HUMANITIES 12 PRESENTATION GUIDE

WARNING (INCOMPLETE! PLS. READ A BOOK)

Is a science that deals with the distribution and arrangement of all elements of the
earth's surface.
Is the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena.

Earth is..
4.5 billion yrs. Old
One big land mass called Pangaea.
Continental drifting
Continental drift is a conseuence of plate tectonic motion.
!ubduction
"s the crust beneath the ocean sin#s, it melts in the heat of Earth's interior,
and the molten roc# rises to fuel $olcanoes.
%hen the more dense plate is being subducted to another plate.
E&' (arianas )rench
Collision
the Indian subcontinent was a large island drifting northward. "s it drifted, it
pushed ocean crust beneath southern Eurasia. "bout 5* million years ago,
the continental crust beneath the Indian subcontinent began to collide with
the Eurasian Plate. )he force of the collision compressed and folded the crust
of the two landmasses.
(id+Ocean ,ift
)he narrow belt of earthua#es and $olcanic acti$ity that runs down the
center of the "tlantic Ocean is called a mid+ocean rift, or a di$ergent
boundary. "long di$ergent boundaries molten roc#, or magma, from beneath
Earth's crust rises steadily toward the surface, pushing apart the tectonic
plates on either side of the boundary.
Earthua#e -elts
Earthua#es are common in regions, such as Indonesia, that lie along the
borders between tectonic plates. "s the plates mo$e relati$e to one another,
tension builds up along the fault lines between them. %hen bloc#s of crust
along fault lines .nally do slip, they release this stored tension, producing
wa$es of energy that sha#e the ground.
!tructure of the Earth
Earth is made up of a series of layers that formed early in the planet/s
history, as hea$ier material gra$itated toward the center and lighter material
0oated to the surface.
)he dense, solid, inner core of iron is surrounded by a liuid, iron, outer core.
)he lower mantle consists of molten roc#, which is surrounded by partially
molten roc# in the asthenosphere and solid roc# in the upper mantle and
crust.
)he Paci.c ,ing of 1ire
2ocated in the Paci.c rim where freuent earthua#es and $olcanic eruptions
occur.
)he ring includes the long chain of $olcanoes that stretches through the
"leutian Islands and "las#a, down the west coast of the 3orth "merican
continent, through the $olcanic pea#s of the Cascades, into (e&ico and down
the bac#bone of Central "merica and the "ndes of !outh "merica, and all the
way into the !outh !andwich Islands and "ntarctica.
45("3 -EI36! "! 1OO7 6")4E,E,!
P"2EO2I)4IC !)"6E 8O27 !)O3E "6E9+
)he period when humans gathered food from the beginning of human history
to about :*,*** -.C.
3EO2I)4IC ,E;O25)IO3 83E% !)O3E "6E9 + %hen people turned from
hunting animals and gathering food to producing food from the en$ironment.
,ise of agriculture
%hy did this re$olution ta#e place< 6lacier, population,
Cities, territory.
Cradle of ci$ili=ation
1ertile Crescent 83ear East>(iddle East9
Early in$entions in the early near eastern ci$ili=ations
Pottery? storage of food.
%ea$ing? pro$ided new occupations and new resources in the $illage.
%heels? for transportation of goods.
CI;I2I@")IO3
" social organi=ation with more comple& rules>laws.
(ore sophisticated di$isions of authority and labor, duties and powers, and
s#ills.
)4E 1I,!) CI;I2I@")IO3! I3 (E!OPO)"(I"
Is a rich silty plain created by the deposits from the )igris and Euphrates
ri$ers.
!5(E,
Is the :
st
real cities and recogni=able ci$ili=ation.
Contained many city+states independent from each other.
,uled by its own #ing, worshipping its own patron deity.
A social classes
3obles, priests, commoners, and sla$es
)he #ing was not considered di$ine? he held only power for so long as he
could command support from the powerful priests and nobles.
@iggurat
In !umerian culture, the patron 6od theoretically owned the whole city, but in
fact much of the land was pri$ate property. Princess and pri$ate citi=ens.
4ouses were of a single story and were Bammed into narrow streets, but some
richer houses had two stories and a open court. )he people were
monogamous, and women held property and too# part in business but did not
hold political oCce. )rade was common in (esopotamia since they lac#ed
timber and stone.
Cuneiform? )he chief contribution of the !umerian ci$ili=ation that enables
people to #eep records, codify laws, and transmit #nowledge.
!umerian 2iterature
)he !umerians had de$eloped a mythology and saw the world being created
by 6od.
Enlil, one of their deities, was a fatherly 6od, responsible for the rich soil in
(esopotamia and responsible for designing the plow.
!aw as humanity almost completely dependent on 6ods.

