BHAI GURDAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (SANGRUR)
Jan-June (2014)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank the entire yerik international who has provided me this six months training. I am thankful to the HRD officer of training centre who organized my training schedule and also the DGMs and AGMs of various shop departments who have provided me the various knowledge about their respective shops. I also thanks to the workers of their respective departments, who were always ready to clarify our doubts and helped us to increase our knowledge by illustrating us to the finer points. I wish to express my deep gratitude to all the concerned persons, whose co- operation and co-ordination have given me the success to complete my training in organization. I hope that my report will reflect our technical knowledge and innovativeness
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PREFACE Industrial training is part and parcel of every technical course and gives a face or form to all the theoretical knowledge we gain in our classroom. We get to have a virtual experience of the processes, methods, objects and phenomenon which used to be just an imaginary picture in our minds. It also gives an exposure to the environment of the industries and workshops which are virtual components of our professional life. We too were provided with this opportunity this summer. We are thankful to our college administration that handed this invaluable chance to us and at the same time we pay our regards to the administration of HMT Pinjore (Machine Tools Division) that proved to be a great supporting force for the fulfillment of the purpose. The officials and the workers of the firm provided us with the best of their attention and share ample of knowledge of their concerned field with us.
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ABSTRACT
Industrial Training plays very much significant role in the course of engineering. It provides the student during the engineering course a boost to enhance his technical skills, abilities and creativity. Industrial training backens up the theoretical knowledge by practical knowledge gained during the course. As is widely said, ounce of practical is better than the tons of theory. In fact, both these two things are incomplete without each other. In this report, I have tried my level best to present the work undertaken by me during my training period in liquid, concise and precise manner. Engineering means optimum utilization of resources for the achievement of the desired objectives. Projects and some suggestions given by me in this report under the guidance of my Industrial Tutor, Mr. Dinesh Rana MR. is a step forward towards the definition of engineering.
4. Components Manufactured 26 4.1. Spring Pin 29 4.2. U-bolt 32 4.3. Over running clutch 36 4.4. Top link pipe 37 4.5. Eye bolt 38 4.6. Top link pin 39
1.1 COMPANY PROFILE The word, YERIK, is the synonym of Gods own creation. This is the feeling behind all the actions and activities undertaken at YERIK INTERNATIONAL.
YERIK, which is a venture into Steel Industry, has its roots in the companies which are the trend setters, the pioneers, the leaders, catering to your needs of Agriculture Machinery, Steel Forgings and other allied Engineering Products for the last 18 years. The cultures of industrial giants, Resource International & Excell Exports (in which Mr. M.K. Chopra was a partner) and Preet Forgings Pvt. Ltd., have seeped into the paraphernalia of YERIK by virtue of the substantial involvement of its proprietor, Mr. M.K. Chopra into the working and trendsetting activities of these companies, with him being the mind and soul of the group.
His experience of the world market and scrupulous and conscientious dealing with his customers since 1990 has finally materialized in the form of YERIK INTERNATIONAL.
Tanav Chopra who is elder son of Mr. M.K. Chopra, after completing his Masters in Business Administration (from university of WALES) has joined Yerik. He is assisting his father in sales & management. Tanav is also a diploma holder in Tools & Die making. The group goes global with YERIK, taking care of the Agriculture machinery, Engineering goods & Hand tool markets of US, Europe, Australia, South Africa, Middle East & Asia Pacific.
The overall working of the group is governed by Mr. Mohinder Chopra, with the help of the trust worthy and Mr. Yash Pal Trehan (Vice President-Technical) along with a
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vast team of over 800 dedicated Workers and Engineers (some have been trained in Italy), who give their 100% every second, to the company and its growth.
Beside business activities YERIK group is involved in sports activities. Mr. M.K. Chopra is President of Ludhiana Badminton Academy which is providing free coaching to children from the age group of 6-13 years. Academy is also providing scholarship to needy & poor kids.
