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Telekom Malaysia conducted a site visit on March 25, 2014 where 12 students and a lecturer visited the company. Telekom Malaysia is Malaysia's broadband leader and offers comprehensive communication services and solutions. The company aims to enhance customer experience through service quality improvements and innovations while focusing on efficiency. Telekom Malaysia leverages its network infrastructure to position Malaysia as an Internet hub in Southeast Asia and deliver an integrated digital lifestyle to Malaysians. The company is committed to good governance and sustainability.
Telekom Malaysia conducted a site visit on March 25, 2014 where 12 students and a lecturer visited the company. Telekom Malaysia is Malaysia's broadband leader and offers comprehensive communication services and solutions. The company aims to enhance customer experience through service quality improvements and innovations while focusing on efficiency. Telekom Malaysia leverages its network infrastructure to position Malaysia as an Internet hub in Southeast Asia and deliver an integrated digital lifestyle to Malaysians. The company is committed to good governance and sustainability.
Telekom Malaysia conducted a site visit on March 25, 2014 where 12 students and a lecturer visited the company. Telekom Malaysia is Malaysia's broadband leader and offers comprehensive communication services and solutions. The company aims to enhance customer experience through service quality improvements and innovations while focusing on efficiency. Telekom Malaysia leverages its network infrastructure to position Malaysia as an Internet hub in Southeast Asia and deliver an integrated digital lifestyle to Malaysians. The company is committed to good governance and sustainability.
On 25 March 2014, students from the Faculty of Engineering organized a site visit to Teleom Malaysia ! T"elve students and lecturer Mr #asni $in %smail, our lecturer of &ata 'ommunication and (et"or from Faculty of Engineering made a visit to this site! Company Profile: Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM), Malaysia)s $road$and cham*ion and leading integrated information and communications grou*, offers a com*rehensive range of communication services and solutions in $road$and, data and fi+ed,line! -s a maret leader, TM is driven $y staeholder value creation in a highly com*etitive environment! The .rou* *laces em*hasis on delivering an enhanced customer e+*erience via continuous customer service /uality im*rovements and innovations, "hilst focusing on increased o*erational efficiency and *roductivity! 0everaging on our e+tensive glo$al connectivity, net"or infrastructure and collective e+*ertise, TM is "ell *ositioned to *ro*el Malaysia as a regional %nternet hu$ and digital gate"ay for #outh,East -sia! TM remains steadfast in its transformation into a ne" generation communications *rovider to deliver an enhanced and integrated digital lifestyle to all Malaysians, and o*ening u* *ossi$ilities through connection, communication and colla$oration, to"ards our shared vision of elevating the nation into a high,income economy! -s a model cor*orate citizen committed to good governance and trans*arency, TM continues its *ledge to ensure the integrity of our *rocesses, *eo*le and re*utation as "ell as the sustaina$ility of our o*erations! Our 'or*orate 1es*onsi$ility 2'13 ethos reinforces res*onsi$le $ehaviour in the four main domains of the maret*lace, "or*lace, the community and the environment! 4ith a focus on %'T, the .rou* further *romotes 5 ma6or *latforms i!e! education, community7nation, $uilding and environment, through our 1eaching Out *rogrammes! CHAPTE ! "#T$%&CT"$# !'! Ba(k)round of Study 'ommunication is the $asic *rocess of e+changing information from one location 2source3 to a second location "hich is 2destination3 and communication system is the "hole mechanism of sending and receiving as "ell as *rocessing of information from source to destination ! %n telecommunication, a communications system is a collection of individual communications net"ors, transmission systems, relay stations, tri$utary stations, and data terminal e/ui*ment 2&TE3 usually ca*a$le of interconnection and intero*eration to form an integrated "hole! The com*onents of a communications system serve a common *ur*ose, are technically com*ati$le, use common *rocedures, res*ond to controls, and o*erate in union! Telecommunications is a method of communication 2e!g!, for s*orts $roadcasting, mass media, 6ournalism, etc!3! - communications su$system is a functional unit or o*erational assem$ly that is smaller than the larger assem$ly under consideration'*!+
