99 and an &.A. in management from %entral
&ichigan $niersity in -.;<. !n -.9; she marriedAlfred Free, a fellow researcher in urinalysis. She is most
known for her creation of many self-testing systems for diabetes while working at &iles Laboratories, which is
now owned by #ayer A0. She currently is an Ad(unct +rofessor of &anagement at !ndiana $niersity South
#end, and a %onsultant for #ayer A0.
%ducation #edit$
Helen receied her early education from the public schools in *oungstown, :hio, and graduated in -.9- as
the aledictorian of +oland Seminary High School. While attending a summer camp at the %ollege of Wooster,
Helen set her heart on attending Wooster. 0reatly influenced by her high school Hnglish teacher, she originally
intended to ma(or in Hnglish and Latin in hopes of becoming a teacher_ howeer, these plans soon changed. !n
,ecember -.9- when +earl Harbor was bombed, many young men either enlisted or were drafted into the
army. #ecause of this, women were encouraged to pursue careers in science, so Helen switched her ma(or to
chemistry in which she receied her #.S. in -.99. She has said that her switch to chemistry was the dmost
terrific thinge that eer happened to her.
2-3
Career #edit$
After graduating from Wooster, Helen immediately began working as a Juality control chemist for &iles
Laboratories >known as the creators of Alka-Selt1er@_ howeer, she aspired to be a researcher as opposed to
working in Juality control. When Alfred Free had a position open in his biochemistry research group, she
interiewed and filled the position. She would later marry Free in -.9; and hae si= children with him.
:riginally they researched different antibiotics before they moed on to dry reagent systems.
Later, Free worked with her husband to moe the tests from tablets to strips, introducing %linisti= >the famous
ddip-and-reade test@ in -.7/. Seeral other testing strips were deeloped and added to the market, including
$risti=, Detosti=, ,e=trosto=, Labsti=, and a still-current product, &ultisti=.
253
'hese products are still used today.
!n -./., Free moed into the 0rowth and ,eelopment ,epartment, and she eentually became the director of
Specialty 'est Systems in -.;/. She was ,irector of &arketing Serices for the 4esearch +roducts ,iision
when #ayer ,iagnostics acJuired &iles in -.;<.
283293
She also earned an &A in &anagement >Health %are Administration@ from %entral &ichigan $niersity >-.;<@,
and is an Ad(unct +rofessor of &anagement at !ndiana $niersity South #end.
273
#y -.;7, Free had earned seen patents for her improements in medical and clinical urinalysis testing. !n that
year, she and her husband co-authored their second book, Urinalysis in *a)oratory Practice, which is still a
standard work in the field.
273
She retired in -.<5, but continues to work as a consultant for #ayer ,iagnostics in Hlkhart, !ndiana.
Hli1abeth Fulhame
%li/abeth 0ulha*e >fl. -;.9@ was a #ritish, specifically Scottish, chemist perhaps best known for her -;.9
work An Essay on Com)ustion. 'he book details her e=periments on o=idation-reduction reactions
and catalysis. As the title implies it also concerned theories on combustion. 'he book is seen by some as a
precursor to the work of Chns Cakob #er1elius. 'hat stated she focused more on water as a catalyst rather than
heay metals. !t was translated into 0erman in -;.7 by Augustin 0ottfried Ludwig Lentin as5ersuche 6)er die
!iederherstellung der Metalle durch !asserstoffgas ...
Her work was known in its time, as a description of it was written by %oindet, but aroused little interest. An
e=ception being !rish chemist William Higgins who claimed that she had stolen his ideas. He also made similar
claims against Cohn ,alton. 'hat stated Higgins softened his criticism of her and #en(amin 'hompson held her
work on the reduction of gold salts in esteem.
2-3
!n the -;.6s, Fulhame also made some early obserations on the use of light sensitie chemicals >siler salts@
on fabric, which predate'homas Wedgwood)s more famous photogram trials of -<6-. Fulhame did not,
howeer, attempt to make EimagesE or representational shadow prints the way Wedgwood did, and there is no
eidence she attempted any camera obscura e=periments.
Little is known of her outside of the work e=cept that her husband was a doctor named 'homas. Also that in
-<-6 she was made an honorary member of the +hiladelphia %hemical Society.
Louise 0iblin
Louise A+ #!iblin$ &allaay >,ecember 59, -<.7 F September -7, -.;8@ was a femalechemist who
significantly contributed to the baby formula Similac.
#orn in -<.7, Louise graduated from Simmons %ollege in -.-; with a degree in science.
2-3
Cust a year later,
Louise co-published two articles with ,r. #osworth, a chemist at #oston Floating Hospital. 'he articles, entitled
dStudies of !nfant Feedinge and d'he %asein of Human &ilke detail their search for a substitute to breast milk.
253
'he duo repeatedly e=perimented with the ratios of oils, calcium, and salts to proteins and carbohydrates.
After 566 tests, the formula was marketed and bottled in -.59. !n -.5;, the formula was named Similac, noting
its similarly to lactation.
Sometime between the 566 tests from -.-. and -.59, Louise moed to "ew *ork where she receied a
&asters in %hemistry from %olumbia $niersity in -.57.
283
She was the first woman admitted to Dappa &u
Sigma, da society for graduate students in chemistrye that aimed to draise the standards of professional
chemistry among women by insisting on the importance of >graduate@ chemical training for a professional
career.e
293
Louise was working toward her +h, when she gae up academia for marriage and raising her two
sons. She died in -.;8, but is remembered for her significant contribution which has nourished millions of
infants around the world
&arianne 0runberg-&anago
Marianne !runberg-Manago >Canuary /, -.5-_ Saint +etersburg, former Soiet $nion F Canuary 8, 56-8_
+aris, France
2-3
@ was a Soiet-born French biochemist.
253
0runberg-&anago was born into a family of artists who adhered to the teachings of the Swiss educational
reformer Cohann +estalo11i. When she was . months old, her parents emigrated from the Soiet $nion to
France. 0runberg-&anago studied biochemistry and, in -.77, while working in the lab of Spanish-America
biochemist Seero :choa,
283
she discoered the first nucleic-acid-synthesi1ingen1yme.i
293
j !nitially, eeryone
thought the new en1yme was an 4"A polymerase used by E. coli cells to make long chains of 4"A from
separate nucleotides.
273
#ut although the new en1yme could link a few nucleotides together, the reaction was
highly reersible and it later became clear that the en1yme, polynucleotide phosphorylase, usually cataly1es
the )rea$down of 4"A, not its synthesis.
2citation needed3
"onetheless, the en1yme was e=traordinarily useful and important. Almost immediately, &arshall
"irenberg and C. Heinrich &atthaeiput it to use to form the first three-nucleotide 4"A codons, which coded for
the amino acid phenylalanine. 'his first step in cracking thegenetic code entirely depended on the aailability of
0runberg-&anagocs en1yme.
!n -.7., :choa and Arthur Dornberg won the -.7. "obel +ri1e in +hysiology or &edicine Efor the synthesis of
the nucleic acids 4"A and ,"A.E
0runberg-&anago was the first woman to direct the !nternational $nion of #iochemistry, and she was also
president of the French Academy of Sciences from -..7 to -../.
253
She was emeritus director of research at
%"4S, Francecs "ational %enter for Scientific 4esearch, and a member of the $nited States "ational Academy
of Sciences
"aomi Halas
Nao*i Halas is the Stanley %. &oore professor in Hlectrical and %omputer Hngineering and professor in
%hemistry at 4ice $niersity. Her current work focuses on nanoshells which her nanophotonics group is
deeloping at 4ice $niersity. !n -.<;, she was part of a team that deeloped a Edark pulseE soliton while
working for !#&.
Biography #edit$
%arly career #edit$
Halas receied her #achelor)s degree from La Salle $niersity in -.<6. She obtained her &asters degree
from #ryn &awr %ollege in -.<9 and her doctorate from #ryn &awr in -.</.
She was working for !#& in -.<; when she deeloped a Edark pulseE soliton with ,ieter Droekel, 0iampiero
0iuliani and ,aniel 0rischkowsky. A Edark pulseE soliton is a standing wae that propagates through an optical
fiber without spreading and which consists of a short interruption of a light pulse.
Nanoshells #edit$
Halas was recruited to 4ice $niersity by the mid--..6s where she now heads the "anoenginering $nit
bearing her name. Her work in the 5-st century focuses on noble metal nanoshells coering semiconducting or
insulating cores. A nanoshell is a -66 nanometerspherical shell of metal >often gold@ surrounding a core
of silicon dio=ide atoms.
Halas)s unit is inestigating the special properties of nanoshells includingA
a potential treatment for cancer similar to chemotherapy but without the to=ic side-effects_
ine=pensie, Juick analysis of samples as small as a single molecule.
Halas has receied a E%ancer !nnoatorE from the %ongressionally ,irected &edical 4esearch +rograms of the
$S ,epartment of ,efence. 'he ,epartment of ,efence granted Halas and ,r. Cennifer West K8 million to
conduct research into the potential of this treatment. Nanotechnology Now awarded Halas and West the award
for #est ,iscoery of 5668
Cudith Her1feld
3udith Her/'eld >born -5 Canuary -.9<@ is +rofessor of #iophysical %hemistry at #randeis $niersity.
2-3
Dnown
for her work instatistical thermodynamics, solid state "&4 and chemical education, she is a fellow of
the American +hysical Society, the American Association for the Adancement of Science, and the
&assachusetts Academy of Sciences. She is the author or coauthor of more than -<6 scientific papers
253
and a
book.
283
Research contributions #edit$
Although trained as a theoretician, Her1feld)s interest in biophysics led her to also establish an e=perimental
program.