6,E") (E!OPO)"(I"3 DI36!
!argon 8EAF:+EA:G-.C.E9
Dnown as the .rst great warlord in %estern 4istory that unite (esopotamia.
)hrough !argon, we were able to identify the $ery ancient group in western
ci$ili=ation.. )he !emites 8 "##adian, 4ebrew, Canaanite9
4"((5,"-I 8:FHE+:F5*9
)he #ing of -abylon, famous for his ICode of 4ammurabiJ compilations of
laws.
-"-K2O3I"
Other (esopotamian achie$ements
(athematicsL : foot+:E inches, : dayME :Ehrs>E4hrs, circle AG* degrees,
se&agesimal system, multiplication tables.
"stronomyL lunar calendar, :E months, A5Gdays.
E6KP)
)4E O27 DI367O(
Ding (enes 8A***-.C.E9, established upper and lower Egypt.
)he #ing was considered a 6od8ancient Egyptian religion9 together with other
6ods appeared in $ariety of forms.
" pleasant life after death.
)he whole economy was a royal monopoly, ser$ing the #ing was a hierarchy
of oCcials, mayors, go$ernors, ta& collectors, artisans, peasants, and sla$es.

4ieroglyphics
" system of Egyptian ancient writing that was basis in studying ancient
Egyptian history.
" combination of pictorial and phonetic signs.
(ade writing material from papyrus plants.
2iterature
)he son of Osiris? 4orus, considered incarnated to the #ing in Egyptian
mythology.
)heir wor#s often dealt with mythology and afterlife represented by hymns,
poems, and stories.
I)he -oo# of the 7eadJ contains charms and other methods ensuring the
successful transition to the other world.
IInstructions of %isdomJ a boo# in which a wise man gi$ing ad$ice on how to
get ahead in this world.
)4E 3E% DI367O( 8:5F*+AAE-C9
)he rulers form )hebes.
Dings are called pharaohs.
!trengthened the power of the central go$ernment N organi=ed Egypt into a
military state.
)he age of Egyptian e&pansion where they encountered another large
#ingdom, the 4ittites.
(uch of this e&pansion was credited to the line of pharaohs starting from
)hutmose III.
1amous pharaohs and achie$ements
4")!4EP!5) 8:5*A-C9
7aughter of )hutmose I and wife of )hutmose II.
Dnown as the greatest female ruler at her time when she crown herself #ing.
!he ri$aled his son in law )hutmose III as Ding of Egypt.
Constructed great temples.
)hutmose III 8:4FH+:4E5-C9
Egypt/s greatest military statesman that made numerous e&peditions and
e&panded the empire as far as the Euphrates and "sia minor.
4is successors , e&ploiting these conuests, grew rich on the tribute paid by
the their subBects.
"menhotep I; 8:AFH+:AGE-C9
-egan to oppose the worship "men+,e, the traditional 6od of Egypt.
!ponsored the worship of "ton, the physical dis# of the sun.
)o ad$e rtise the new faith, he changed his own name to "#hnaton and
transferred the capital to "#hetaton.
Considered the .rst monotheist.
)utan#hamen 8:AAA+:AEA -C9
Changed his name from )utan#haton to )utan#hamen indicating the
restoration of "men+,e as the chief 6od.
7estroyed the city "#henaton and the capital shifted bac# to )hebes.
,amses II 8:EH*+:EE4 bc9
1ought maBor inconclusi$e battles against the 4ittites until the two #ingdoms
signed a treaty in :EO4.
1rom this peace treaty, it allows him to construct magni.cent building
proBects that was #nown notoriously in the old testament.
E6KP)I"3 !OCIE)K
)he 3ile ,i$er imposed a natural a natural administrati$e unity of Egypt.
Centrali=ation and bureaucracy.
)hrough education where it was possible to enter the hierarchy, scribes,
treasurers, priests.
!la$es e&isted but the economic diPerence between the free people and
sla$es were not $ast.
)he women was in fact liberated compared to the 6ree#s and the ,omans.
!he could own properties and was allowed to wor# in almost e$ery $arious
positions in the Egyptian society.
6,EECE
6EO6,"P4K
6,EECE is a peninsula in the (editerranean !ea.
"dBacent to Egypt, )he Persian Empire, N ,ome.
!ince 6ree# coastal cities were sandwiched between the sea, they de$eloped
an awesome na$y for trading and .ghting.
6EO6,"P4K
6reece is mountainous.