Flo" of information 2channel3 Figure 1 8 9asic $loc diagram of communication system Source/sender Destination/recei ver &ata communications are the e+change of data $et"een t"o devices via some form of transmission medium such as a "ire ca$le! For data communications to occur, the communicating devices must $e *art of a communication system made u* of a com$ination of hard"are 2*hysical e/ui*ment3 and soft"are 2*rograms3! The effectiveness of a data communications system de*ends on four fundamental characteristics8 delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and 6itter! A com*uter net"or or data net"or is a telecommunications net"or that allo"s com*uters to e+change data! %n com*uter net"ors, net"ored com*uting devices *ass data to each other along data connections! The connections 2net"or lins3 $et"een nodes are esta$lished using either ca$le media or "ireless media! The $est,no"n com*uter net"or is the %nternet (et"or com*uter devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called net"or nodes! (odes can include hosts such as *ersonal com*uters, *hones, servers as "ell as net"oring hard"are! T"o such devices are said to $e net"ored together "hen one device is a$le to e+change information "ith the other device, "hether or not they have a direct connection to each other! 'om*uter net"ors su**ort a**lications such as access to the 4orld 4ide 4e$, shared use of a**lication and storage servers, *rinters, and fa+ machines, and use of email and instant messaging a**lications! :2; Figure 28 Five com*onent of data communication System oles of the Components E,ample Transmitter The device that sends the Message 'om*uter, 1adio #tation e(ei-er The device that receives the message Tele*hone handset, 4orstation Medium The channel over "hich the message is sent 1adio "aves, coa+ial ca$le Messa)e The information or data $eing communicated <ideo, Te+t Proto(ol The set of rules that guides ho" data is transmitted and encoded and decoded! T'=7%=, -**leTal !'. $/0e(ti-e To understand the $asic conce*t of communication! To understand the flo" of ho" data $eing distri$uted to customers To identify the advantages and disadvantages of using co**er ca$le
!'1 Pro/lem statement
Teleom Malaysias broadband champion and leading integrated information and communications group Copper (a/le /ein) stolen 2osses in (opper Cost Chapter . 2iterature re-ie3 .'4 Main Distribution Frame (MDF) - Main &istri$ution Frame 2M&F3 is a signal distri$ution frame or ca$le rac used in tele*hony to interconnect and manage telecommunication "iring $et"een itself and any num$er of intermediate distri$ution frames and ca$ling from the tele*hony net"or it su**orts! The M&F connects e/ui*ment inside a telecommunications facility to ca$les and su$scri$er carrier e/ui*ment! Every ca$le that su**lies services to user tele*hones lines ends u* at an M&F and is distri$uted through M&F to e/ui*ment "ithin local e+changes! -n M&F can *rovide fle+i$ility in assigning telecommunications facilities at a lo"er cost and higher ca*acity than a *atch *anel! The most common ind of M&F is a long steel rac that is accessi$le from $oth sides! Termination $locs are arranged horizontally on one side at the front of the rac shelves! The 6um*ers lie on the shelf and move through a steel hoo* in order to run through vertically arranged termination $locs! - ty*ical M&F can hold hundreds of thousands of 6um*ers and dozens of them can $e changed every day for decades "ithout tangling "hen administered $y e+*erienced *rofessionals! >um*ers are t"isted *airs of ca$le, each one corres*onding to an individual tele*hone line!:5; The location for the M&F can vary in large $uildings, $ut the correct location is either on the ground floor or $asement7car *ar! M&F for large $uildings are usually loced in a communications room and re/uire access from a $uilding manager! #mall sho*s "ill usually have a small M&F located inside $ut near the front of the *remises and there can only $e one