For the first two decades, her theoretical program focused on the spontaneous spatial ordering of self-
assembled protein filaments in the crowded interiors of cells and its implications for
the morphology and rheology of cells in health and in disease >e.g., sickle-cell disease@. &ore recently, her
theoretical program has focused on deeloping a force field that will allow efficient modeling of reactions in
proteins under physiological conditions, so that detailed computer simulations can proide insights into protein
function as well as they currently address protein structure.
Her e=perimental program applies solid state "&4 spectroscopy to problems that are intractable by other
structural methods. A long-term study has focused on the mechanism by which the membrane
protein bacteriorhodopsin e=ecutes ion transfers that conert light energy to electrochemical form. A more
recent study on the floatation organelles of aJuatic micro-organisms has reealed that an amyloid pattern of
protein assembly underlies their strength and interfacial stability. :ther studies hae elucidated the structures
of amorphous polymers that form under prebiotic conditions. !n the course of soling some of the practical
problems inoled in this work, she has also deeloped some methods that hae been adopted by other
spectroscopists. 'his includes spinning sideband analysis to e=tract local anisotropy information and
spectroscopy by the integration of freJuency and time domain information >S!F'@ to carryout rapid, model-free
processing of non-uniformly sampled spin eolution.
)edagogical contributions #edit$
0ien the large choice of e=cellent te=tbooks coering the standard topics, lecturing in general chemistry is
mostly redundant. Furthermore, the recent pedagogical literature concludes that actie learning improes
understanding and retention. 'o thoroughly implement actie learning in large chemistry classes, Her1feld
adopted the +eer !nstruction method pioneered by Hric &a1ur and deeloped a large, widely used set of
%oncep'ests that thoroughly coers the content of general chemistry. !n further pursuit of actie learning, she
also designed some games to play through comple= chemical scenarios and some drawing e=ercises that
assist in isuali1ing the ariables underlying chemical behaior.
As a broad surey of Ethe central scienceE, general chemistry also proides an opportunity to tell the story of
how our material world came to be as we find it today. Her1feld has reorgani1ed and updated a highly regarded
general chemistry te=tbook according to this narratie, diided in si= stages, from the condensation of
fundamental particles into elements and molecules, through the formation of a planet blessed with water and
sunshine, to the adent of life and the changes that human kind has wrought since the start of the industrial
reolution. 'his approach is particularly suited to liberal arts colleges interested in bringing reflection on the
human condition into the physical sciences.
4uby Hirose
Ruby &a(ae Hirose >-.69 F -./6
2-3253283
@ was an American chemist. She performed groundbreaking research
related to accines for polio.
Hirose earned her &asters degree in pharmacology from the $niersity of Washington in -.5<.
293
She then
moed to the $niersity of %incinnati where she completed her doctorate in -.85. She worked at the $niersity
of %incinnati
273
until being hired by the research diision of the William S. &errell %ompany.
!n -.96, she was one of ten women recogni1ed for her contributions by the American %hemical Society
0ladys Lounsbury Hobby
!ladys Lounsbury Hobby >"oember -., -.-6 F Culy 9, -..8@, born in "ew *ork %ity, was an American
microbiologist who helped to moe penicillin from a laboratory discoery to mass production during World War
!!.
2-3
0raduating from Iassar %ollege in -.8-, she went on to receie a doctorate in bacteriology from %olumbia
$niersity in -.87.
253
!n -.96, Hobby was a microbiologist at the %ollege of +hysicians and Surgeons of
%olumbia $niersity working on infectious diseases with two colleagues, ,r. Darl &eyer, a biochemist, and
,r. &artin Henry ,awson, a clinician and associate professor of medicine.
283
Hobby left %olumbia $niersity in
-.99 to work for +fi1er +harmaceuticals in "ew *ork where she researched streptomycin and other antibiotics.
293
!n -.7., Hobby left +fi1er to speciali1ed in chronic infectious diseases as chief of research at the Ieterans
Administration Hospital inHast :range, "ew Cersey. She also sered as an assistant clinical research professor
in public health at %ornell $niersity &edical %ollege.
273
!n -.;5 she founded the monthly publication, Antimicro)ial Agents and Chemotherapy, and continued to edit it
for eight years. She retired from her main career in -.;;. !n retirement Hobby wrote oer 566 articles, working
as a consultant and freelance science writer. She also published a book, Penicillin% Meeting the Challenge,
2/3
in
-.<7.
,orothy Hodgkin
1orothy Mary Hodg(in, :&, F4S >-5 &ay -.-6 F 5. Culy -..9@, n2e %rowfoot, was a #ritish chemist,
credited with the deelopment of protein crystallography.
2532832932732/32;3
She adanced the techniJue of ]-ray crystallography, a method used to determine the three dimensional
structures of biomolecules. Among her most influential discoeries are the confirmation of the structure
of penicillin that Hrnst #oris %hain and Hdward Abraham had preiously surmised, and then the structure
of itamin #-5, for which she was awarded the "obel +ri1e in %hemistry.
!n -./., after 87 years of work and fie years after winning the "obel +ri1e, Hodgkin was able to decipher the
structure of insulin. ]-ray crystallography became a widely used tool and was critical in later determining the
structures of many biological molecules where knowledge of structure is critical to an understanding of function.
She is regarded as one of the pioneer scientists in the field of ]-ray crystallography studies of biomolecules.
%ducation and research#edit$
She deeloped a passion for chemistry from a young age, and her mother fostered her interest in science
in general. Her state school education left her without Latin or a further science sub(ect, but she took
priate tuition in order to enter the :=ford $niersity entrance e=amination. At age -< she started
studying chemistry at Somerille %ollege, :=ford, then one of the $niersity of :=ford colleges for women
only.
2<3
She studied for a +h, at the $niersity of %ambridge under the superision of Cohn ,esmond #ernal,
2.3
where she became aware of the potential of ]-ray crystallography to determine the structure
of proteins, working with him on the techniJue)s first application to analysis of a biological
substance, pepsin.
2-63
!n -.88 she was awarded a research fellowship by Somerille %ollege, and in -.89, she moed back to
:=ford. 'he college appointed her its first fellow and tutor in chemistry in -.8/, a post which she held until
-.;;. !n the -.96s, one of her students was &argaret 4oberts, the future +rime &inister &argaret
'hatcher,
2--3
who installed a portrait of Hodgkin in ,owning Street in the -.<6s.
2-53
'ogether with Sydney #renner, Cack ,unit1, Leslie :rgel, and #eryl &. :ughton, she was one of the first
people in April -.78 to trael from :=ford to %ambridge to see the model of the structure of ,"A,
constructed by Francis %rick and Cames Watson. According to the late ,r. #eryl :ughton, later 4immer,
they all traelled together in two cars once ,orothy Hodgkin announced to them that they were off to
%ambridge too see the model of the structure of ,"A.
!n -./6 she was appointed the 4oyal Society)s Wolfson 4esearch +rofessor, an honour that proided her
salary, research e=penses and research assistance to continue her work at :=ford.
2citation needed3
1isco"eries#edit$
Hodgkin is particularly noted for discoering three-dimensional biomolecular structures.
2-83
!n -.97,
working with %. H. >Harry@ %arlisle, she published the first such structure of a steroid, cholesteryl iodide
>haing worked with cholesteryls since the days of her doctoral studies@.
2-93
!n -.97, she and her
colleagues soled the structure of penicillin, demonstrating >contrary to scientific opinion at the time@ that
it contains a k-lactam ring. Howeer, the work was not published until -.9..
2-73
!n -.79 she and
colleagues began to publish their analysis of itamin #-5.
2-/32-;3
-nsulin structure#edit$
!nsulin was one of her most e=traordinary research pro(ects. !t began in -.89 when she was offered a
small sample of crystalline insulin by 4obert 4obinson. 'he hormone captured her imagination because
of the intricate and wide-ranging effect it has in the body. Howeer, at this stage ]-ray crystallography had
not been deeloped far enough to cope with the comple=ity of the insulin molecule. She and others spent
many years improing the techniJue. Larger and more comple= molecules were being tackled until in
-./. F 87 years later F the structure of insulin was finally resoled.
2-<3
#ut her Juest was not finished then.
She cooperated with other laboratories actie in insulin research, gae adice, and traelled the world
giing talks about insulin and its importance for diabetes.
,arleane %. Hoffman
1arleane C+ Ho''*an >born "oember <, -.5/@ is an American nuclear chemist who was among the
researchers who confirmed the e=istence of Seaborgium, element -6/. She is a faculty senior scientist in the
"uclear Science ,iision of Lawrence #erkeley Laboratory and a professor in the graduate school at $%
#erkeley.
2-3
She receied her #. S. >-.9<@ and +h. ,. >-.7-@ degrees in chemistry >nuclear@ from !owa State $niersity.
She was a chemist at :ak 4idge "ational Laboratory for a year and then (oined her husband at the Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory where she began as a staff member in -.78. She became ,iision Leader of the
%hemistry and "uclear %hemistry ,iision >!sotope and "uclear %hemistry ,iision@ in -.;.. She left Los
Alamos in -.<9 to accept appointments as tenured professor in the ,epartment of %hemistry at $%-#erkeley
and Leader of the Heay Hlement "uclear N 4adiochemistry 0roup at L#"L. Additionally, she helped found the
Seaborg !nstitute for 'ransactinium Science at LL"L in -..- and became its first ,irector, sering until -../
when she EretiredE to become Senior Adisor and %harter ,irector
&ary the Cewess
Hngraing depicting &aria +rophetissa from &ichael &aier)s book Sym)ola Aurea Mensae ,uodecim Nationum >-/-;@
Maria the 3eess >or Maria )rophetissi*a, Maria )rophetissa, Mary )rophetissa,Miria* the )rophetess@
is a figure appearing first in the works of the 0nostic %hristianwriter Bosimos of +anopolis.
