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Optical Amplifier
Signal Reshaping and Amplification
In long distance communications, whether going through wire, fibre or wave, the signal carrying the
information experience: Power loss and Pulse broadening which requires amplification and signal
reshaping, In fiber optics communications, these can be done in two ways:
Opto-electronic conversion
ll optical
!epending on its nature, a signal can also be regenerated"
digital signal is made of #$s and %$s: it is possible to reconstruct the signal and amplify it at
the same time"
n analog signal however, cannot be reconstructed because nobody &nows what the original
signal loo&ed li&e"
Why the Need for Optical Amplification?
'emiconductor devices can convert an optical signal into an electrical signal, amplify it and
reconvert the signal bac& to an optical signal" (owever, this procedure has several
disadvantages:
)ostly
*equire a large number over long distances
+oise is introduced after each conversion in analog signals ,which cannot be
reconstructed-
*estriction on bandwidth, wavelengths and type of optical signals being used, due to
the electronics
.y amplifying signal in the optical domain many of these disadvantages would disappear/
Optical Amplification
mplification gain: 0p to a factor of #%,%%% ,12% d.-
In 3!4: 'everal signals within the amplifier5s gain ,6- bandwidth are amplified, but not to
the same extent
It generates its own noise source &nown as mplified 'pontaneous 7mission ,'7- noise"
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Optical Amplification - Spectral Characteristics
Optical Amplification - Noise Figure
*equired figure of merit to compare amplifier noise performance
!efined when the input signal is coherent
+8 is a positive number, nearly always 9 : ,I"e" ; d.-
6ood performance: when +8 < ; d.
+8 is one of a number of factors that determine the overall .7* of a networ&"
Optical Amplifiers ypes
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- , ratio noise to signal Output
- , ratio noise to signal Input
,+8- 8igure +oise
o
i
SNR
SNR
=
here are mainly t!o types"
'emiconductor =aser ,optical- mplifier ,'=- ,'O-
ctive-8ibre or !oped-8ibre
#rbium $oped Fibre Amplifier %#$FA&
8ibre *aman mplifier ,8*-
>hulium !oped 8ibre mplifier ,>!8-
S'A - (rinciple Operation
*emember diode lasers?
'uppose that the diode laser has no mirrors:
- 3e get the diode to a population inversion condition
- 3e in@ect photons at one end of the diode
.y stimulated emission, the incident signal will be amplified/
.y stimulated emission, one photon gives rise to another photon: the total is two
photons" 7ach of these two photons can give rise to another photon: the total is then
four photons" nd it goes on and on"""
(roblems"
Poor noise performance: they add a lot of noise to the signal/
4atching with the fibre is also a problem/
(owever, they are small and cheap/
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7!8 is an optical fiber doped with erbium"
7rbium is a rare-earth element which has some interesting properties for fibre optics
communications"
Photons at #2A% or BA% nm activate electrons into a met stable state
7lectrons falling bac& emit light at #CC% nm"
.y one of the most extraordinary coincidences, #CC% nm is a low-loss wavelength
region for silica optical fibers"
>his means that we could amplify a signal by using stimulated emission"
7!8 is a low noise light amplifier"
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D vailable since #BB%5s:
D 'elf-regulating amplifiers: output power remains more or less constant even if the input
power fluctuates significantly
D Output power: #%-:; d.m
D 6ain: ;% d.
D 0sed in terrestrial and submarine lin&s
D 4ost of the pump power appears at the stimulating wavelength
D Power distribution at the other wavelengths changes with a given input signal"
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Optical Amplifiers" )ulti-!a*elength Amplification
Optical Amplifier - )ain (arameters
6ain ,PoutEPin-
.andwidth
6ain 'aturation
PolariFation 'ensibility
+oise figure ,'+*iE'+*o-
6ain 8latness
>ypes
.ased on stimulated emission ,7!8, P!8, 'O-
.ased on non-linearities ,*aman, .rillouin-
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Optical Amplifier - Optical +ain %+&
G G S Output E S Input ,+o noise-
Input signal dependent:
Operating point ,saturation- of
7!8 strongly depends on
power and wavelength of
incoming signal
6ain H as the input power I
Pin +ain Pout
-:% d.m ;% d. 1#% d.m
-#% d.m :C d. 1#C d.m
+ote, Pin changes by a factor of ten then Pout changes only by a factor of three in this power range
Optical SNR
8or .7* J #%
-#;
the following O'+*s are required:
< #; d. for '>4-#K E O)-2A ,:"C 6bps-
< #A d. for '>4-K2 E O)-#B: ,#% 6bps-
Optical power at the receiver needs to bigger than receiver sensitivity
Optical mplifiers give rise to O'+* degradation ,due to the '7 generation and
amplification-
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+oise 8igure G O'+*inEO'+*out
>herefore for a given O'+* there is only a finite number of amplifiers ,that is to say a finite
number of spans-
>hus the need for multi-stage O design
System (erformance" OSNR 'imitation
C 'pans x :C d.
.7* J #%
-#;
)hannel )ount E 'pan =oss >rade-Off:
C spans x :: d.
=
# :
: =og #%
[ ]
%
=og #% =og #% = h N NF L P OSNR
out
D Offer C to S d. improvement in system performance
D 8irst application in 3!4
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