M&F in any one $uilding! %n Telco tal the M&F is also referred to as the (et"or 9oundary =oint! The (et"or 9oundary =oint is "here the legal res*onsi$ility of the Telcos? finish! From this *oint into the *remises, the lines are *rivately o"ned and therefore all maintenance is the res*onsi$ility of the *ro*erty o"ner! -lthough the o"ner is not res*onsi$le for maintenance u* to this *oint, they are o$ligated to loo after the tele*hone ca$ling and failure to do so "ill result in costly re*airs $y the $ig telcos! :4; Figure 5 8 M&F frame Figure 4 8 1esidential house *hone connection &istri$ution *oint Figure 5 8 &istri$ution *oint in @uala #elangor 2.1Pu/li( s3it(hed telephone net3ork ( PST# ) T$MA S$MA ACESS S5STEM M%6 Echan ge A Echan ge ! Echan ge " The *u$lic s"itched tele*hone net"or 2=#T(3 is the aggregate of the "orld?s circuit, s"itched tele*hone net"ors that are o*erated $y national, regional, or local tele*hony o*erators, *roviding infrastructure and services for *u$lic telecommunication! The =#T( consists of tele*hone lines, fi$er o*tic ca$les, micro"ave transmission lins, cellular net"ors, communications satellites, and undersea tele*hone ca$les, all interconnected $y s"itching centers, thus allo"ing any tele*hone in the "orld to communicate "ith any other! Originally a net"or of fi+ed,line analog tele*hone systems, the =#T( is no" almost entirely digital in its core and includes mo$ile as "ell as fi+ed tele*hones! The technical o*eration of the =#T( adheres to the standards created $y the %TA,T! These standards allo" different net"ors in different countries to interconnect seamlessly! Figure # $ %S&' connection .'. %i)ital su/s(ri/er line a((ess multiple,er (%S2AM) &igital #u$scri$er 0ine -ccess Multi*le+er 2 �-M3 is a net"or device, often located in tele*hone e+changes, "hich is used $y %nternet #ervice =roviders 2%#=s3 to route incoming � connections to the %nternet! #ince a Bmulti*le+erB com$ines multi*le signals into one, a �-M com$ines a grou* of su$scri$ers? connections into one aggregate %nternet connection!For e+am*le, a � access multi*lier may receive signals from all the � modems in a certain neigh$orhood and *atch them through to the %nternet $ac$one! The �-M *rocesses each incoming connection and may limit the $and"idth of certain � lines! Most � service *roviders use multi*le �-Ms to hel* route incoming and outgoing traffic in the most efficient "ay *ossi$le! This e/ui*ment $enefits *roviders $ecause it su**orts various inds of �! %n addition to %nternet connections, �-M can *rovide routing and dynamic %= address assignment for the service *rovider?s customers!:5; Figure C 8 �-M connection .'1 Multi7ser-i(e a((ess node (MSA#) - multi,service access node 2M#-(3, also no"n as a multi,service access gate"ay 2M#-.3, is a device ty*ically installed in a tele*hone e+change 2although sometimes in a roadside serving area interface ca$inet3 "hich connects customers? tele*hone lines to the core net"or, to *rovide tele*hone, %#&(, and $road$and such as � all from a single *latform! =rior to the de*loyment of M#-(s, telecom *roviders ty*ically had a multitude of se*arate e/ui*ment including �-Ms to *rovide the various ty*es of services to customers! %ntegrating all services on a single node, "hich ty*ically $achauls all data streams over %= or -synchronous Transfer Mode can $e more cost effective and may *rovide ne" services to customers /uicer than *reviously *ossi$le! M#-( system can su**ort legacy and $road$and services access technologies 2Figure C ! %n this solution, M#-( connects to =#T( net"or via <5 interface for the delivery of T&M,$ased voice servicesD M#-( connects to -TM or %= core net"or for data services!:E; Figure ( $ MSA' connection .'8 Copper 3ire 'o**er has $een used in electric "iring since the invention of the electromagnet and the telegra*h in the 1F20s! The invention of the tele*hone in 1FCE created further demand for co**er "ire as an electrical conductor! 