Bosimus) sources are not clear, and may be deeloped from &iriam, sister of &oses, but on the basis of his
comments she is estimated to hae lied anywhere between the first
2-3
and third centuries A,.
253
She is
attributed with the inention of seeral kinds of chemical apparatus and is considered to be the first nonfictitious
alchemist in the Western world.
283
Contents
@hideA
1 *ources
1 .ors
o 1.1 .ritings
o 1.1 !elated
,pparatus
1.1.1
Tribikos
1.1.1
Kerotakis
1.1.0
Bath
0 !eferences
8 2Jternal lins
= Bi#liography
&ources #edit$
'he primary source for the e=istence of a &aria the Cewess in the conte=t of alchemy is Bosimos of +anopolis,
who wrote in the 9th century the oldest alchemy books known.
293
Bosimos describes seeral of her e=periments
and instruments. !n his writings, &ary is almost always mentioned as haing lied in the past and being one of
the Esages.E
0eorge Syncellus, a #y1antine chronicler of the eighth century, presents &ary as a teacher of ,emocritus,
whom she met in &emphis,Hgypt at the time of +ericles. 'he tenth century 7it8) al'"ihrist of !bn al-"adim cites
her as one of the fifty-two most famous alchemists, knowing the preparation of the caput mortuum. 'he 4oman
philosopher &orieno called her E&ary the +rophetessE and the Arabs knew her as the E,aughter of +latoE, a
name that in Western alchemical te=ts was resered for the white sulfur.
273
!n the Ale=ander book >5nd part@ of the A1erbai(ani +ersian poet "i1ami, &aria, a Syrian princess, isits the
court of Ale=ander the 0reat, and learns from Aristotle >8<9 #% F 855 #%@, among other things, the art of
making gold.
2/3
Wor(s #edit$
Writings #edit$
'hough none of her writings hae suried, Juotes credited to her are found in hermetic writings. 'he most
notable of those Juotes is found in an e=tract made by an anonymous %hristian philosopher, named #he
,ialogue of Mary and Aros on the Magistery of &ermesin which are described and named operations that
would later be the basis of Alchemy, leu$osis >whitening@ and 1anthosis >yellowing@. :ne was made by grinding
and the other by calcination. 'his work describes for the first time an acid salt and other acids that can be
identified with acetic acid. 'here are also seeral recipes for making gold, een from root egetables such as
the &andragora.
2;3
Seeral cryptic alchemical precepts hae been attributed to &aria +rophetissa. She is said to hae spoken of
the union of oppositesA
*
Doin the male and the female, and you will $nd
what is sought.
@8A
+
'he following was known as the A=iom of &ariaA
*
?ne #ecomes two, two #ecomes three, and out of the third comes the
one as the fourth.
+
+sychologist %arl Cung used this as a metaphor for the process of wholeness and indiiduation.
Related Apparatus #edit$
&ary is said to hae discoered hydrochloric acid, though this is not accepted by most science te=ts.
2.3
&aria, alongside Agathodaimon, pseudo-,emocritus and Hermes 'rismegistus, has also been mentioned by
Bosimos of +anopolis in his descriptions pertaining deices such as the tribikos, the kerotakis and the bath,
although her alleged contributions are disputed and not clear.
2-63
Tribikos [edit]
'he tri)i$os was a kind of alembic with three arms that was used to obtain substances purified by distillation.
"o one knows for sure whether &ary the Cewess was its inentor, but Bosimos credits the first description of
this instrument to her. !n her writings >Juoted by Bosimos@, she recommends that the copper or bron1e used to
create the tubes be the thickness of a frying-pan, and the (oint between these tubes and the still-head be
sealed with flour-paste.
2--3
Kerotakis [edit]
'he $erota$is is a deice used to heat substances used in alchemy and collect apors. !t is an airtight container
with a sheet of copper suspended on the top. When working properly, all (oints are in a tight acuum. 'he use
of such sealed containers in the Hermetic arts led to the term Ehermetically sealedE.
2-3
'he
mystical $erota$is was a reconstitution of the formation process of gold that was going on in the bowels of the
earth.
Later, this instrument was modified by the 0erman Fran1 on So=hlet in -<;. to create the e=tractor that bears
his name, So=hlet e=tractor.
Bath [edit]
Her name suries in the inention of the water-bath or )ain'marie, e=tensiely used in chemical processes in
which gentle heat is necessary.
2-53
'his term was introduced by Arnold of Iillanoa in the fourteenth century A,.
!rlne Coliot-%urie
-r5ne 3oliot-Curie >-5 September -<.; F -; &arch -.7/@ was a French scientist, thedaughter of &arie
Skmodowska-%urie and +ierre %urie and the wife of FrPdPric Coliot-%urie. Cointly with her husband, Coliot-%urie
was awarded the "obel +ri1e for chemistry in -.87 for their discoery of artificial radioactiity. 'his made the
%uries the family with the most "obel laureates to date.
2-3
#oth children of the Coliot-%uries, HPllne and +ierre,
are also esteemed scientists.
253
World War -#edit$
!nitially, %urie was taken to the countyside but a year later when she turned -< she was re-united with her
mother, running the 56 mobile field hospitals that &arie had established. 'he hospitals were eJuipped with
primitie ]-ray eJuipment made possible by the %uriesc radiochemical research. 'his technology greatly
assisted doctors to locate shrapnel in wounded soldiers, but it was crude and led to both &arie and !rlne, who
were sering as nurse radiographers, suffering large doses of radiation e=posure.
After the War, %urie returned to +aris to study at the 4adium !nstitute, which had been built by her parents. 'he
institute was completed in -.-9 but remained empty during the war. Her doctoral thesis was concerned with the
alpha rays of polonium, the element discoered by her parents >along with radium@ and named after &ariecs
country of birth, +oland. %urie became ,octor of Science in -.57.
Research#edit$
As she neared the end of her doctorate in -.59 she was asked to teach the precise laboratory techniJues
reJuired for radiochemical research to the young chemical engineer FrPdPric Coliot whom she would later come
to wed. From -.5< Coliot-%urie and her husband FrPdPric combined their research interests on the study of
atomic nuclei. 'hough their e=periments identified both the positron and theneutron, they failed to interpret the
significance of the results and the discoeries were later claimed by %arl ,aid Anderson and Cames
%hadwick respectiely. 'hese discoeries would hae secured greatness indeed, as together with C. C.
'homson)s discoery of theelectron in -<.;, they finally replaced Cohn ,altoncs theory of atoms being solid
spherical particles.
Finally, in -.89 they made the discoery that sealed their place in scientific history. #uilding on the work of
&arie and +ierre, who had isolated naturally occurring radioactie elements, Coliot-%uries reali1ed the
alchemistcs dream of turning one element into another, creating radioactie nitrogen from boron and then
radioactie isotopes of phosphorus from aluminum and silicon from magnesium. For e=ample, irradiating the
main natural and stable isotope of aluminum with alpha particles >i.e. helium nuclei@ results in an unstable
isotope of phosphorus A
5;
Al n
9
He o
86
+ n
-
n.
2932732/3
#y now the application of radioactie materials for use in
medicine was growing and this discoery led to an ability to create radioactie materials Juickly, cheaply and
plentifully. 'he "obel +ri1e for chemistry in -.87 brought with it fame and recognition from the scientific
community and Coliot-%urie was awarded a professorship at the Faculty of Science.
!rlnecs group pioneered research into radium nuclei that led a separate group of 0erman physicists, led by :tto
Hahn, Lise &eitner, and Frit1 Strassman, to discoer nuclear fission_ the splitting of the nucleus itself and the
ast amounts of energy emitted as a result.
'he years of working so closely with such deadly materials finally caught up with Coliot-%urie and she was
diagnosed with leukemia. She had been accidentally e=posed to polonium when a sealed capsule of the
element e=ploded on her laboratory bench in -.9/. 'reatment with antibiotics and a series of operations did
reliee her suffering temporarily but her condition continued to deteriorate. ,espite this Coliot-%urie continued
to work and in -.77 drew up plans for new physics laboratories at the $niersitie dc:rsay, South of +aris.
Coyce Cacobson Daufman
3oyce 3acobson 6au'*an >born 5- Cune -.5.@ is a Cewish American chemist. !n -.;5 she introduced the
concept of conformational topology and applied it to biomedical molecules. Daufman also published a landmark
paper in -.<6 in which she described a new theoretical method for coding and retrieing
certain carcinogenic hydrocarbons. She was inited by "SFto use the %ray ]-&+ >-.<7@ and *&+ >-.<.@
supercomputers at the San ,iego Supercomputer %enter.
2-3
%arly li'e#edit$
Daufman was born in the #ron= to 4obert and Sarah >Seldin@ Cacobson. After her parents separated in -.87,
she was raised in #altimore, &aryland, by her mother and immigrant maternal grandparents. !n -.96, her
mother married Abraham ,eutch, a successful roofer. ,eutch was born in 4iga >the capital of Latia@, and
immigrated to the $nited States in -.59 after haing spent seen years as a halut1 2pioneer3 in +alestine. He
helped raise Coyce as her stepfather.
253
+ersonal Life She married Stanley Daufman on ,ecember 5/, -.9< and they diorced in -.<5. 'hey had one
child, Can %aryl, born Cune 59, -.77 who became a rabbi in -.;..