1.2 PRODUCT RANGE
1. Forged Top links & Parts
. Fig. no. 1.2 (a)
2. Pto Adaptors
Fig. no. 1.2 (b)
3. Draw Bars & Stay Straps
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Fig. no. 1.2 (c)
4. Weldons
Fig. no. 1.2 (d) 5. Forged Top Links & Parts Fig.no- 1.2(e) 6. Stabilizers Fig. no.-1.2(f) 7. Pins
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Fig. no.-1.2(g)
8. Hitch balls
Fig. no. -1.2(h)
9. Tine bushes
Fig. no. 1.2 (i)
10. Weather caps
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Fig. no. 1.2 (j)
11. Levelling boxes
Fig. no. 1.2 (k) 12. Small parts
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Fig. no. 1.2 (l)
pin
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CHAPTER 2:
RAW MATERIAL PROCUREMENT
The raw material is in form of long cylindrical rods. The raw material is different types of nuts & bolts. The colour codification for different for different materials are as follows:
Material
Colour Code Mild Steel /C-30 No colour 6T/EN-8K White EN-8D Black CK-45 Brown SAE-1541 Yellow SAE-4140 Sky Blue SAE-8620 Pink EN-353 Green 41 Cr 4 Navy Blue H.D.S. 9% W White, Red H.C.H. Cr Yellow, Red O.H.N.S. Yellow, Navy Blue H.S.S. 16:4:1 (TCV) White, Yellow H.S.S. 6:5:2 White, Navy Blue EN-24 Yellow, Green EN-31 Sky-Blue, Navy Blue EN-36 Yellow, Black H.D.S. 5% Cr Sky Blue, Red EN-45 White, Green 42 Cr Mo2 Smoke Grey SAE 15B41 Orange
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2.1 RAW MATERIAL SUPPLY As per the quality policy of every industry the raw material for a manufacturing must be of excellent quality as per the requirement. These materials are passed through a metallurgy laboratory for inspection and testing as per requirements. There are various Indian industries for fulfilling the raw material requirement of the industry. Some of the majors industries which supply the raw material to are listed as follow:-
1. Garg Industries, Dhandari 2. O.K. Industries Pvt. Ltd.Dhandari 3. Prem Auto Ltd. 4. Surinder Engineering Works
When the raw material is once unloaded in the industry, then the yellow tag is given to it. Yellow tag is used to show that the material is going under inspection and testing in the metallurgy laboratory. After the inspection and testing if it is found that material has a quality and properties as per industrial requirements, then green tag is given to it and if it fails as per the requirements, then red tag is given to it.
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CHAPTER 3:
MANUFACTURING INFRA-STRUCTURE
BAR DRAWING FACILITY COLD FORGING FACILITY HOT FORGING FACILITY HEAT TREATMENT FACILITY Carburising Hardening Tempering Annealing INDUCTION HARDENING MACHINING FACILITY SURFACE TREATMENT Phosphating Auto black Zinc Electro-plating Painting TOOL ROOM FERROUS & NON FERROUS BUSH SHOP
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3 3. .1 1 M MANUFACTURING F FACILITIES
The strength and expertise in the development and manufacture of Components due to our In-house facilities has explored new horizons to provide a vast range of components. Almost all the operations are carried out under One-roof.:-
3.1 Bar Drawing Facility
Step Turning Acid Pickling Bar Drawing
Bar Straightening Power Press Band Saw
Fig: 3.1 Processes in Bar Drawing
In a rod or bar drawing, the product must remain straight. In the Bar Drawing Section the following steps are followed:-
There are the following machines in the bar drawing section:-
1. Step turning machines 3 2. Pickings tanks 8 3. Chain draw benches 5 4. Straightening machines 5 5. Cutting machine Shearing presses 7 Band saws 3 6. Facing & chamfering Single end chamfering 5 Both end chamfering 3
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3 3. .2 2 F FO OR RG GI IN NG G F FA AC CI IL LI IT TY Y
Fig. 3.2 Forging Process Facilities: Friction Screw & Power Press Centre Lathes Drilling SPMs. Dia Reduction Cold Heading Double Stroke & Single Stroke
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3 3. .3 3 H HE EA AT T T TR RE EA AT TM ME EN NT T (Carburizing, Hardening, Tampering, Annealing )
Oil Fired Salt Bath Furnace Oil Quenching Water Quenching Air Circulated Furnace Electric Muffle Furnace Electric Salt Bath Furnace Tempering Plant Air Circulated Electric Pre-Heating Annealing Induction Hardening
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3 3. .4 4 M MA AC CH HI IN NE E S SH HO OP P
(Forged Components)
Fig. 3.4 Machining Process Facilities:
Production Lathes Milling Threading, Thread Rolling Polishing Drilling Rotary Milling Tapping
Bar End Turning Thread Rolling U-Bolt Bending Bar Turning Production Lathes Copy Turning Bar Drawing Wire Drawing Bar Straightening Circular Metal Cutting Descaling & Re-Coiling Coil Opening
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3 3. .6 6 S SU UR RF FA AC CE E T TR RE EA AT TM ME EN NT T
Facilities: Grinding Tool & Cutter Grinder Milling Shaping Drilling Planner Slotting Pedestral Grinding Electric Drill Tap Resharpening Surface Plate
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CHAPTER 4:
COMPONENTS MANUFACTURED
For all the components produced, the procedure, before going to machine shop, is same; which is as follows:
Annealing: The raw material is first of all annealed to refine its grain structure.