6ree# communities often times de$eloped independently because of the
mountains, thus they were di$erse
"s a result, they fought each other a lot.
Early 6reece 8A***+::**-.C9
6ree# Ci$ili=ation .rst de$eloped in the island of Crete.
)hey were not 6ree#? probably came from "sia (inor before A***-.C.
)he Crete ci$ili=ation thus often called (inoan.
,uled by Ding (inos and ruled the
City of Dnossos.
)he people spo#e 6ree# language began to settle in 6reece about E***-.C.
"rri$ing from the -al#ans from the north, a family of Indo+Europeans #nown
as 4ellenes, their country 4ellas.
)he ,omans latter called them 6ree#s.
)he city of (ycenae
)he most impressi$e city in ancient 6reece with forti.cation.
6eography di$ides 6reece into small $alleys and forced the 6ree#s
de$eloped independent communities with #ings.
-etween :4**+:E**-.C #nown as the height of (ycenaean prosperity
that created monuments belie$ed to be burial chambers of the dead.
8)he 2ions 6ate9
2iterature
4ow factual was the )roBan %ar<
%ho was 4omer< %as he a historian<
7id archaeologists found the remnants of the ancient city of )roy<
4esiods and his Theogony
Iliad
" poem in maBestic $erse of a warrior, heroism N aristocracy in which
greatness in combat is a $irtue.
)he )roBan %ar
Odyssey
Celebrates intelligence o$er military s#ills.
)he story of Odysseus and his ad$entures.
)he 7orian in$asion
!tarted the decline of (ycenae by series of attac#s inland 8:E**+:E**-.C9.
7oric is a dialect of 6ree# language.
!ettled in Corinth and !parta.
It was the dar# ages of ancient 6reece when there was a cultural decline and
ended the domination of palace centered #ings.
Q
,E2I6IO3
)he 6ree#s brought with them their 6ods during the migration.
"nthromorphicL 4uman+li#e super+beings.
Inter$ene in human aPairs.
3e$er de$eloped a code of beha$ior prescribed by religion.
Each city has it/s own patron 6od.
6,EED>,O("3 6O7! N 6O7E!!E!
Zeus /Jupiter was the most powerful of the gods. !hould he ha$e to bring
order, he would hurl a thunderbolt.
Hera /Juno was the wife of @eus, and thus, the Rueen. 4era was the goddess
of marriage, children, and the home.
Poseidon /Neptune, the lord of the sea, was the brother of @eus.
Hades /Pluto, another brother of @eus, was the lord of the underworld.
Ares /Mars, @eus' son, was the god of war. 4e tall and handsome but cruel
and $ain.
Hermes /Mercury was @eus' son and the messenger of the gods. 4ermes
was noted for his pran#s as well as for his speed.
Apollo /Apollo was @eus' son and god of the sun, light and music.
Artemis /Diana was goddess of the hunt.
Athena /Minerva was the goddess of wisdom.
Hestia /Vesta was the goddess of hearth and home, and 4era's sister.
Demeter/Ceres was the goddess of the har$est, and 4era's other sister.
Persephone was 7emeter's daughter, and the 6ree#'s reasons for the seasons.
Aphrodite /Venus was the goddess of lo$e and beauty.
Hephaestus /Vulcan was the son of @eus and 4era, god of .re and forge, and the
husband of "phrodite.
Heracles /Hercules was another of @eus' sons. 4e was half man, half god, and
$ery strong.
Pegasus was a winged horse who could 0y.

Eros /Cupid was the son of the goddess of lo$e. 4e carried a bow and arrow
to shoot people. %hen you were shot with Cupid's arrow, you fell in lo$e with
the $ery ne&t person you saw.
rpheus was the son of "pollo and Calliope. 4e was the most famous
musician in all of 6reece. )he story of Eurydice and Orpheus is a famous lo$e
story.
Pandora was the .rst woman formed out of clay by the gods. @eus ordered
4ephaestus to create her. @eus sent Pandora down to earth to marry
Epimetheus.
Cer!erus was the three+headed dog that guards the entrance to the
underworld. Cerberus was friendly to those arri$ing. 4e only became
dangerous to those trying to lea$e without permission.
"he Minotaur was a mythical creature, half man>half beast, that li$ed in the
center of a huge ma=e.