Che*istry career#edit$
Daufman knew she wanted to be a chemist at age eight after reading a biography of &arie %urie. 'hat year she
was chosen to attend a summer course at Cohns Hopkins $niersity for gifted children in math and science. !n
-.97, she was admitted as a special student to Cohns Hopkins $niersity, which did not grant women regular
student status until -.;6. Daufman earned her #.S. with honors in %hemistry from Cohns Hopkins $niersity in
-.9..
253283293
She then worked as a technical librarian and later a research chemist at the Army %hemical %enter. !n -.75
she returned to Cohns Hopkins as a researcher in the physical chemistry lab of her former professor, Walter S.
Doski, who later became her second husband. Daufman receied her &.A. in -.7. and her +h.,. in physical
chemistry in -./6. Doski was her adiser and mentor. !n -./5, accompanied by her mother and her young
daughter, she went to +aris, where she became a isiting scientist, receiing a doctoral degree in theoretical
physics from the Sorbonne the following year.
283
Later Daufman came back to Cohns Hopkins as a principal research scientist, a position which she held until
her retirement. She also held a (oint appointment in the Cohns Hopkins School of &edicine as associate
professor of anesthesiology and later of plastic surgery, but she neer receied tenure or promotion to full
professor, possibly due to discrimination against her as a woman.
283
Daufman is noted for carrying out the first all-alence-electron, three-dimensional Juantum-chemical
calculations, and for research on the clinical effects of tranJuili1ers and narcotic drugs
Ann Diessling
Ann A+ 6iessling is an American reproductie biologist and one of the leaders in human parthenogenic stem
cell research at 'he #edford Stem %ell 4esearch Foundation. She has been an Associate +rofessor in
teaching hospitals at Harard &edical School since -.<7.
Bac(ground #edit$
Diessling was born in #aker %ity, :regon, $SA, as Ann Anderson. Her father, %ol. William %. Anderson, was a
decorated sJuadron commander in the $S Air Force during World War !!. She graduated from Dlamath Falls
High School in -./6 and attended $niersity of Iirginia where she receied the first of her two bachelor)s
degrees in "ursing. !n -.// she receied her second bachelor)s degree in %hemistry from %entral Washington
$niersitywhere she also receied her master)s degree in :rganic %hemistry in -./;. !n -.;- she earned her
+h., from :regon State $niersity in #iochemistry and #iophysics. She did postdoctoral research at Fred
Hutchinson %ancer 4esearch %enter, &emorial Sloan-Dettering %ancer %enter, and $niersity of
%alifornia, San ,iego. Diessling is mother of three daughters and a son.
Career #edit$
Diessling is noted for her discoery of reerse transcriptase actiity in normal human cells >Diessling N
0oulian@.
2-3
'his report pioneered the importance of naturally occurring retroirus seJuences in human genes,
now thought to be important to the genetic plasticity inoled in human eolution and biology. +rior to this
discoery, it had been assumed that reerse transcriptase was an en1yme found only in retroiruses>such
as H!I@. 'o understand the normal biologic role of reerse transcriptase, Diessling began to study eggs and
early cleaing embryos.
2citation needed3
Her dual interests in irology and reproductie biology led to research in
semen transmission of Human !mmunodeficiency Iirus >H!I@, and the creation of the first laboratory for Human
!n Iitro Fertili1ation >!IF@ in :regon in the early -.<6s. Harard &edical Schoolrecruited Diessling in -.<7,
where she conducted research until 56--.
2citation needed3
Diessling currently conducts research at the #edford Stem
%ell 4esearch Foundation.
253
'he need to conduct biomedical research in areas not funded by the federal goernment led to the
incorporation of the #edford Stem %ell 4esearch Foundation.
283
'he Foundation)s controersial Special
+rogram of Assisted 4eproduction >S+A4@ has helped more than -;6 couples affected by H!I disease hae
healthy babies.
293273
#ecause of this success, more than ;7 fertility centers throughout the country hae
implemented the S+A4 program, allowing couples to seek care close to home.
2/3
'he techniJues deeloped for the Special +rogram of Assisted 4eproduction hae been e=tended to other
diseases of the male genitourinary tract, such as prostatitis and bladder infections. H=pertise in human egg
biology led Diessling to deelop the country)s first human egg donor program for stem cell research in 5666. !t
remains a research focus today.
2;3
Among the publications by Diessling is the first comprehensie look at the influence of accurate science
terminology on laws titled, EWhat is an Hmbryo,E published by the %onnecticut Law 4eiew
2<3
along with
re(oinders by Harold Shapiro, +rof Cohn A. 4obertson, +rof. Lars "oah, and Father Dein +. fuinn. 'he law
reiew addresses the controersy of all of the entities that are currently called embryos with regards to
embryonic stem cell research legislation around the world.
2.3
Diessling has been the focus of articles in #he Boston 4lo)e, !all Street /ournal, *os Angeles
#imes, Associated Press andNewswee$.
2citation needed3
!n 5668, Diessling wrote &uman Em)ryonic Stem Cells% An
3ntroduction to the Science and #herapeutic Potential, the first te=tbook on the controersial topic.
2-63
Diessling is a member of the %alifornia >%alifornia %onstitution Article ]]]I@ and %onnecticut Stem %ell
4esearch Adisory #oards,
2--3
and a member of the Hmbryonic Stem %ell 4esearch :ersight %ommittees
>HS%4:S@ for Harard $niersity,
2-53
Coslin ,iabetes %enter and %hildren)s Hospital.
2-83
Anna Drylo
Anna 6rylo" is a +rofessor of %hemistry at the $niersity of Southern %alifornia working in the area of
theoretical and computational Juantum chemistry. #orn in ,onetsk, $kraine >&ay /, -./;@, Anna Drylo
receied her &.Sc. >with honors@ in %hemistry from &oscow State $niersity and later her +h.,. from 'he
Hebrew $niersity of Cerusalem, working under the superision of +rofessor 4obert #enny 0erber. Her +h.,.
research at the Frit1 Haber %enter was focused on molecular dynamics in rare gas clusters and matrices. $pon
completing her +h.,. in -../ >summa cum laude@, she (oined the group of +rof. &artin Head-0ordon at the
$niersity of %alifornia, #erkeley as a postdoctoral research associate, where she first became inoled with
electronic structure method deelopment. !n -..<, she (oined ,epartment of %hemistry at $S%.
%urrently, +rof. Drylo leads a research group focused on theoretical modeling of open shelland electronically
e=cited species.
2-3
She is the head of the %enter for %omputational Studies of Hlectronic Structure and
Spectroscopy of :pen-Shell and Hlectronically H=cited Species, i:penShell,
253
supported by the "ational
Science Foundation >5667F56--@ and the$niersity of Southern %alifornia. She is deeloping robust black-bo=
methods aiming to describe complicated multi-configurational wae functions in a single-reference formalism,
such as coupled-cluster and eJuation-of-motion >or linear response@ approaches. She has deeloped the spin-
flip approach,
283293
which e=tends coupled-cluster and density functional methods to diradicals, triradicals, and
bond-breaking. $sing computational chemistry tools, and in collaboration with numerous e=perimental groups,
Drylo is also inestigating the role that radicals and electronically e=cited species play in such dierse areas
as combustion, gas- and condensed-phase chemistry, solar energy applications, bioimaging, and ioni1ation-
induced processes in biology. She has co-authored more than -56 publications and has deliered more than
-86 inited lectures.
Anna Drylo)s research has receied worldwide recognition, in particular for her inention of the spin-flip
method.
2732/3
She has receied seeral pri1es, including the WA':% >World Association of 'heoretical and
%omputational %hemists@ 566; ,irac &edal for her Eoutstanding research on new methods in electronic
structure theory for the description of bond-breaking, in particular the spin-flip method,E
2;3
and the Agnes Fay
&organ 4esearch Award, gien by !ota Sigma +i "ational Honor Society annually for outstanding research
achieements to a woman chemist or biochemist not oer 96 years of age. !n 56--, she was elected Fellow of
the American +hysical Society_ and she won a Friedrich Wilhelm #essel 4esearch Award from the Ale=ander
on Humboldt Foundation for deeloping robust electronic structure methods for open-shell and electronically
e=cited species, and creatie use of a) initio theory to understand the chemistry of bimolecules, reaction
intermediates, and photoinduced processes. She also receied the 56-5 'heoretical %hemistry Award from the
+hysical %hemistry ,iision of the American %hemical Society.
As part of the actiities of i:penShell, Drylo has contributed to science education and outreach by establishing
an electronic structure forum and by deeloping educational materials and films to help populari1e science. 'he
two i:penShell films, dShine A Lighte 2-3and dLasere 253, hae been iewed more than 77,666 times on *ou'ube
since September 566..
Drylo has sered on the editorial boards of seeral peer-reiew (ournals, including Annual 4eiews of +hysical
%hemistry, Cournal of %hemical +hysics, Cournal of +hysical %hemistry, %hemical +hysics Letters, and
!nternational Cournal of fuantum %hemistry. She has organi1ed seeral symposia and is a #oard member of
WA':% and !S'%+. Anna is also a #oard member of f-%hem !nc, deeloper off-%hem, one of the world)s
leading a) initio Juantum chemistry programs.
!n addition to her permanent appointment at $S%, +rof. Drylo has sered as a isiting professor
at %altech, $niersity of &innesota>&inneapolis@, $niersity of %olorado >C!LA@, and Heidelberg $niersity.
+rof. Drylo lies in Southern %alifornia and is a big fan of outdoor sports, in particular, rock climbing
Stephanie Dwolek
&tephanie Louise 6ole( >born Culy 8-, -.58@ is an American chemist who inented poly-paraphenylene
terephtalamideLbetter known as Delar.