Step turning: The first operation is step turning. The long round bar is loaded onto a platform & is fed to a lathe machine in which a fixture is there to support the tools. The tooling arrangement is such that four tools are set in circular arrangement. The rod is sent to the tools which rotate & reduce the diameter of the bar up to a certain length.
Acid pickling: This operation is done in order to remove any kind of surface defects on the surface of long round bars. The bars of different diameter are put in sulphuric acid (commercial grade). The quantity of sulphuric acid required for different rods of U-bolts is as follows:
Bar thickness Sulphuric acid (commercial Grade) 11-16 mm 10.0 ltr. 18-20 mm 12.0 ltr. 21-23 mm 15.0 ltr. 24-32 mm 17.5 ltr. 33-45 mm 20.0 ltr.
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The time period for different rods to be acid pickled is 6-8 hours depending on the diameter.
Cold bar drawing: Then the acid treated bar is sent to the bar- drawing machine. The reduced end of the bar is put in the die of required diameter. The end is gripped by a lock. Then the lock is pulled by a very large force which is applied by a big chain powered by a heavy motor. Thus the bar gets reduced in diameter but is elongated.
Bar cutting: The elongated bar is then cut by using a power- press. The required length is once set & an obstacle is fixed at that length. Each time the bar strikes that obstacle the press is actuated and the bar is cut. But this method is conventional one. The production is not so high in this case, because at a time only one piece can be cut & also the quality of cut is not good. So a much advanced method is used, which is automatic power hacksaw. 8-10 bars are loaded on the machine at a time & hacksaw is started. Due to automation the hacksaw each time cuts equal length & quality of cut is also good.
Bar straightening: The bar when elongated gets bent & has to be straightened before machining. So it is sent to the bar straightening machine. The bars are sent into the machine in whish two skew rollers are there. These rollers are set to rotate and bar is passed through them. These rollers straighten the bar.
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Fig. 4 Plant 1
List of the product manufactured in plant: SPRING PIN U-BOLT OVER RUNNING CLUTCH TOP LINK PIPE EYE BOLT TOP LINK PIN
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4 4. .1 1 S SP PR RI IN NG G P PI IN N
Fig. 4.1 Spring Pin This section deals in manufacturing of various types of pins. This section has total 31 machines.
The Various Operation performed in manufacturing Spring Pin are given as.
S. No. Process Description.
1. Step turning. 2. Pickling. 3. Bar Drawing. 4. Straightening. 5. Peel off. 6. a) Auto cutting, Tap hole, Counter sinking & chamfering. b) Raw grinding. 7. a) Manual cutting. b) Side facing. c) Raw grinding. d) Tap hole drilling. e) Counter sinking. f) Chamfering. 8. Stamping . 9. Grease hole drilling.
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10. Cotter slot . 11. Grease slot . 12. Cross hole drill. 13. De burring of cross hole. 14. Tapping . 15. Oil flow test . 16. Visual inspection. 17. Induction hardening. 18. Inspection hardener. 19. Outer dia grinding.
Important Points :- . 1. Material used:- C K 45. 2. Application :- it is used to hold the leaf spring with bracket, it is mainly used in heavy automobiles .