THE GREEK RENAISSANCE (800-600 B.C)

EXPANSION (!0-!!0B.C)
6ree# culture re$i$ed in the dar# ages and entered a period of economic and
social $itality.
)he economy e&panded through o$erseas coloni=ation.
)he emergence of the polis, or independent city+states.
1oreign coloni=ation led to the re$i$al of trade.
P5-2IC 6"(E! N )4E "2P4"-E)
Panhellenic athletic games in FFG-.C held in Olympia dedicated to @eus.
1eatured only foot races and wrestling but later include horse riding, Ba$elin
throwing N bo&ing.
)rading brought the 6ree#s in contact w> the Phoenicians who used the
!emitic script called the alphabet.
Changing some characters that created the 6ree# alphabet.

)he Polis
"n independent city+state
4ad a central inhabited area called the IastuJ.
)he ele$ated part of the polis is the IacropolisJ
)he acropolis is reser$ed for temples and oCce buildings.
" community of both male and female citi=ens but the women were not
allowed to $ote.
In many poleis the system of go$ernment is oligarchy.
")4E3! N !P",)"
)he Peloponnesian war 84AE+4*4 -C9
-attle of !e&es N !la$ery
(en were the rulers and leaders, and no women will be allowed to $ote nor
they hold oCces.
%hat is the $iew of women in 4omeric epics<
)he woman is always under the control of a man.
%omen were cherished and also feared.
)he presence of sla$es ga$e 6ree#s freedom to pursue ci$ic aPairs.

)4E PE,!I"3 )4,E")
)he in$asion against 7arius 8)he .rst Persian war >4H*-C9
)he Persians attac#ed 6ree# cities in the region of Ionia.
)he battle of (arathon in which the 6ree#s lost only :HE against G4** of the
Persians.
)he second Persian war by Ser&es, the son of 7arius 84O*+4FH-C9.
)he 6ree#s formed a military alliance an entrusted the !partans to ta#e
command.
)he Persian Empire
4ellenistic 6reece
Classical 6ree# culture
85**+AEA -.C9
"n era of social transformation of 6ree# written cultureL drama, historical
writing, and philosophy.
6,EED ),"6E7KL " literary wor# that deals with tragic themes. E&? 4omr
)he writers deri$ed most of their plots from tales of 6ods and heroes of 6ree#
mythology.
4I!)O,KL )he 6ree#s began writing narrati$e stories of wars to #now what
causes them and to learn more about diPerent cultures. E&L 4erodotus,
)hucydides.
P4I2O!OP4KL )he 6ree#s used reason to disco$er why things are li#e this.
!ocrates 84GH+AHH-C9L 4e wanted to guide the youth of "thens to e&amine
their li$es in the pursuit of moral truth. 4e held that no man is wise who
cannot gi$e a logical account of his actions and that #nowledge will point the
morally right choices. I#nowledge is $irtueJ
Plato 84EO+A4F-C9 L !tudent of !ocrates who wrote I)he ,epublicJ . Plato
opposed democracy as a political system dominated by emotion rather than
thought.
"ristotle 8AO4+AEE-C9
)he teacher of "le&ander the 6reat.
4is in$estigations included logic, metaphysics, astronomy, biology, physics,
politics and poetry w> the help of his students in "thens.
In his boo# IPoliticsJ he classi.ed 6ree# basic forms of go$ernment?
monarchy, aristocracy and moderate democracy.

4e warned that monarchy can turn into tyranny. aristocracy+oligarchy,
moderate democracy+anarchy. 4e preferred moderate democracy in which
the masses do not e&ercise to much power.
4appiness is the greatest good of the indi$idual. )o achie$e this, people must
see# moderation from e&cessi$e pleasures. )he balance of things.
)riggered by the collapsed of the Poleis.
)he ambitious Ding Philip II of (acedon.
"le&ander the 6reat 8AAG+AEA-C9 conuered as far as India.
sources
httpL>>greece.mrdonn.org>gree#gods>inde&.html
)4E %E!)E,3 ESPE,IE3CE, $olume :. Cambers, (ortison
httpL>>www.umich.edu>Thomeros>
richeast.org
,O(E
6EO6,"P4K
%hy was ,ome/s location so fa$orable<
4ow did its geography help grow the ,oman Empire<
,ome is located in the Italian Peninsula.
)he "lps in the north and the "pennine mountains are the ranges w> in the
peninsula.
In between the mountains are plains, $alleys and hills.
Prone to earthua#es and $olcanic acti$ities.
)he hills of Italy is unli#e those of 6reece are gentle enough for agriculture.