'o**er is the electrical conductor in many categories of electrical "iring! 'o**er "ire is used in *o"er generation, *o"er transmission, *o"er distri$ution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless ty*es of electrical e/ui*ment! 'o**er and its alloys are also used to mae electrical contacts ! .'8'! Twisted pair cable T"isted *air ca$ling is the most *o*ular net"or ca$le and is often used in data net"ors for short and medium length connections 2u* to 100 meters or 52F feet3!This is due to its relatively lo"er costs com*ared to o*tical fi$er and coa+ial ca$le!Anshielded t"isted *air 2AT=3 ca$les are the *rimary ca$le ty*e for tele*hone usage! %n the late 20th century, AT=s emerged as the most common ca$le in com*uter net"oring ca$les, es*ecially as *atch ca$les or tem*orary net"or connections! They are increasingly used in video a**lications, *rimarily in security cameras! Figure )$ &*isted pair cable 2.4.2 Coaxial cable 'oa+ial ca$les "ere e+tensively used in mainframe com*uter systems and "ere the first ty*e of ma6or ca$le used for 0ocal -rea (et"ors 20-(3! 'ommon a**lications for coa+ial ca$le today include com*uter net"or 2%nternet3 and instrumentation data connections, video and '-T< distri$ution, 1F and micro"ave transmission, and feedlines connecting radio transmitters and receivers "ith their antennas! 'oa+ial ca$les can go longer distances and have $etter *rotection from EM% than t"isted *airs, coa+ial ca$les are harder to "or "ith and more difficult to run from offices to the "iring closet! For these reasons, it is no" generally $eing re*laced "ith less e+*ensive AT= ca$les or $y fi$er o*tic ca$les for more ca*acity! Today, many '-T< com*anies still use coa+ial ca$les into homes! These ca$les, ho"ever, are increasingly connected to a fi$er o*tic data communications system outside of the home! Most $uilding management systems use *ro*rietary co**er ca$ling, as do *aging7audio s*eaer systems! #ecurity monitoring and entry systems still often de*end on co**er, although fi$er ca$les are also used! Figure G8 'oa+ial ca$le .'9 6i/er opti( Fi$er o*tic communication is a method of transmitting information from one *lace to another $y sending *ulses of light through an o*tical fi$er! The light forms an electromagnetic carrier "ave that is modulated to carry information! %t is first develo*ed in the 1GC0s, fi$er,o*tic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have *layed a ma6or role in the advent of the %nformation -ge! 9ecause of its advantages over electrical transmission, o*tical fi$ers have largely re*laced co**er "ire communications in core net"ors in the develo*ed "orld! O*tical fi$er is used $y many telecommunications com*anies to transmit tele*hone signals, %nternet communication, and ca$le television signals! :C; -n o*tical fi$er 2or o*tical fi$re3 is a fle+i$le, trans*arent fi$er made of high /uality e+truded glass 2silica3 or *lastic, slightly thicer than a human hair! %t can function as a "aveguide, or Hlight *i*eI, to transmit light $et"een the t"o ends of the fi$er! =o"er over Fi$er 2=oF3 o*tic ca$les can also "or to deliver an electric current for lo",*o"er electric devices! The field of a**lied science and engineering concerned "ith the design and a**lication of o*tical fi$ers is no"n as fi$er o*tics'*:+ The *rocess of communicating using fi$er,o*tics involves the follo"ing $asic ste*s8 'reating the o*tical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fi$er, ensuring that the signal does not $ecome too distorted or "ea, receiving the o*tical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal! Figure +, $ A bundle of optical -bers Figure ++ $ &ransmission of light Chapter 1 Methodolo)y 1'4 Basi( (ommuni(ation system "nformation sour(e -n information source is a source of information for some$ody, i!e! anything that might inform a *erson a$out something or *rovide no"ledge to some$ody! %nformation sources may $e o$servations, *eo*le, s*eeches, documents, *ictures, organizations etc! They may $e *rimary sources, secondary sources, tertiary sources and so on!