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4 4. .2 2 U U B BO OL LT T
Fig. 4.2 U-Bolts
This section deals with the manufacturing of u bolts. These section has a total of 29 machines.
The various operations performed in manufacturing U bolts are given below:-
Sr. No. Process Description.
1. Step turning. 2. Pickling. 3. Bar drawing. 4. Straightening. 5. Blank cutting. 6. End facing. 7. Roll dia turning. 8. Roll dia grinding. 9. Stamping. 10. Thread rolling. 11. Center forging. 12. U forming. 13. Heat treatment. a) Hardening . b) Tempering. 14. Surface treatment. a) Zinc plating . b) Phosphating. c) Painting .
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d) Hydrogen de embrittlement ( heated air circulated furnace). 15. Final inspection. 16. Nut assembly. 17. Packing.
Important Points :-
1. Material used :- M.S., C-45, EN 8K. 2. Daily production :- 2500pcs (local ), 1500pcs(export). 3. Application :- Clamping the leaf spring with axle.
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4 4. .3 3 O OV VE ER R R RU UN NN NI IN NG G C CL LU UT TC CH H
Fig. 4.3 Over Running Clutch
The various operations performed in manufacturing over running clutch are given below:- S.NO. PROCESS DESCRIPTION 1. Forging 2. Rough Machining 3. CNC Machining 1 st
4. Broaching 5. Machining on male part 6. Press Fitting 7. MIG Welding 8. CNC Machining 2 nd
The various operations performed in manufacturing TOP LINK PIPE are given below:- S.NO. PROCESS DESCRIPTION 1. Cutting 2. Reducing 3. Boring 4. Threading
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5. Drilling 6. Buffing 7. Plating
4 4. .5 5 E EY YE E B BO OL LT T
Fig. 4.5 Eye Bolt
The various operations performed in manufacturing EYE BOLT are given below:- S.NO. PROCESS DESCRIPTION 1. FORGING 2. CNC MACHINING- 1st 3 3. . C CN NC C M MA AC CH HI IN NI IN NG G 2 2N ND D 4 4. . T TH HR RE EA AD DI IN NG G 5 5. . B BR RI IG GH HT T Z ZI IN NC C P PL LA AT TI IN NG G
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4 4. .6 6 T TO OP P L LI IN NK K P PI IN N
Fig. 4.6 top Link Pin
The various operations performed in manufacturing Top link Pin are given below:-
S S. .N NO O. . P PR RO OC CE ES SS S D DE ES SC CR RI IP PT TI IO ON N 1. Cutting 2. Machining 3. Drilling 4. Grinding 5. Zinc Plating
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CHAPTER 5 H HO OT T F FO OR RG GI IN NG G S SH HO OP P
In this shop the hot forging is done on the specimen (Rod) by the forging press having pully mechanism to make the parts.
The detail of hot forging shop
1. Part Name : Clevises Material : Mild Steel Machine : Hot Forging Machine
2. IInd machine of hot forging power press to make forged lashing bracket for D- ring. Part Name : Forged Lashing Bracket for D-ring Material : Mild Steel Machine : Hot forging machine
3. IIIrd forging press machine is the make forged lashing rings. Part Name : Forged Lashing Rings Material : Mild Steel Machine : Hot Forging Power Press
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4. IV machine is to make fringes by hot forging press Part Name : Fringes Material : Mild Steel Machine : Hot forging press.
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CHAPTER 6
C CO OL LD D F FO OR RG GI IN NG G S SH HO OP P
Various machines in the card forging shop as below:- 1. Trimming machine 2. Cold heading machine 3. Trimming cum reducing machine 4. Cold heading machine (Single stage) 5. Power press 6. Power Press 7. SPM for facing 8. SPM for facing 9. Power press 10. Power Press 11. Power Press 12. Motor Stamping machine 13. Tool Grinding 14. Tool Grinder 15. Tool Grinder 16. Power Press 17. Centre lathe for coiling 18. Centre Lathe 19. Thread rolling machine 20. Vertical drilling machine
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21. Vertical drilling machine 22. Vertical drilling machine 23. Vertical drilling machine 24. SPM for facing 25. Thread rolling machine 26. SPM for roll dia turning 27. SPM for roll dia turning 28. SPM for Stud Facing 29. SPM for Stud Facing 30. Caustic Soda Drum 31. Saw Dust Drum 32. Fire Brick Cutter 33. Trimming machine 34. Header (Single stage)
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CHAPTER 7
H HE EA AT T T TR RE EA AT TM ME EN NT T
Heat treatment is an important operation in the manufacturing process of many machine parts and tools. Only by heat treatment is it possible to impart the high mechanical properties to steel required for the normal operation of modern machinery and tools.