6eography of ,ome
" built city defended by se$en hills.
1arms at the base of the hills, ,omans li$e on hilltops.
,ome is close to the (editerranean sea and its trade routes.
Early ,oman farmers de$eloped small lands for wheat, barley, grapes, oli$es and
other $egetables.
7omesticate o&en, pigs, goats, sheep N chic#ens.
Early farmers settled in mud bric#s and timber houses.
4ard wor#, discipline, and loyalty became a strong ,oman ualities in creating an
empire.
L"#$ %& &'(%)# R%('* E(+,-%-#
Julius Caesar 87ictator9
Augustus Caesar "The frst Roman Emperor"
C'."/).' #"he Evil Emperor $ho proclaimed himsel% a god#
N,-% #"he mad tyrant $ho !lamed the Christians %or the !urning o% &ome#
Vespasian #"he Emperor $ho !uilt the Colosseum'
"itus #"he Emperor $ho destroyed the temple in Jerusalem#
Domitian #"he evil emperor $ho murdered thousands o% Christians#
"ra(an #"he Emperor $ho le%t the legacy o% "ra(an)s mar*et and
Column#
Hadrian #"he Emperor $ho !uilt Hadrian)s +all#
Marcus Aurelius #"he Philosopher, last o% the -ive .ood Emperors'
/ucius Verus ( -).,0 1%"*$.2 3"$4 M'-5)# A)-,.")#)
Commodus #More savage than Domitian, more %oul than Nero#0
Pescennius Niger #"he 1lac* Emperor#
Elaga!alus #He married a Vestal Virgin and then too* a hus!and000#
Diocletian #"he Emperor $ho split the &oman Empire000# 28!AD
Constantine the .reat #"he Christian Emperor $ho united the
Empire000'
&omulus Augustus #"he /ast &oman Emperor000#
THE 6ALL O6 THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
-AC"&23
"ntagonism between the !enate and the Emperor
7ecline in (orals
Political Corruption and the Praetorian 6uard
1ast e&pansion of the Empire
Constant %ars and 4ea$y (ilitary !pending
-arbarian Dnowledge of ,oman (ilitary )actics
1ailing Economy
5nemployment of the %or#ing Classes 8)he Plebs9
)he '(ob' and the cost of the '6ames'
7ecline in Ethics and ;alues
!la$e 2abor
3atural 7isasters
Christianity
-arbarian In$asion
%4K I! C4,I!)I"3I)K %I7E2K "CCEP)E7 I3 E5,OPE -E1O,E "37 "1)E, )4E
1"22 O1 )4E ,O("3 E(PI,E<
!ources
httpL>>www.eduplace.com
httpL>>www.unr$.com
(E7IE;"2+(O7E,3
)4E 7",D "6E!
,eferred to the period from the fall of the %estern ,oman Empire in 4FG ".7
till the ,enaissance Period. 8:5
th
century ".79
%4K 7",D<
" period of bac#ward ways and practices which was contrary of the ,oman
Empire.
Other historians coined I7ar#J for the lac# of written records and minimal
2atin 2iterature.
(odern historians used the I(iddle "gesJ instead of the 7ar# "ges.
ECO3O(K
!ingle family peasant farm as the basic unit of agricultural production.
Due to3
2ac# of sla$es
)he supremacy of the mounted warrior that made .ghting an e&pensi$e
li$elihood.
)echnological ad$ancement in agriculture helped peasant in supporting
himself. 8e.g. hea$y plow, o&9
1rance started forming a #ingdom for she had these changes.
Clo$is of 1rance led the 1ran#s as Europe's newest barbarian superpower by
con$erting to Christianity. 4HG CE
4e founded the (ero$ingian dynasty that is famous today as the protectors
of Christ blood line in 7a ;inci Code.
("3O,
" new form of agricultural organi=ation.
" large estate owned by a landlord but not anymore dependent upon the
sla$es for labor. -ut relied on the serfs as laborers.
C4,I!)I"3I)K N )4E C45,C4
)he (iddle "ges brought political N economic turbulence in Europe.
-ut amidst the suPering and con0icts of the people, Christianity was the
common thread.
Christianity promise hope and eternal peace.
"fter the death of Christ, the new faith spread but outlawed throughout the
old ,oman Empire.
"fter A** and years of persecution, Emperor Constantine legali=ed
Christianity in A:A CE.
)he Papacy , is the oCce which one man go$erns the ,oman Catholic church.
)he rise of (onasteries 8(onasticism9 was rampant in the (iddle "ges for
Christians see#ing permanent isolation N prayer apart from humanity.
(onasteries later on were integrated into European medie$al society.
)he sur$i$ing ,oman Empire in the East.
Emperor Constantine transferred the ,oman capital to the east in AE4 CE.
It was a former 6ree# colony of -y=antium.
Emperor Uustinian ePorts to reclaim the lost %estern ,oman Empire. 85EF CE9