2-3
She was born in the+ittsburgh suburb of "ew
Densington, +ennsylania. Dwolek has won numerous awards for her work in polymer chemistry.
1u)ont career#edit$
!n -.9/, Hale %harch, a future mentor to Dwolek, offered her a position at ,u+ont)s #uffalo, "ew
*ork facility
293
because after telling Dwolek he would get back in touch within two weeks, Stephanie asked
%harch if he could make a decision faster because she had to answer another (ob offer. %harch called in
his secretary and had them draft an offer letter on the spot.
283
'hough Dwolek initially only intended to
work for ,u+ont temporarily, she found the work interesting enough to stay and not pursue a medical
career. Dwolek moed to Wilmington, ,elaware in -.76 to continue to work for ,u+ont.
293
!n -.7., she
won a publication award from the American %hemical Society >A%S@.
273
While working for ,u+ont, Dwolek inented Delar.
283
!n -./9, in anticipation of a gasoline shortage, her
group began searching for a lightweight yet strong fiber to be used in tires.
283
'he polymers she had been
working with at the time, poly-p-+henylene-terephthalate and polyben1amide,
2/3
formed liJuid crystal while
in solution that at the time had to be melt spun at oer 566 degrees %elsius which produced weaker and
less stiff fibers. Something uniJue to her new pro(ects and melt condensation polymeri1ation process was
to reduce those temperatures to between 6-96 degrees %elsius.
283
'he solution was Ecloudy, opalescent
upon being stirred, and of low iscosityE and usually was thrown away. Howeer, Dwolek persuaded
technician %harles Smullen, who ran the spinneret, to test her solution. She was ama1ed to find that the
new fiber would not break when nylon typically would. "ot only was it stronger than nylon Delar was
ounce for ounce fie times stronger than steel. #oth her superisor and the laboratory director understood
the significance of her discoery and a new field of polymer chemistry Juickly arose. #y -.;-, modern
Delar was introduced.
283
Howeer, Dwolek was not ery inoled in deeloping the applications of Delar
Lane 'anner
Lane 7anner is an American winemaker and consultant. She was the second woman winemaker in Santa
#arbara %ounty when she started working in the industry in -.<-.
2-3
She goes by the nickname E+inot %1arina.
Career#edit$
!n -.<6, 'anner started working as on the bottling department, putting wine labels on bottles, at Donocti
Winery in Delseyille.
253283293
When the winery learned that she had studied chemistry she became
a lab technician.
253
She worked there for one year and worked with Andre 'chelistcheff. She was
suggested by 'chelistcheff for a (ob at Firestone Winery. She (oined Firestone in -.<- as a winemaker.
273
At Firestone she was able to improe her skills at wine tasting and in -.<9 she started her
on consulting firm. Her first client was making wine for 'he Hitching +ost.
283
She was one of the first
winemakers to use +inot grapes from #ien "acido Iineyard.
273
!n late 56-6 she retired from the wine
industry.
2-3
!n 56-5, 'anner was named winemaker for Sierra &adre Iineyard.
2932/3
At Sierra &adre, she
makes +inot noir, %hardonnay and +inot blanc wines
Ceehiun Lee
3eehiun 6atherine Lee >born -./<@ is an organic chemist and a professor in the ,epartment of %hemistry
at 4utgers $niersity. She currently runs her own research department on the "ew #runswick campus.
2-3
Although she is an organic chemist by training, she has e=panded her research field to biological chemistry,
using mass spectrometry and computer modeling as her main methods to characteri1e properties of damaged
,"A-bases.
253
Research #edit$
Her main research focus is on damaged ,"A bases, and the difference between the stability of ,"A-duple=
chains with and without a damaged base. Leecs research is focused on ,"A in the gas phase. !nestigating
,"A in the gas phase can elucidate the effect of solent molecules such as water, in physiological conditions.
Also, the effect of pi-pi-stacking is different in the gas phase, as ishydrogen bonding, since there is no
competition between hydrogen bond from the solent with hydrogen bonds between the ,"A-bases.
Secondly, Leecs research focuses on two en1ymes which are inoled in ,"A synthesis and repair. 'he first is
orotidine monophosphate decarbo=ylase, an en1yme which catalyses the decarbo=ylation of orotidine, one of
the last reactions step in the synthesis of uracil.
283
'his en1yme is an antitumor target.
Leecs research focuses on elucidating the reaction mechanism of this en1yme, using ab initio calculations
and Juantum mechanics.'he theory is that an anion is formed with a located negatie charged, usually an
unfaorable intermediate. &ore isotope effect calculations are necessary to confirm this reaction mechanism
under physiological conditions.
Another class of en1ymes of interest is the glycosylase family. 'hese en1ymes cleae damaged bases from
,"A. Leecs research focuses on the properties of normal ersus damaged bases, and a proposed mechanism
of cleaage without protonation has been suggested. !n her lab, this hypothesis will be tested in en1ymology
e=periments.
A third research line in Leecs laboratory is in organic chemistry, studying pericyclic rearrangements,
especially %ope rearrangements. 'hese reactions yield important intermediates for synthetic products, but take
high pressures and temperatures to occur. Lee inestigates the solent effects, and she has discoered that a
nonpolar solent speeds up certain reactions.
Dathleen Lonsdale
1a*e 6athleen Lonsdale, ,#H F4S >nPe ,ardley@ >5< Canuary -.68 F - April -.;-@ was a crystallographer,
who finally proed that the ben1ene ring was flat by ]-ray diffractionmethods in -.5.. She was the first to
use Fourier spectral methods while soling the structure of he=achloroben1ene in -.8-. ,uring her career she
attained a number of firsts for a woman scientist, including one of the first two women elected a Fellow of the
4oyal Society in -.97 >along with &ar(ory Stephenson@, first woman tenured professor at$niersity %ollege
London, first woman president of the !nternational $nion of %rystallography, and first woman president of
the #ritish Association for the Adancement of Science.
Career #edit$
!n -.59, she (oined the crystallography research team headed by William Henry #ragg at the 4oyal
!nstitution. After her marriage, Lonsdale worked at the $niersity of Leeds in the late -.56s. ,uring the
early -.86s, she cared for her small children nearly full-time.
!n -.89, Lonsdale returned to work with #ragg at the 4oyal !nstitution as a researcher. She was awarded
a ,Sc from $niersity %ollege London in -.8/ while at the 4oyal !nstitution. !n addition to discoering the
structure of ben1ene and he=achloroben1ene, Lonsdale worked on the synthesis of diamonds. She was a
pioneer in the use of ]-rays to study crystals. Lonsdale was elected as one of the first two women Fellows
of the 4oyal Society in -.97 >the other was the biochemist &ar(ory Stephenson@.
!n -.9., Lonsdale became a professor of chemistry and the head of the ,epartment of %rystallography
at $niersity %ollege, London. She was the first tenured woman professor at that college, a position she
held until -./< when she was named +rofessor Hmeritus.
Sigrid ,. +eyerimhoff
&igrid 1oris )eyeri*ho'' >born Canuary -5, -.8;, in 4ottweil@ is a theoretical chemist and Hmeritus +rofessor
at the !nstitute of +hysical and 'heoretical %hemistry, $niersity of #onn, 0ermany.
%ducation #edit$
After completing her a)itur, +eyerimhoff studied physics at the $niersity of 0iepen, completing her degree in
-./- and receiing her doctorate in -./8. After researching at the $niersity of %hicago, the $niersity of
Washington, and +rinceton $niersity, she returned to 0ermany and gained her habilitation at the $niersity of
0iepen in -./;. She became professor for theoretical chemistry at the$niersity of &ain1 in -.;6, and at
the $niersity of #onn in -.;5.
8uantu* che*istry #edit$
Her contributions hae been to the deelopment of a) initio Juantum chemical methods, in
particular, multireference configuration interaction, and to their application in many fields of physics and
chemistry. +articular emphasis has been gien to electronicallye=cited states, molecular
spectra and photochemistry. &any studies are on atmospheric molecules and ions, their lifetimes in e=cited
states and decomposition due to radiatie and non-radiatie processes, and on stability and spectra of clusters.
Some of her students became well known for their contribution to Juantum chemistry, including #ernd
Hngels, Stefan 0rimme, #ernd A. Hess, %hristel &arian, and #ernd &. "estmann
Agnes +ockels
Agnes Luise Wilhel*ine )oc(els >February -9, -</5 in Ienice, !taly F "oember 5-, -.87 in #runswick, 0ermany@, was
a 0ermanpioneer in chemistry.
Biography #edit$
!n -</8, she was born in Ienice, !taly. Her father sered in the Austrian Army.
2-3
When he fell sick with malaria, the family moed
to#runswick, Lower Sa=ony in -<;-.
253
Already as a child, Agnes was interested in science and would hae liked to study physics. !n
those days, howeer, women had no access to uniersities. !t was only through her younger brother Friedrich %arl Alwin +ockels,
who then studied at the famous $niersity of 0httingen, that she gained access to scientific literature.
283
Legend has it that doing the dishes in her own kitchen Agnes discoered the influence of impurities on the surface tension of fluids.
'o measure the tension she deeloped the +ockels trough, precursor to the Langmuir scale, and published the first stearine acid.
!n -<.-, with the help of Lord 4ayleigh, she managed to publish her first paper ESurface 'ensionE in the prestigious (ournal E"atureE.