Heat treatment of various items is done in this section. Heat treatment is defined as an operation of heating and cooling of metal in the solid state to induce certain desired properties of steel by changing the size and shape of the grain of which it is composed or by changing its micro-constituents. It is generally employed for the following purpose:-.
1. To improve machinability. 2. To change or refine grain size. 3. To relieve the stress of the metal induced during hot and cold working. 4. To increase resistance to wear, heat and corrosion. 5. To produce a hard surface on a ductile interior.
The heat treatment processes used here are:-
1. ANNEALING
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2. HARDENING 3. TEMPERING
7 7. .1 1 A AN NN NE EA AL LI IN NG G
Fig. 7.1 Annealing Furnace
Annealing is one of the most important widely- used operations in the heat treatment of the steel . The purpose of annealing is to obtain softness, improve machinability, increase or restore ductility and toughness relive internal stresses, refine grain size and to prepare steel for subsequent heat treatment. Slow cooling is required in annealing to enable the austenite to decompose at low degree of super cooling so as to form pearlite+ferrite structure in hypoeutectoid steel.
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7 7. .2 2 H HA AR RD DE EN NI IN NG G
Fig. 7.2 Induction Hardening
Hardening is heat treatment process in which steel is heated to a temperature above the critical point, held at this temperature and then quenched in water ,oil ,or molten salt baths. Hardened steel is in a stressed condition and is very brittle so that it cannot be employed for practical purpose after hardening steel must be tempered to reduce the brittleness relive the internal stress caused by hardening and to obtain predetermined mech. Properties. Hardening temperature& time depends upon chemical composition and resence of carbon contents. The more carbon and alloying admixtures in a steel and the more intricate and large the part being hardened the slower it should heated to avoid stresses due to temperature difference between the internal and external layer of metal , warping , and even cracking.
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7 7. .3 3 T TE EM MP PE ER RI IN NG G
Fig. 7.3 Muffle Furnace Tempering leads to the decomposition martensite into a ferrite-cementite mixture and strongly affects all properties of steel. At low tempering temperature the hardness changes only to a small extent and the true tensile strength and bending strength are increased. A further increase in tempering temperature reduce the hardness true tensile strength, propotional limit and yield point while the relative elongation and reduction of area are increased. The cooling rate after tempering has a great effect on the residual stresses. The slower an article is cooled, the less the residual stresses will be. The properties of steel after hardening followed by tempering are always higher than that of annealed steel.
The various heat treatment processes being given to various categories of jobs involve the following procedure.
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1. The given pieces of jobs are tied together with an ordinary piece of wire just for the purpose of holding the group of pieces so that they could be properly dipped in the tank.
2. Now the various are suspended in the preheated tank for the preheating purpose. Temperature involves is about 400 degree celcius. The pre heater consist of three electrode and a thermocouple for detecting the temperature of the bath. Panel consisting of regularity temp. Controls the whole process.
3. After preheating the pieces are now ready for any further heat treatment process. Now for hardening purpose the material are again suspended in hardening furnace whose temperature about 830 to 880 degree Celcius. The bath consists of salt neutral in character and melts to liquid form under heating. The soaking time consist of for 9mm.thick object are 15 min. then for quenching the materials are dipped in oil tank till the material gets cooled to room temp. The quenching media consist of various type depending upon the material composites and properties, for e.g. :- for mild steel they use water and for hot die steel they use air as a medium for cooling purpose.
4. Tempering is carried out in order to remove brittleness of the material .Tempering consist of heating it about 555 to 720 degree celcius, range differ for different material
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5. . The soaking time is about 20 min.
6. Then the piece is clean with the help of caustic soda and hydrochloric acid. They use caustic soda to remove grease, oil etc.