A 6O"2! O1 U5!)I3I"3
:.)he restoration of western pro$inces.
E. )he reformation of laws and institution.
8Corpus Luris Civilis>
-ody of Ci$il 2aw9
A. E&tara$agnt program in public wor#s.
-y=antine culture and society
Preser$ation of Classical 6ree# culture.
-y=antine continued to re$i$e the importance of cities. 8Constantinople,
"le&andria9 as centers of trade and commerce.
Contradiction from the %estern Catholic Church that led to the brea#+up
in :*54.
In :45A CE, Constantinople succumbed to the forces of the fast pace of Islam.
1E57"2I!(
" social, economic, and political condition in %estern Europe during the
(iddle "ges. " system which re$ol$es around the relationship of the .ef 8land
tenure9, $assals and landlords.
"n economic system based upon serfdom. 8Darl (ar&9
)he true homeland of feudalism is in 1rance, !pain, 6ermany and e&ported to
England. %hy not Italy<
)he ;assals and the lord ha$e honorable bond whom the $assals owed his
lord any forms of loyalty.
-ecause of $assals allegiance, the lord would distribute land as a form of
payment. )his concession of land is called the fef.
Pope 5rban II appealed to the %estern #nights to aid their fellow Christians in
the East who were o$errun by the (uslims.
I6O7 %I22! I)J
Constantinople fell in :45A CE from the (uslim nomads I!elBu# )ur#sJ. )he
!il# ,oad was captured by the (uslims.
)he crusades were $iewed by those who participated as acts of religious
de$otion.
%as it<
!ocial N economic moti$ations contributed to the e&peditions.
Iyou should shudder at perpetrating $iolence against Christians? it is less
wic#ed to turn your sword against (uslimsV )he possessions of your enemy
will also fall to you, since you will claim their treasures and plunder.J
+Pope 5rban
%hen Europeans launched a series of armed e&peditions to reclaim the holy
land from the (uslims in the ::
th
N :E
th
century.
"t the same time the crusades help the Europeans acuainted with ideas,
culture, and techniues more sophisticated than their own that changed the
course of Europe.
Protestantism is a mo$ement in %estern Christianity whose adherents reBect
the notion that di$ine authority is channeled through one particular human
institution or person such as the ,oman Catholic pope.
Sola scriptura maintains that the -ible 8rather than church tradition or
ecclesiastical interpretations of the -ible9 is the .nal source of authority for
all Christians.
Sola fde holds that sal$ation comes by faith alone in Uesus as the Christ,
rather than through good wor#s.
The Scientifc Revolution and The Enlightenment, also #nown as the ge of
Reason, was a time when man began to use his reason to disco$er the world,
casting oP the superstition and fear of the medie$al world. )he ePort to
disco$er the natural laws which go$erned the uni$erse led to scienti.c,
political and social ad$ances. Enlightenment thin#ers e&amined the rational
basis of all beliefs and in the process reBected the authority of church and
state.
:54A 3icolas Copernicus On the ,e$olutions of the 4ea$enly -odies
)ycho -rahe + planetary mo$ement
Uohannes Depler + three laws of planetary motion
6alileo 6alilei W laws of motion
Issac 3ewton :GOF Principia (athematica 8(athematical Principles of 3atural
Philosophy9