.nput signal
&ransmitted signal /eceived signal Feedbac0 1utput signal .nformation source transmitter channel receiver destination noise Transmitter is to convert the in*ut message or information into electrical signal such as voltage or current or into electromagnetic "aves such as radio "aves, micro"aves and light "aves Channel (transmission medium) is the lin or *ath over "hich information flo"s from transmitter 2source 3 to receiver 2destination e(ei-er receives the electrical signals or electromagnetic "aves that are sent $y the transmitter through the channel main *rocess is demodulation or detection of the received signal %estination is "here the user receives the information 6eed/a(k Feed$ac is essential in communication so as to no" "hether the reci*ient has understood the message in the same terms as intended $y the sender and "hether he agrees to that message or not! 1eceivers are not 6ust *assive a$sor$ers of messages! They receive the message and res*ond to a$out the su$6ect matter a$out "hat they have understood! This res*onse of a receiver to sender)s message is called Feed$ac! #ometimes a feed$ac could $e a non,ver$al, smiles, sighs and other times, it is oral! %t can also $e "ritten lie re*lying to an e,mail, etc! 1'! in) topolo)y TM in #elangor #tate is using ring to*ology to interconnect $et"een different to"ns and regions for e+am*le it interconnects @uala #elangor, #asaran , #a$a 9ernam, @a*ar and @lang as sho"n in Figure 12 are connected in ring sha*e ! %n a ring to*ology, each device has a dedicated *oint,to,*oint connection "ith only the t"o devices on either side of it! - signal is *assed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination! Each device in the ring incor*orates a re*eater! 4hen a device receives a signal intended for another device, its re*eater regenerates the $its and *asses them along !:2; Figure +2 $ /ing topology Kuala Selan gor Kuala Selan gor Sasaran Sasaran Sa/ak Bernam Sa/ak Bernam ;apar ;apar ;lan) ;lan) 1'!'! Ad-anta)es rin) topolo)y This ty*e of net"or to*ology is very organized! Each node gets to send the data "hen it receives an em*ty toen! This hel*s to reduces chances of collision! -lso in ring to*ology all the traffic flo"s in only one direction at very high s*eed! There is no need for net"or server to control the connectivity $et"een "orstations! -dditional com*onents do not affect the *erformance of net"or! Each com*uter has e/ual access to resources! 1'!'. %isad-anta)es of rin) topolo)y Each *acet of data must *ass through all the com*uters $et"een source and destination! This maes it slo"er than #tar to*ology! %f one "orstation or *ort goes do"n, the entire net"or gets affected! (et"or is highly de*endent on the "ire "hich connects different com*onents! CHAPTE 8 %"SC&SS"$# 8'4 Ad-anta)es of usin) fi/er opti( instead of (opper (a/le 2ess e,pensi-e , #everal miles of o*tical ca$le is chea*er "hich has e/uivalent lengths of co**er "ire! This saves your *rovider 2ca$le T<, %nternet3 and your money! Lower cost in the long run as lesser maintenance job required compared to copper cable. Thinner , O*tical fi$ers can $e dra"n to smaller diameters than co**er "ire! Hi)her (arryin) (apa(ity , 9ecause o*tical fi$ers are thinner than co**er "ires, more fi$ers can $e $undled into a given,diameter ca$le than co**er "ires! This allo"s more *hone lines to go over the same ca$le or more channels to come through the ca$le into your ca$le T< $o+! 