Chapter 2 (Teacher)

Biology Teaching and Learning Module
CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CONCEPT MAP
CELL
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Structure, Function and
Comparison
Organelles Non organelles
Nucleus i!osome Chloroplast "acuole Plasma Mem!rane Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Mitochondrion #olgi Apparatus Cell $all
eticulum
Cell organi%ation and speciali%ation
1
2.1 Understanding Cell
&o 'ou (no) $ho is
o!ert *oo+e,
Suggestion -or e.periment/
01 Prepare slide o- onion epidermal cell and cells o- Hydrilla sp. lea- to study a plant cell structure1
21 Prepare slide o- human chee+ cells to study an animal cell structure1
31 State the techni4ue that you use in these e.periment11
2
Tips -or you/
01 All li5ing organisms are made o- cells1
21 A cell is a !asic unit o- li-e 1
31 Plant cell di--er -rom animal cell
61 Each cell component has speci-ic -unction
The first man introduced the term cell after viewing the
cells of a piece of cork using a primitive light microscope
21010 a7 By using di--erent colour, dra) and match the organelles in a plant cell and in an animal cell !elo)1
3
Cell )all
Plasma mem!rane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion 8dar+ !lue7
Chloroplast 8#reen7
#olgi Apparatus8 orange7
Nucleus 8red7
ough endoplasmic reticulum 8purple7
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 8!ro)n7
i!osome 8!lac+ 7
"acuole 8yello)7
"esicles 8light !lue7
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
!7 List the organelles )hich has
i) single laer !e!"rane ii) d#$"le laers !e!"rane
G#lgi a%%arat$s N$&le$s
End#%las!i& reti&$l$! !it#&'#ndria
Ri"#s#!e C'l#r#%last
c7 9denti-y organelles and non organelles
i) #rganelles ii) n#n #rganelles
G#lgi a%%arat$s Plas!a !e!"rane
End#%las!i& reti&$l$! Ct#%las!
Ri"#s#!e Cell (all
N$&le$s
!it#&'#ndria
C'l#r#%last
n$&le#l$s
)a&$#le
d7 Complete structures 8 organelle : part o- cell 7 and -unctions in ta!le !elo)
Organelle * %art #+
&ell
F$n&ti#n
Nucleus C#ntr#ls t'e a&ti)ities #+ t'e &ell.
Res%#nsi"le +#r &ell re%r#d$&ti#n and re%air #+ (#rn,#$t %arts #+ t'e &ell.
C'l#r#%last A!sor! light -or photosynthesis
i!osome T'e !ain sites #+ %r#tein snt'esis
ough endoplasmic
reticulum
Trans%#rts %r#teins !ade " t'e ri"#s#!es t'r#$g' t'e &iste!ea
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Is t'e site #+ li%id and ster#id snt'esis
G#lgi a%%arat$s Processing, pac+aging and transporting phospholipids and glycoprotein
Mitochondrion Is t'e !ain site ('ere aer#"i& res%irati#n ta-es %la&e t# release energ +#r
&ell a&ti)ities.
"acuole C#ntains (ater and diss#l)ed s$"stan&es s$&' as s$gars and !ineral salts.
Plasma mem!rane C#ntr#ls t'e &'e!i&als t'at enter #r lea)e t'e &ell. All#(s #nl s#!e
s$"stan&es t# %ass tr#$g' it and st#%s #t'ers.
Cytoplasm S$%%#rts t'e #rganelles s$&' as !it#&'#ndria. )a&$#les and &'l#r#%last in
t'e &ell. Site ('ere !#st #+ t'e &ell a&ti)ities and &'e!i&als rea&ti#ns ta-e
%la&e.
Cell )all It %r#te&ts and gi)es s$%%#rt t# t'e &ell
It gi)es t'e &ell a reg$lar s'a%e.
4

21012 Complete the similarities and the di--erences !et)een a plant cell and an animal cell1
5
2. cell wall absent

3. chloroplast absent
4. centriol present

An animal cell A plant cell

01 does not ha5e a -i.ed shape 01 has a -i.ed shaped
21 &ell (all %resent
3. chloroplast present
4. centriol absent
oth has