7. Next the surface finished process of phosphating \ auto black \ zinc plating is carried out.
8. The thickness of coating is about 10 microns. Special care has to be made for the U-bolt increases after heat treatment process .The gap has to be reduced manually by means of hammer.
PROCEDURES FOR HEAT TREATMAENT
1. TITLE:-Procedure for control of heat treatment process.
PURPOSE:-To ensure that the process is carried out under controlled conditions by qualified operators to ensure that specific requirements are met.
SCOPE:-This process covers all the items requiring heat treatment.
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RESPONSIBILITY:-Section in charge is responsible for implementation to this procedure. H.O.D works and plant in charge are overall responsible for implementation of this procedure.
2. TITLE:-Procedure for material storage and material handling at shop floor.
PURPOSE:-To ensure proper handling, damage free movement and proper storage of material during process.
SCOPE:-It covers all the activities related to the material handling and storage for all the material being processed at shop floor.
RESPONSIBILITY:-All section in charge and plant in charges are responsible for effective implementation of this procedure in respective areas H.O.D works is overall responsible. SR. NO. MATERIAL HARDENING / NORMALIZING TEMPERING 1. EN-8D/C-45 830-860 550-660 2. EN-15/SAE-1541 840-870 550-660
7.4 I IN ND DU UC CT TI IO ON N H HA AR RD DE EN NI IN NG G
Fig. 7.4 Induction Hardening
Surface hardening is a selective heat treatment in which the surface layer of a metal are hardened to a certain depth while a relatively soft core is maintained.
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TYPES OF INDUCTION HARDENING
A. Hardening with high frequency induction heating B. Harding with electrical contact resistance heating C. Hardening with electrolytic heating D. Oxyacetylene flame hardening.
The principle purpose of surface hardening is to increase the hardness and wear resistance of the surface of metal articles. At the same time, the reliability in operation of a machine component is increased, as well as its fatigue limit.
At YERIK INTERNATIONAL a high frequency current about 200 Hz is passed through a cooper inductor block, which acts as a primary coil of transformer, the block is placed around but does not touch the surface to be hardened. The heating effect is due to the induction eddy current and hysteresis loss in the surface material .The heated jobs are then quenched immediately by spray of water delivered through numerous of small holes in the block. A depth case of approximately 3mm. is obtained in about 5 sec.
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ADVANTAGES OF INDUCTION HARDENING
1. It enables the time requirement for heat treatment to be sharply reduced ,thereby increasing the labor productivity.
2. Article may be heated with practically no scaling so that the metal allowance for subsequent machining may be reduced.
3. Deformation due to heat treatment is considerably reduced.
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CHAPTER 8
N NO ON N F FE ER RR RO OU US S B BU US SH H S SH HO OP P
8. Reaming machine PROCESS FOR MAKING NON FEROUS BUSH SHOP
1. Make core from the core sand for the bush 2. Then place the core in the die 3. Pour the molten brass in the die 4. After cooling of the bush the runner and riser are break with the help of hammer. 5. The milling operation is done on the bush.
There are different-2 sizes of bush of different diameter and different length. These are machine and in the machining section. There are four cell- Cell No. 1, 2,314 for making bush of different sizes.
i) Spring Bush ii) Bell Crank Bush Big iii) Bush for King Pin.
The machining operation done on spring bush in Cell No.1
SPRING BUSH Operations 1. Internal Diameter turning rough 2. Internal Diameter tuning final 3. Outer diameters turning 4. 2 nd side facing 5. Oil grooving
Cell No.3 Bell Crank Bush Big 1. Internal Diameter turning rough 2. Internal Diameter reaming 3. Outer Diameter turning 4. Facing
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5. Grinding Cell No. 4 Bush for king Pin 1. Internal diameter turning rough 2. Internal diameter turning final 3. Outer diameter turning final 4. Side facing 5. Grinding 6. Oil grooving 7. Stamping
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CHAPTER 9
SURFACE TREATMENT
9 9. .1 1 Z ZI IN NC C P PL LA AT TI IN NG G S SH HO OP P
Fig.10.1 Electroplating Barrel
The products are transferred from machine shop to zinc plating shop for zinc plating. The procedure for zinc plating is as under 1. Caustic is done to removed the Grease on the products 2. Wash in the cold water tank 3. H.C.L. tank 4. Electrolysis Electrolysis i.e. Zinc-plating is done in tank in which there are two zinc plates and the one barrel which is reveled by the gear and the products are to which zinc planting is done are placed in it. After that they are take off from the tank and wash, them check with Gauge for the correct quality ( Salt in the tank like boric acid etc.) There are small 2 holes in the barrel for go salt solution in the barrel for zinc platting.