>+lease see reference.@ !n -.8- she receied, together with Henri ,eau=, the Laura Leonard award from the %olloid Society. !n the
following year >-.85@ the 'echnische Hochschule #raunschweig >Hnglish translationA 'echnical $niersity at #runswick@ granted her
an honorary +h, degree. %harles 'anford deoted one chapter to Agnes +ockels in one of his books, as shown in the reference list.
For her whole life, she did not hae a formal appointment. She did not marry and remained single for her whole life.
,arshan 4anganathan
Darshan Ran'anathan
Born
Dune 8, 1/81
Died
Dune 8, 1991 :aged 69;
Nationalit
y
-ndian
Fields
?rganic chemistry
Institutio
ns
--T Canpur
Alma
mater
7elhi 'ni"ersity
(hesis
:1/67;
Doctoral
ad,isor
T.!. *heshadri
nown !o
r
,TP(imida&ole cycle, urea cycle,
designing protein tertiary structure
Nota"le
awards
5ellow of the -ndian ,cademy of *ciencesK Third
.orld ,cademy of *ciences ,ward in Chemistry,
1///K
@1A
*enior !esearch *cholarship of the
!oyal Commission for the 2Jhi#ition of 18=1,
,.<. !ama !ao 5oundation ,ward, Dawaharlal
%ehru Birth Centenary <isiting 5ellowship, and
*uh 7e" 2ndowment 6ectureship.
Spouse
*. !anganathan :m. 1/79;
1arshan Ranganathan >Cune 9, -.9- F Cune 9, 566-@ was an organic chemist from !ndiawho was known for
her work in bio-organic chemistry, including Epioneering work in protein folding.E
253
She was also recogni1ed for
her work in Esupramolecular assemblies, molecular design, chemical simulation of key biological processes,
synthesis of functional hybrid peptides and synthesis of nanotubes.E
283
Biography #edit$
,arshan 4anganathan was born on Cune 9, -.9- to Iidyaati &arkan and Shanti Swarup. She was educated
in ,elhi and receied a +h.,. in chemistry from ,elhi $niersity in -./;. First hired as a lecturer, she became
head of the %hemistry ,epartment at &iranda %ollege, ,elhi, and went on to postdoctoral work in the $S with
+rofessor ,.H.4. #arton.
293
!n -.;6, she began research at the !ndian !nstitute of 'echnology, Danpur >!!' Danpur@. !n that year, she
married S. 4anganathan, with whom she would go on to author Challenging pro)lems in organic reaction
mechanisms >-.;5@, Art in )iosynthesis% the synthetic chemist's challenge >-.;/@, and "urther challenging
pro)lems in organic reaction mechanisms >-.<6@Las well as editing an ongoing series titled E%urrent :rganic
%hemistry HighlightsE.
293
She continued her research at !!' Danpur on the basis of fellowships. $nwritten rules preented her from
(oining the faculty because her husband was already a member.
273283293
She began work at 4egional 4esearch Laboratory, 'riandrum in -..8, and at !!%', Hyderabad in -..<.
283
,
where she became ,eputy ,irector.
253
,uring these years, she conducted ongoing collaborations with !sabella
Darle at the $.S. "aal 4esearch Laboratory.
293
,arshan 4anganathan was diagnosed with breast cancer in -..;, and died on her /6th birthday, in 566-.
293
'he biennial E+rofessor ,arshan 4anganathan &emorial LectureE, which is to be Edeliered by a woman
scientist who has made outstanding contributions in any field of Science and 'echnologyE was established in
her memory by her husband, in 566-.
2/3
Wor( #edit$
4anganathan)s special passion was reproducing natural biochemical processes in the laboratory. She created
a protocol which achieed the autonomous reproduction of imida1ole, an ingredient
of histadine and histamine with pharmaceutical importance.
2;3
She also deeloped a working simulation of
the urea cycle. As her career deeloped, she became a specialist in designing proteins to hold a wide ariety of
different conformations and designing nanostructures using self-assembling peptides.
2932<3
4enata 4eisfeld
Renata Reiseld
,ro)essor /ena"a /eis)eld
Born
(he<m, ,oland
Nationality
#srael
Fields
(hemis"ry
Institutions
He9re: Universi"y
Universi"y o) .eneva
Universi"y o) 2yon
Universi"y o) 4u%hares"
,aris =# Universi"y
,aris6Sud 11 Universi"y Orsay
Universi"y o) Sydney
,olish A%ademy o) S%ien%e,>ro%<a:, ,oland
Alma mater
He9re: Universi"y
Known or
Sol6.el, )luores%en%e resonan%e energy "rans)er, rare ear"h
elemen"s, O$"i%al %oa"ings,,ho"ovol"ai%
ele%"ri%i"y,1ano$ar"i%les, 2umines%en" solar %on%en"ra"ors
Renata Reis'eld >HebrewA XqrsVa WtTa@ is an !sraeli +rofessor of %hemistry and ,.H.%. HnriJue #erman
+rofessor of Solar Hnergy at !nstitute of %hemistry of the Hebrew $niersity of Cerusalem, !srael.
%arol I. 4obinson
Carol !ivien Robinson
Residence
.rea" 4ri"ain
Nationality
.rea" 4ri"ain
Fields
(hemis"
Institutions
Universi"y o) O?)ord,
Universi"y o) (am9ridge
Known or
&ass s$e%"rome"ry
1a*e Carol 9i"ien Robinson ,#H F4S >n2e #radley@, is a distinguished #ritish chemist. She is a 4oyal
Society 4esearch +rofessor at the +hysical and 'heoretical %hemistry Laboratory at the $niersity of :=ford,
as well as the ,r. Lee)s +rofessor of %hemistry-elect. She was preiously +rofessor of &ass Spectrometry at
the ,epartment of %hemistry of the $niersity of %ambridge. She has made significant breakthroughs in the
application of mass spectrometry to the analysis of proteins and other large molecules.
She was awarded the American Society for &ass Spectrometry)s #iemann &edal in 5668, and the %hristian #.
Anfinsen Award in 566<. She was elected a Fellow of the 4oyal Society in &ay 5669
2-3
and awarded their ,ay
&edal in 56-6 Efor her ground-breaking and noel use of mass spectrometry for the characterisation of large
protein comple=esE.
253
She was appointed ,ame %ommander of the :rder of the #ritish Hmpire >,#H@ in the 56-8 "ew *ear Honours
for serices to science and industry.
283
!da 4olf
-da )auline Rol' >&ay -., -<./F&arch -., -.;.
2-3
@ was a biochemist and the creator ofStructural !ntegration or
E4olfingE.
Career #edit$
After graduating, 4olf continued to work with Leene at the 4ockefeller !nstitute, first in the ,epartment of
%hemotherapy and later in the ,epartment of :rganic %hemistry, eentually attaining the rank of
Associate. From -.-. to -.5; she published -/ scholarly (ournal papers mostly in the /ournal of
Biological Chemistry. Her research was mostly laboratory studies on biochemical
compoundA lecithinand cephalin.
!n -.5;, 4olf left her academic work for reasons of health and family problems. She took leae to study
mathematics and atomic physics at the Swiss 'echnical $niersity in Burich and was later to
deelop Structural !ntegration. She authored a total of -/ academic papers in biochemistry from -.-. to
-.5;. She also published two papers in scholarly (ournals on structural integration and had an h-inde= of
-6 with a total number of 5.. citations >February, 566;@.
Datsuko Saruhashi
Katsuko "aru#as#i
Born
&ar%h 22, 1920
Died
Se$"em9er 29, 2007 (aged 87
@o'yo
Nationality
Ja$anese
Fields
.eo%hemis"ry
Institutions
&e"eorologi%al /esear%h #ns"i"u"e,Ja$an &e"eorologi%al
Agen%y
Alma mater
"he #m$erial >omen8s (ollege o) S%ien%e ($rede%essor
o) @oho Universi"y
6atsu(o &aruhashi > Saruhashi 7atsu$o
:
, &arch 55, -.56 F September 5., 566;@ was
a geochemist who made some of the first measurements of carbon dio=ide>%:5@ leels in seawater and
subseJuently showed the eidence in seawater and theatmosphere of the dangers of radioactie fallout.
Saruhashi was born in 'okyo and graduated from the !mperial Women)s %ollege of Science >predecessor
of 'oho $niersity@ in -.98. 'hen she (oined the &eteorological 4esearch !nstitute which belonged to the
%entral &eteorological :bseratory >later Capan &eteorological Agency@, and worked in its 0eochemical
Laboratory with *asuo &iyake who became her mentor. !n -.76, she started studying %:5 leels in seawater
and earned her doctorate in chemistry in -.7; from the $niersity of 'okyo, becoming the first woman to do so.
!nstead of teaching school, as was e=pected at the time, Saruhashi wanted to do research.
2-3
At that time, %:5 leels were not recogni1ed as important_ Saruhashi was not only the first person to study
these leels worldwide, she also had to inent the methods for doing so.
She died September 5., 566; of pneumonia at her home in 'okyo. She was <;.
#arbara 4amsay Shaw
Barbara Ra*say &ha is the William '. &iller ,istinguished +rofessor of %hemistry at ,uke $niersity,
haing been appointed to that position in 566/.
2-3
She is known for her work on boranophosphates, using them
to study the chemical reactiity of ,"A, for applying synthetic chemistry to gene e=pression, signal
transduction, and cancer treatment.
+atsy :)%onnell Sherman
+atsy Sherman >-.86F566<@
)atsy ;<Connell &her*an >September -7, -.86 in &inneapolis, &innesota F February --, 566<@ was an
American chemist and co-inentor of Scotchgard, a 8& brand of products, a stain repellent and durable water
repellent.
2-3
Career #edit$
Sherman was a -.75 alumnus of 0ustaus Adolphus %ollege located in St. +eter, &innesota.