2ess si)nal de)radation , The loss of signal in o*tical fi$er is less than in co**er "ire! 2i)ht si)nals , Anlie electrical signals in co**er "ires, light signals from one fi$er do not interfere "ith those of other fi$ers in the same ca$le! This means clearer *hone conversations or T< rece*tion! 2o3 po3er , 9ecause signals in o*tical fi$ers degrade less, lo"er,*o"er transmitters can $e used instead of the high,voltage electrical transmitters needed for co**er "ires! -gain, this saves your *rovider and your money! %i)ital si)nals , O*tical fi$ers are ideally suited for carrying digital information, "hich is es*ecially useful in com*uter net"ors! #on7flamma/le , 9ecause no electricity is *assed through o*tical fi$ers, there is no fire hazard! 2i)ht3ei)ht , -n o*tical ca$le "eighs less than a com*ara$le co**er "ire ca$le! Fi$er, o*tic ca$les tae u* less s*ace in the ground! 6le,i/le , 9ecause fi$er o*tics are so fle+i$le and can transmit and receive light, they are used in many fle+i$le digital cameras for the follo"ing *ur*oses8 &ifficult to $e stolen as usually fi$er o*tic ca$le are installed $elo" the ground! &ifficult to *lace a ta* or listening device on the line, *roviding $etter *hyisical net"or security! 8'! %isad-anta)es of fi/er opti( Pri(e 7 Even though the ra" material for maing o*tical fi$res, sand, is a$undant and chea*, o*tical fi$res are still more e+*ensive *er metre than co**er! -lthough, one fi$re can carry many more signals than a single co**er ca$le and the large transmission distances mean that fe"er e+*ensive re*eaters are re/uired! 6ra)ility 7 O*tical fi$res are more fragile than electrical "ires! Affe(ted /y (hemi(als 7 The glass can $e affected $y various chemicals including hydrogen gas 2a *ro$lem in under"ater ca$les!3 $pa<ueness 7 &es*ite e+tensive military use it is no"n that most fi$res $ecome o*a/ue "hen e+*osed to radiation! e<uires spe(ial skills 7 O*tical fi$res cannot $e 6oined together as a easily as co**er ca$le and re/uires additional training of *ersonnel and e+*ensive *recision s*licing and measurement e/ui*ment!
Chapter 9 Con(lusion From this visit students are a$le to understand $etter and a**ly the no"ledge of the communication system "hich "as learned during &ata and 'ommunication (et"or classes! #tudent can also o$serve ho" the distri$ution line is made u* for communication to region and city! Other than that "e also could clearly see the advantages of using ring to*ology and "hat ha**ens if there is failure in one the "orstation ! TM Malaysia has use different material to su**ly communication connection to costumer! 'o**er "ire $eing used for many years as a main material, no" advance technology introduced fi$er o*tic as ne" material ! From this site visit "e can conclude that the fi$er o*tic has more advantage com*ared to co**er "ire "hich is $eing "idely used in #elangor and many more ur$an areas ! -lthough there is some disadvantages of fi$er o*tic $ut its $etter "hen "e consider in *erformance , efficiency , dura$ility of lasting and cost "ise com*ared to co**er "ire ! /eferences +3 Sch*art45 M35 "ennett5 63 /35 7 Stein5 S3 (+88#)3 !ommunication systems and techni9ues3 'e* :or0$ .EEE %ress3 23 "ehrou4 a farahan data and communication net*or0 ;3 http$//***3techopedia3com/de-nition/22;;/main<distribution<frame<mdf =3 http$//***3phone*or0s3net3au//esidential>Services/net*or0>boundary3php ?3 http$//***3techterms3com/de-nition/dslam #3 http$//***3sabafam3com/@eible (3 "ell Aabs brea0s optical transmission record5 +,, %etabit per second 0ilometer barrier5 %hys3org5 28 September 2,,8 )3 &hyagaraBan5 C3 and Dhata05 ABoy C3 (2,,()3 Fiber Optic Essentials3 6iley< .nterscience3 pp3 ;= !hec0 conclusion part and problem statement