01 n$&le$s
2. !#t#&'#ndria
/. ri"#s#!e
0. r#$g' end#%las!i&
reti&$l$!
1. &t#%las!
2. s!##t' end#%las!i&
reti&$l$!.
3. !e!"rane
%als!
4. g#lgi
a%%arat$s
21013 Predict type o- organelle )hich is -ound in large num!ers in each cell sho)n !elo)1 E.plain )hy1
!
Organelle / !it#&'#ndria
E.planation / !it#&'#ndri#n is a
site +#r &ell$lar res%irati#n ('i&'
release energ.
S%er! &ells re5$ire large a!#$nts
#+ energ t# %r#%el t#(ards t'e
$ter$s and +all#%ian t$"e d$ring
+ertili6ati#n.
Sperm cell
E.planation / !it#&'#ndri#n is a site +#r &ell$lar res%irati#n ('i&' release energ.
Ner)e &ells re5$ire large a!#$nts #+ energ t# "ring i!%$lse.
Ner5e cell
Muscle -i!ers
"
Pancreas cells
Organelle / ri"#s#!e. end#%las!i& reti&$l$! and !it#&'#ndria
E.planation /
Ri"#s#!e 7 snt'esis en6!e 8 %r#tein )
R#$g' end#%las!i& reti&$l$! 7 trans%#rt %r#tein
S!##t' end#%las!i& reti&$l$! 7 snt'esis and trans%#rt +at
Mit#&'#ndria 7 site +#r energ %r#d$&ti#n t# snt'esis and trans%#rt %r#tein
E.planation / !it#&'#ndri#n is a site +#r &ell$lar res%irati#n
('i&' release energ.
M$s&les re5$ire large a!#$nts #+ energ t# &#ntra&t.
#
Meristematic cells
Organelle/ !it#&'#ndria
E.planation / !it#&'#ndri#n is a site +#r
&ell$lar res%irati#n ('i&' release energ.
Meriste!ati& &ells re5$ire large a!#$nts
#+ energ t# r$n !it#sis.
Mesophyll palisade cells
Organelle / &'l#r#%last
E.planation / a"s#r"ed lig't +#r %'#t#snt'esis
212 Appreciating the uni4ueness o- the cell1
21210 State organelle )hich is in5ol5e in the process o- protein synthesis such as en%yme in the passage
!elo)1
A genetic material -or a type o- en%yme )ill !e synthesis -ound in n$&le$s * &'r#!#s#!e1 &ou!le
*eli. &NA open and a NA chain )hich carry the material mo5e out -rom n$&le$s to ri"#s#!e.
Protein )hich has !een synthesis !y ri"#s#!e )ill !e sent to r#$g' end#%las!i& reti&$l$! and
transported to g#lg a%%arat$s !y trans%#rt )esi&le 1 From g#lgi a%%arat$s protein )hich has !een
modi-ied transported out o- the cell and applied at targeted organs1
Base on the a!o5e statement )hat conclusion can !e made,
$
%n a cell there are man& t&pes of organelles which cooperated to
s&nchroni'e the function of the cell
21212 a7 O!ser5e each electron micrograph !elo)1 9denti-y and la!el organelles )hich can !e -ound1
Figure ; 8!7
!7 $hat )ill happen i- the organelles that you identi-ied in -igure ; 8a7 and ;8!7 does not present in the cell
and state the e--ect 1
1(
)igure ! *a+
N#. Organelle e++e&t #+ t'e a"sent
0 N$&le$s All &ell a&ti)it &ann#t "e &#ntr#lled.
2 G#lgi a%%arat$s Snt'esis #+ &ar"#'drates. gl&#%r#tein and '#r!#ne
&ann#t "e +inis'ed.
3 9esi&le Pr#tein ('i&' 'as "een !#di+ied &ann#t "e trans%#rt
#$t #+ t'e &ell.
6 S!##t' end#%las!i& reti&$l$! Snt'esis and trans%#rted #+ +at and gl&er#l &ann#t "e
d#ne.
< Mit#&'#ndri#n N# energ %r#d$&ed
An #t'er %#ssi"le ans(er S$ita"le ans(ers
11
E:er&ise
01 Figure 0 sho)s the structure o- an animal cell )hich can !e seen under an electron microscope1 P, =, and S
are the structures in the cell1 > is rod in shape and has 0mm to 2mm lengths
a+ La!el P, =, and S on the diagram1
? 6 mar+ah@
P N$&le$s
; )a&$#le
R Plas!a !e!"rane
S C'r#!#s#!e
b+ State the -unction -or P, =, and S
P 7 C#ntr#l a&ti)it #+ t'e &ell
;7 C#ntain (ater. !inerals and !eta"#li& s$"stan&es.
R7 C#ntr#l t'e s$"stan&es t'at enter #r lea)e t'e &ell.
S7 Carr geneti& !aterial.
? 6 mar+ah@
C7 8i7 Name organelle >1
Mit#&'#ndri#n
? 0 mar+ah@
8997 The num!er o- organelles > in an animal somatic cell is di--er -rom an animal gamete cell1
12
nucleus
vacuole
E.plain )hy
Fact 7 Organelle < is a site +#r energ %r#d$&ti#n.
E:%lanati#n 7 !ale ga!ete8 s%er! ) &ells a&ti)e. need !#re energ t# !#"ile +#r t'e
%r#&ess #+ +ertili6ati#n &#!%ared t# s#!ati& &ells ('i&' are n#t s# a&ti)e.
? 2 mar+ah@
d7 8i7 Name organelle ' )hich is a small particle and state )here is it located1
Ri"#s#!e. l#&ated at r#$g' end#%las!i& reti&$l$!
? 0 mar+ah@
8ii7 State the -unctions o- organelle '
Site +#r %r#tein snt'esis
? 0 mar+ah@
e7 &escri!e the di--erence !et)een = in an animal cell )ith = in a plant cell1
; in an ani!al &ell s!all in si6e. "$t in a %lant &ell t'e si6e is "igger.
? 0 mar+ah@
-7 $hat )ill happen i- this animal cell does not ha5e organelle '1
Pr#tein * en6!e &ann#t "e snt'esis
? 0 mar+ah@
,-.. /0123%42T%/3
13
T-2,5-064 17%8- 4,5-9-
CHAPTER 6
Amoeba sp.