M,0"5"*,L Enormous amounts of #nowledge were added to medical practice
throughout the se$enteenth and eighteenth centuriesL anatomy, microscopic
anatomy, the circulation of blood, inoculation 8which Europeans learned from
the Ottoman (uslims9 and $accination, and so on. (ost important, howe$er,
was a new system of understanding human biological processesL pathology.
Enlightenment medicine proposed that the body was a natural system that
functioned in predictable and rational ways++that is, it operated li#e a
machine. 3o surprise there. 7isease was a malfunction, disease was the
brea#ing down of this machineL this was pathology. "ll disease processes,
then, could be understood as natural phenomena and the reco$ery of health
was also a natural and rational phenomenon.
httpL>>www.wsu.edu>Tdee>E32I64)>:O)4.4)(2
)he control or go$erning in0uence of a nation o$er a dependent country,
territory, or people.
)he system or policy by which a nation maintains or ad$ocates such control
or in0uence.
)he policy of e&tending a nation's authority by territorial acuisition or by the
establishment of economic and political hegemony o$er other nations.
httpL>>www.answers.com
the process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one
dominated by industry and machine manufacture. )his process began in
England in the :Oth century and from there spread to other parts of the
world.
%hy England<
!ames "att L 1irst reliable !team Engine :FF5
Eli "hitney# Cotton 6in :FHA
Ro$ert %ulton# ,egular !teamboat ser$ice on the 4udson ,i$er :O*F
Samuel %& '& (orse# )elegraphh :OAG
Elias )o*e# !ewing (achine:O44
Isaac Singer# Impro$es and mar#ets 4owe's !ewing (achine :O5:
Cyrus %ield# )ransatlantic Cable :OGG
le+ander ,raham 'ell# )elephone :OFG
Thomas Edison# Phonograph, Incandescant 2ight -ulb :OFF, :OFH
-i.ola TeslaaL Induction Electric (otor :OOO
Rudolf /iesel# 7iesel Engine :OHE
Orville and "il$ur "right# 1irst "irplane :H*A
)enry %ord# (odel ) 1ord, "ssembly 2ine :H*O, :H:A
3eo+colonialism is... the worst form of imperialism. 1or those who practise it,
it means power without responsibility and for those who suPer from it, it
means e&ploitation without redress. In the days of old+fashioned colonialism,
the imperial power had at least to e&plain and Bustify at home the actions it
was ta#ing abroad. In the colony those who ser$ed the ruling imperial power
could at least loo# to its protection against any $iolent mo$e by their
opponents. %ith neo+colonialism neither is the case.
:. )4E ,E3"I!!"3CE %"! " (O;E(E3) "-O5) E!)"-2I!4I36 (",DE)
C"PI)"2!. 1"2!E
E. )4E I375!),I"2 ,E;O25)IO3 !)",)E7 I3 I)"2K. 1"2!E
A. )4E ,E3"I!!"3CE !)",)E7 I3 E362"37. 1"2!E
4. )4E P,O)E!)"3) ,E1O,(")IO3 !)",)E7 I3 6E,("3K. ),5E
5. 3EOCO2O3I"2I!( I! )4E "1)E,(")4 O1 CO2O3I"2I!(. ),5E
G. )4E I375!),I"2 ,E;O25)IO3 %"! " !4I1) 1,O( ("35"2 )O
(EC4"3IC"2 2"-O,>("!! P,O75C)IO3. ),5E
F. )4E 6O27 "37 !I2;E, %E,E )4E C"!4 C,OP!. 1"2!E
O. )4E P4I2IPPI3E! I! 3O) "11EC)E7 -K 3EOCO2O3I"2I!(. 1"2!E
H. 7I!4O3E!)K %I22 3O) 4E2P )4E CO53),K E;E3 I3 " !I(P2IE!)
1O,( I3 C4ECDI36.
:*. 6O7 !EE! KO5V
::.httpL>>www.medie$al+period.com
httpL>>edweb.tusd.#:E.a=.us
httpL>>thirdmill.org
httpL>>gbgm+umc.org>umw>bible>crusades.stm
httpL>>mb+soft.com>belie$e>t&c>protesta.htm
httpL>>www.cor#fpc.com>history.html
httpL>>www.historywi=.org>enlightenment.html
httpL>>industrialre$olution.sea.ca>impact.html