She was the co-inentor along with Samuel Smith of Scotchgard while an employee of the 8& corporation
in -.75. Sherman remained at 8& for seeral years improing on Scotchgard and deeloped other uses
for the product.
253
Scotchgard would become, arguably, the most famous and widely used stain repellent
and soil remoal product in "orth America.
An accidental spill of a fluorochemical rubber on an assistantcs tennis shoe was the beginning to the
inention of the product. After e=haustie attempts to remoe the spill failed, Sherman moed her
intention from remoing the spill to using the spill as a protectant from spills. Sherman and Smith
receied $S 87;9;.- on April -8, -.;-, for Einention of block and graft copolymers containing water-
solatable polar groups and fluoroaliphatic groups.E
283
Sherman holds -8 patents with Smith in
flurochemical polymers and polymeri1ation processes.
283
,ue to the success of the product Sherman was featured on &innesota +ublic 4adio in a call-in segment
on W%%: radio)s #oone and Hrickson show to discuss Scotchgard in -./.. Sherman was recruited to
appeal to the housewies in the radio audience.
293
,uring deelopment of the Scotchgard product in the -.76s, Sherman was reJuired to wait for
performance results outside of the te=tile mill during testing due to a rule at that time that women were not
allowed in the mill.
253
At that time in American history, there were ery few female chemists_ Sherman was
a rarity in the corporate enironment.
273
She was a member of the American %hemical Society for oer 76
years.
2/3
!n :ctober 5665, along with notable speakers such as Stee Wo1niak >the inentor of the Apple
computer@, Sherman spoke at the$nited States +atent and 'rademark :ffices 566 birthday celebration.
She was one of 8; inentors who spoke on the process of inention. She said
*
you can encourage and teach young people to o#ser"e, to as +uestions when
uneJpected things happen. Bou can teach yourself not to ignore the unanticipated. Dust
thin of all the great in"entions that ha"e come through serendipity, such as ,leJander
5leming)s disco"ery of penicillin, and 4ust noticing something no one concei"ed of
#efore.
&a=ine Singer
@his ar"i%le in%ludes a lis" o) re)eren%es, 9u" its sources remain unclear because it #as
insuicient inline citations- ,lease hel$ "o im$rove "his ar"i%le 9y in"rodu%ing more $re%ise
%i"a"ions- (April 2011)
$a%ine Frank "in&er
Born
10 +e9ruary 1931 (age 82
1e: Aor' (i"y
Citi'ens#i(
Uni"ed S"a"es
Fields
&ole%ular 4iology
Doctoral advisor
Jose$h +ru"on
Known or
/e%om9inan" ;1A "e%hniBues
Notable awards
1a"ional &edal o) S%ien%e(1992
,u9li% >el)are &edal (2007
Ma=ine 0ran( &inger >born February -7, -.8-@ is an American molecular biologist and science administrator.
She is known for her contributions to soling the genetic code, her role in the ethical and regulatory debates
on recombinant ,"A techniJues >including the organi1ation of the Asilomar %onference on 4ecombinant
,"A@, and her leadership of%arnegie !nstitution of Washington.
Singer was born in "ew *ork %ity. After attending public high school in #rooklyn, she ma(ored in chemistry >and
minored in biology@ at Swarthmore %ollege. She went on to earn a +h.,. in -.7; at *ale $niersity,
researching protein chemistry under Coseph Fruton. Fruton encouraged her to speciali1e in nucleic acids, and
in -.7/ she (oined the Laboratory of #iochemistry of Leon Heppel at the "ational !nstitutes of Health. 'hrough
her work there on 4"A synthesis, Singer produced synthetic nucleotides that were used in&arshall "irenberg)s
e=periments establishing the triplet nature of the genetic code.
!n the wake of the -.;8 report of the first use of recombinant ,"A techniJues to introduce genes from one
species into another, Singer was among the first to call attention to the possible risks of genetic engineering.
She was a chairperson of the -.;8 0ordon %onference on "ucleic Acids, where the possible public health risks
of the techniJue were discussed, and she helped to organi1e the -.;7 Asilomar %onference on 4ecombinant
,"A that resulted in guidelines for dealing with the largely unknown risks of the techniJue.
Singer was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in -.;<.
2-3
!n -.<< She became
president of %arnegie !nstitution of Washington, a position she held until 5665. !n 566; Singer was awarded
the +ublic Welfare &edal from the "ational Academy of Sciences.
Damala Sohonie
amala Sohonie
Born
1/11
Died
1//8
Nationality
-ndian
Fields
Biochemistry
Alma mater
Bom#ay 'ni"ersity, Mum#ai
Spouse
M.< *ohonie
6a*ala &ohonie >-.-5F-..<@ was an !ndian biochemist. She was the first !ndian woman to get a +h., in a
scientific discipline.
2-3253
%arly li'e #edit$
Damala Sohonie was born in -.-5. Her father, "arayanarao #hagaat, was a chemist. Damala got her #.Sc
degree in physics and chemistry from #ombay $niersity. She applied at the !ndian !nstitute of Science for
research fellowship, but her application was turned down by the then ,irector +rof. % I 4aman on the grounds
that women were not competent enough to pursue research.
2-3
After some persuasion, she was granted
admission at the !!Sc, on the condition that she would be on probation during the first year of her research.
283
Career and research #edit$
Damala agreed to +rof. %.I 4aman)s conditions and started to work at !!Sc in -.88. Her mentor was Sri.
Sriniasayya. +rof. 4aman was impressed by her performance and gae her permission to pursue further
research. She worked on proteins present in food items, and the research earned her an &.Sc degree in
biochemistry. She was inited to%ambridge $niersity to work under ,r. ,erik 4ichter. She then worked under
,r. 4obin Hill, and discoered the cellular en1yme cytochrome c.
293
She earned a +h, degree from the
%ambridge $niersity for her studies on cytochrome c. Her research findings were ery short, which consisted
of only 96 pages. She returned to !ndia in -.8.. She was appointed as the +rofessor and Head of biochemistry
department at Lady Hardinge &edical %ollegein "ew ,elhi. Later, she worked at the "utrition 4esearch Lab,
Doonoor.
293
After marrying &r. &.I Sohonie in -.9;, she moed to &umbai. She (oined the 4oyal !nstitute of
Science in #ombay as the professor of biochemistry department. At the institute, she worked on the nutritional
aspect of legumes. She was presented with the 4ashtrapati Award for her work on the drink )"eera) which is an
important food for malnourished children.
293
She also sered as the ,irector of !ndian !nstitute of Sciences,
#angalore.
Damala Sohonie collapsed and died shortly after being honoured in a ceremony organi1ed by the !ndian
%ouncil of &edical 4esearch in"ew ,elhi.
Hertha Sponer
This article needs additional citations !or ,eri-cation. Please
help impro"e this article #yadding citations to relia#le sources. 'nsourced
material may #e challenged and remo"ed.(November 2012)
Hertha Sponer
3ertha *poner, 1/10 in ILttingen
Born
1 *eptem#er 18/=
%eisse, Ierman 2mpire
Died
17 5e#ruary 1/68 :aged 71;
-lten, .est Iermany
Nationality
Ierman
Fields
Physics
Institutions
'ni"ersity of Dena
7ue 'ni"ersity
Alma mater
'ni"ersity of ILttingen
Doctoral
ad,isor
Peter 7e#ye
nown !or
2Jtensi"e wor in +uantum mechanics and
molecular physics
Birge(*poner Method
Nota"le
awards
1/=1(=0 Iuggenheim 5ellow
5ellow, %ew Bor ,cademy of *ciences
5ellow, ?ptical *ociety of ,merica
5ellow, ,merican Physical *ociety.
Hertha &poner >- September -<.7 F 5; February -./<@ was a 0erman physicist andchemist who contributed to modern Juantum
mechanics and molecular physics and was the first woman on the physics faculty of ,uke $niersity.
Contents
@hideA
1 6ife and
career
1 *elected
pu#lications
0 !eferences
8 2Jternal lins
Li'e and career#edit$
Sponer was born in "eisse >"ysa@, +russian Silesia, and obtained her high school degree in "eisse. She spent a year at
the $niersity of '^bingen after which she enrolled at the $niersity of 0httingen where she receied her +h., in -.56 under the
superision of +eter ,ebye. ,uring her time at the $niersity of '^bingen she was an assistant of Cames Franck. !n -.5- she, along
with a few others, was among the first women to obtain a +h.,. in +hysics in 0ermany along with the right to teach science at a
0erman $niersity. !n :ctober -.57 she receied a 4ockefeller Foundation fellowship to stay at $niersity of %alifornia, #erkeley,
where she remained for a year.
2-3
,uring her time at #erkeley, she collaborated with 4. '. #irge, deeloping what is now called
the #irge-Sponer method for determining dissociation energies.
253
#y -.85 Sponer had published around 56 scientific papers in (ournals such as "ature and+hysical 4eiew, and had become an
associate professor of physics. !n -.88 Cames Franck resigned and left 0httingen and a year later she was dismissed from her
position when Hitler came to power, due to the "a1i)s stigma against females in academia. !n -.89 Sponer moed to :slo to teach
at the $niersity of :slo as a isiting professor, and in -.8/ she started her appointment at ,uke $niersity where she remained as
a professor until -.// when she became +rofessor Hmeritus, a position she held until her death in -./<.
283
,uring her academic career, Sponer conducted research in Juantum mechanics, physics, and chemistry. She authored and
published numerous studies, many of which were in collaboration with famous physicists including Hdward 'eller. She made many
contributions to science including the application of Juantum mechanics to molecular physics and work on the spectra of near ultra-
iolet absorption. She set up a spectroscopylab in the physics department of ,uke $niersity, which was later moed to its own new
building.