No. Component Function
1 Nucleus -carry genetic information
-Controls and regulates all the activities of
the cell
2 Pseudopodium -for movement
- surrounds and engulfs the food particle
3 Food vacuoles -contains enzyme for food digestion
4 Contractile vacuole -collected and eliminated excess water //
regulated osmotic concentration of fluid cell
Cell mem!rane - regulates the movement of substances into
and out of the cell (only allows small
molecules)

A!"#A$% &""'()*

Cell "r#anisation
Analo#$ o%
%ormation cell to tissue
T$pes o% Celll T$pes o% tissue T&e num!er o% celll t$pes
14
1
Amoe!a approac&es t&e
%ood particle
4
%ood is di#ested !$
di#estion en'$me and
a!sor!ed into c$toplasm
3
Formation o% %ood vacuole
2
Amoe!a(s
Pseudopodium
surrounds and en#ul%s
t&e %ood particles
Cell ) Tissue R
"ne t$pe o% cell
Cell $ Tissue *
T+o t$pes o% cell
Cell ' Tissue T
T&ree t$pes o% cell
E)ercise 1,
1. Fill in t&e coloumn +it& t&e num!er o% cell t$pe %ormin# t&e R- * and T tissue
2. .&at o!servation can !e made a!out tissue/. ,
(i) R 0. 1dentical cell is %ormed one t$pe o% tissue- cell )
(ii) %+. is formed by cell x and cell y
(iii) ,+ ,hree types of cell are involved to form one tissue- cell x- cell y and cell
z.
3. .&at in%erence can !e made a!out tissue/
Tissue is %ormed !$ one or t+o or t&ree t$pes o% cell
4. 2ive e)amples o% tissue R- * and T
3i4 R 0.epitelium- cardiac- smooth muscle- adipose tissue
3ii4 %+. blood ( erytrocyte dan leucocyte)
3iii4 ,+.. nerve ( afferent neurone- efferent neurone and interneurone4
E)ercice 2,
Fi#ure o% *51N
15
T&e *6in is an or#an
7ase on %i#ure- identi%$ t&e tissues +&ic& are involved to %orm s6in.

Tissue
Epit&elium
Nerve
7lood
Erector muscle
E)plain t&e importance o% tissue specialisation on multicellular animals
,o provide the need of organism from environment to cells in the body and from
cells to environment.
Carry out specific tas. as /
0ole 'escription

(i) ,ransportation1blood tissue- erytrocyte transport oxygen from lungs to body
cells and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs through #lood Circulatory
system
(ii) 'igestion - tissue-epithelium secretes extracellular enzyme to digest
complex substances into simple substances for absorption

(iii) 2rotection 3 epithelium tissue at s.in to prevent from bacteria
- epithelium tissue at trachea to prevent from dust
- adipose tissue at s.in to protect heat lost
- organ surrounded by adipose tissue to protect internal organ
(iv) Connection 3 nerves tissue- carry information from sensory organ to spinal
cord
8RA. A *91TA7:E 81A2RA; F"R THE T1**9E *H".N

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T<P1CA: *TR9CT9RE
skin Body cavities At alementary canal
CELL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS
Assin#ment ,
1. 1denti%$ t&e cell t$pes t&at %orm t&e vascular tissue on t&e plant !ul6.
= trac&eid and vessel )$lem 3 )$lem tissue4
= companion cell and sieve tu!e 3 %loem tissue4
1"
A
N
1
;
A
:

T
1
*
*
9
E
C
"
N
N
E
C
T
1
>
E

T
1
*
*
9

E
P
E
N
2
H
9
7
9
N
2
9
7
4
,
.
-

T
%
4
4
7
-

/
T
/
T
3
-
0
:
-

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%
4
4
7
-
*TR9CT9RE :
lood Loose !irous Com"act one
*TR9CT9RE ,
*6eletel muscle *moot& muscle Cardiac muscle
*TR9CT9RE
*ensor$ neuron 1nterneuron ;otor neuron
2. Re%errin# to t&e dia#ram- e)plain a!out t&e %unction o% eac& tissue
Parenc&$ma tissue
= store su#ar and starc&
= #ives support and s&ape to &er!aceous plants
*clerenc&$ma tissue
= &ave cell +alls +&ic& are uni%orml$ t&ic6ened !$ li#nin and ma$ !e dead
= #ive support and mec&anical stren#t& to mature re#ions o% a plant
>ascular tissue
)$lem tissue
= transport +ater and dissolved minerals salts %rom t&e roots to t&e ot&er
parts o% t&e plant
= t&ic6ened +it& li#nin to provide support and mec&anical stren#t& to t&e
plant
1#
%loem tissue
= transport or#anic compounds suc& as ne+l$ s$nt&esised car!o&$drates
and amino acids in t&e lea% to ot&er parts o% t&e plant.
1$

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Biology Teaching and Learning Module

CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

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