Sponer married Cames Franck in -.9/. She died in !lten, Lower Sa=ony.
Dathleen %. 'aylor
6athleen C+ 7aylor >born -.95@ is a chemist who won the 0aranF:lin &edal in -.<., and is notable for
deeloping catalytic conerters for cars.
2-3
She currently works at %olumbia $niersity and consults for
the $nited States ,epartment of Hnergy.
2-3
'aylor attended ,ouglass %ollege at 4utgers $niersity, earning a bachelor)s in chemistry in -./9_ she
completed her +h.,. in physical chemistry in -./< at "orthwestern $niersity.
2-3
She did postdoctoral research
at the $niersity of Hdinburgh and then (oined 0eneral &otors in -.;6.
2-3
Her work at 0& on catalytic
conerters helped reduce pollution from car e=haust, following work done earlier byHugene Houdry.
2-3
'aylor at
0& improed on e=isting catalytic conerters to conert nitric o=ide into nitrogen, instead of ammonia, a to=in
to humans
0iuliana 'esoro
.iuliana (esoro
Born Iiuliana Ca"aglieri
Dune 1, 1/11
<enice, -taly
Died *eptem#er 1/, 1991 :aged 81;
7o##s 5erry, %ew Bor
)ccupati
on
?rganic chemist, polymer chemist, in"entor, and
professor
nown !o
r
-n"ention of $re(retardant fa#rics
,r. !iuliana 7esoro >n2e Ca"aglieri@ >-.5-F5665@ was born in Ienice, !taly in -.5-. She moed to the $.S.
during the "a1i era. She was a prolific organic chemist with more than -57 $.S. patents. She made a number
of contributions to the fiber and te=tile industry. +erhaps one of her most well-known inentions is the flame-
retardant fiber. She died on September 5., 5665 in ,obbs Ferry, "ew *ork at the age of <-.
2-3253
Contents
@hideA
1 2ducation and professional
eJperience
1 Contri#utions to chemistry
and teJtiles
0 6ist of committees and
awards
8 !eferences
= 2Jternal lins
%ducation and pro'essional e=perience#edit$
At the age of 5-,
283
'esoro receied a +h.,. in :rganic %hemistry from *ale $niersity in -.98. Following this
she worked summers for %alico %hemical %ompany before accepting a position as research chemist at :ny=
:il and %hemical %ompany in -.99. Here she was promoted to head of the organic synthesis department in
-.9/, assistant director of research in -.77, and associate director in -.7;. She was then appointed assistant
director of organic research for C.+. Steens N %ompany. Late she moed to the 'e=tile 4esearch !nstitute for
two years. !n -./., she accepted a position as senior chemist at#urlington !ndustries and was appointed
director of chemical research in -.;-. She was appointed research professor at +olytechnic !nstitute of "ew
*ork $niersity in #rooklyn, "ew *ork in -.<5 and retired from there in -../.
2932-3
Contributions to che*istry and te=tiles#edit$
'esoro made a number of adances in te=tile processing and organic compounds that improed te=tile
performance for eeryday consumers as well as efficiency for manufacturing systems. She deeloped flame-
resistant fibers, designed ways to preent static accumulation in synthetic fibers, and created
improed permanent press properties for te=tiles
Dathryn $hrich
Dathryn $hrich, April 566<
6athryn >hrich >born -./7@ is a +rofessor in the ,epartment of %hemistry and %hemical #iology and ,ean of
&ath and +hysical Sciences, at 4utgers $niersity, and founder of +olymeri= %orporation.
2-3
Contents
@hideA
1 !esearch
1 ,wards
0 2ducation
8 Professional
career
= !esources
6 !eferences
Research #edit$
Her research mainly focuses on biodegradable polymers for use in dental and medical applications. 'hese
polymers consist of esters, amides and anhydrides, all of which are susceptible to hydrolysis, thus ensuring the
breakdown of the polymer in the bodycs watery milieu.
'he oldest ersion of aspirin came from Hippocrates in the fifth century #%
2citation needed3
, while the latest ersion,
+olyAspirin, comes from $hrich)s lab at 4utgers $niersity.
253
+olyaspirine consists of anhydrides and esters
that hydrolytically degrade into the actie ingredient in aspirin >salicylic acid@. Her research was highlighted in
EAspirinA 'he 4emarkable Story of a Wonder ,rugE by ,iarmuid Ceffreys.
283
Although the polymer was originally designed for biodegradable sutures, +olyAspirin is now undergoing clinical
trials as a material for a new type of cardiac stent. 'his biodegradable stent controls the inflammation effects
occurring after angioplasty, called restenosis and disappears when no longer needed. 'he biodegradable
stents are deeloped by #ioabsorbable 'herapeutics !nc.
293
Dathryn $hrich at 4utgers
$hrich also collaborates with +rofessor &ichael 'chikindas
273
in the 4utgers Food Science department to
inestigate +olyAspirin and other plant-based polymers as a method for preention of biofilm formation by
microbes such as E. coli and Salmonella in food. !n -..;, $hrich first patented +olyAspirin.
2/3
All of $hrich)s
inentions were originally licensed to +olymeri= %orporation in 5666, to deelop biodegradable polymeri1ed
drugs, and now being licensed through 4utgers. 'he technology includes more efficient deliery to targeted
areas such as orthopedic implants, coronary stents and arthritic (oints.
2;3
$hrich has -/ patents in the $S and
-/6 patent applications pending worldwide, all of which are coordinated by 4utgers :%L''.
2<3
$hrichcs second research line is on polymeric micelles. Like soap, these polymers hae a hydrophilic uheadc
and a hydrophobic utailc. 'hese molecules form a spherical particle in which you can pack a hydrophobic drug
molecule. $hrichcs research group inestigates two general classes of nanoscale polymeric
micellesA amphiphilic star-like macromolecules >AS&s@ and amphiphilic scorpion-like macromolecules >ASc&s@_
both systems facilitate drug transport. AS&s behae as unimolecular micelles, where four polymer particles are
coalently bound. ASc&s consist of part of the star like macromolecules, and must first aggregate to form
micellar structures. #ecause ASc&s are easier to synthesi1e and hae similar properties, the polymers are
undergoing further proof of principle research in gene deliery of si4"A and plasmid ,"A with +rofessor
%harlie 4oth.
2.3
Also, the anionic >negatiely charged@ scorpion-like molecules inhibit cellular uptake of
o=idi1ed L,L, the ubadc cholesterol in the body. 'his type of L,L is usually incorporated in macrophages,
resulting in foam cell formation and formation of an atherosclerotic plaJue which narrows or blocks the arteries.
%ontrary to most anti-atherosclerotic drugs, the anionic polymer only targets the bad cholesterol L,L particles
and not the good cholesterol H,L. 'he deliery of these polymeric particles is now undergoing inestigation
with +rofessor +rabhas &oghe.
2-63
'hirdly, her group is interested in micro-si1ed striped patterns of protein >such as
serum albumin, immunoglobulin 0, laminin and othergrowth factors@ on biocompatible polymeric substrates
>such as poly>methylmethacrylate@ or +&&A@. 'hese proteins promote neuron cell growth, but are not always
large enough to bridge the gap caused by in(ury and restore function to the nere. 'hus, $hrich inestigates the
optimal dimensions for promoting neuronal growth in con(ugation with +rofessors Helen #uettner,
2--3
&artin
0rumet
2-53
and ,aid Shreiber,
2-83
and the most effectie patterning method to generate protein gradients. &ore
recently, $hrich)s group is collaborating with +rofessor Sally &einers of $&,"C to create nere guidance
conduits from biodegradable polymers.
&. %hristina White
$aria C#ristina )#ite
Born A"hens, .ree%e
*ccu(ation ,ro)essor o) (hemis"ry, Universi"y o) #llinois a" Ur9ana6
(ham$aign
M+ Christina White is a +rofessor of %hemistry at the $niersity of !llinois at $rbana-%hampaign whose
research program centers around the use of organometallic catalysis to deelop highly selectie %LH
functionali1ation methods for streamlining the process of comple= molecule synthesis.
2-3
White receied her #.A. with highest honors in #iochemistry from Smith %ollege in -..5, where she worked
with +rofessor Stuart 4osenfeld in the area of host-guest chemistry. After a brief stint in the biology graduate
program at Cohns Hopkins $niersity working with +rofessor %hristian Anfinsen, she began her doctoral studies
in chemistry under the direction of +rofessor 0ary +osner. ,uring that time, she initiated the hybrid Iitamin
,8 analog program in his group.
!n -..., she (oined +rofessor Hric Cacobsen)s labs at Harard $niersity as an "!H postdoctoral fellow. ,uring
this time, she deeloped the first synthetically useful methane monoo=ygenase >&&:@ mimic system for
catalytic epo=idations with hydrogen pero=ide. %hristina began her independent career as a member of the
chemistry faculty at Harard $niersity in Culy 5665. She (oined the department of chemistry at the $niersity of
!llinois in the summer of 5667, where she is currently a +rofessor of %hemistry.
253
White)s current research focuses on catalytic %-H actiation through palladium >most notably ia the
eponymous White catalyst@ andiron >most notably Fe>+,+@>&e%"@5>SbF/@5, more commonly referred to as
the White-%hen %atalyst@.
283
'hese catalysts and their deriaties hae recently been applied to numerous new
applications, with the most recent being the White %atalyst)s dehydrogenatie,iels-Alder reaction
293
and the
iron-mediated intramolecular %-H amination reaction.
273

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