In this way the zinc plating is done.
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9 9. .2 2 P PH HO OS SP PH HA AT TI IN NG G S SH HO OP P
After the heat treatment is done, nut, bolt are phosphating or auto black. There are number of tanks in which dilute solution for auto black or for phosphating. We discuss below the process how the phosphating is done.
PROCEDURE OR STEPS FOR BLACK PHOSPHATING
1. Degreasing So that Grease on the product should be removed 2. Cold water 3. Cold water 4. Acid pickling (HCL acid) 5. Cold water 6. Cold water 7. Cold water 8. Blackening by black Fast (BF 100) 9. Cold water 10. Oil coat (OC 20) 11. Oil coat (OC 20)
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PROCEDURE OR STEPS FOR GREY PHOSPHATING
1. Degreasing So that Grease on the product should be removed 2. Cold water 3. Cold water 4. Acid pickling (HCL acid) 5. Cold water 6. Cold water 7. Cold water 8. Blackening by grey Fast (BF 99) 9. Cold water 10. Oil coat (OC 20) 11. Oil coat (OC 20)
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PROJECT -1 :-
Aim of the Project To reduce set up time in formation of stud using cold forging and hence improve the production. Research methodology 1. To study the whole cycle of stud formation using cold forging 2. Analyse the whole process 3. Suggest ways to improve the whole cycle and increase the efficiency of machine.
INTRODUCTION Cold forging Cold forging deforms metal while it is below its recrystallization point. Cold forging is generally preferred when the metal is already a soft metal, like aluminum. This process is usually less expensive than hot forging and the end product requires little, if any, finishing work. Sometimes, when aluminum is cold forged into a desired shape, it is heat treated to strengthen the piece. This is called "tempering.
The Cold Forging Process Despite the word "cold," cold forging actually occurs at or near room temperature. The most common metals in cold forging applications are usually standard or carbon alloy steels. One of the most common types of cold forging is a process called impression-die forging, where the metal is placed into a die that is attached to an anvil. The metal is then hit by a descending hammer and forced into the die.
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Depending on the product, the hammer may actually be dropped on the metal numerous times in a very rapid sequence. Cold Forging Considerations We choose cold forging over hot forging for a number of reasonssince cold forged parts require very little or no finishing work, that step of the fabrication process is often dispensable, which saves money. Cold forging is also less susceptible to contamination problems, and the final component features a better overall surface finish. Other benefits of cold forging include: Easier to impart directional properties Improved interchangeability Improved reproducibility Increased dimensional control Handles high stress and high die loads Produces net shape or near-net shape parts
Some possible disadvantages include: Easier to impart directional properties Improved interchangeability Improved reproducibility Increased dimensional control Handles high stress and high die loads Produces net shape or near-net shape parts
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The metal surfaces must beclean and free of scale before forging occurs The metal is less ductile Residual stress may occur Heavier and more powerful equipment is needed Stronger tooling is required
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT SET UP TIME Setup Time is defined as the time to change from the last item of the previous order to the first good item of the next order. It is also known as changeover time. IN GENERAL TERMS it is The time between the last good part off the current run and the first good part off the next run. IT INCLUDES 1 Preparation. 30% 2 Removing and mounting. 5% 3 Measurements, calibration and settings. 15% 4 Trail runs and adjustments. 50% The present set up includes formation of stud using cold forging on single header machine .This machine works on a simple principle in which the rotational force of a motor is transformed into a translational force vector. Therefore the energy in a
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mechanical press comes from the motor. Mechanical presses are generally faster than hydraulic or screw presses. Unlike some presses, in a mechanical press, the application of force varies in both speed and magnitude throughout the distance of the stroke. When performing a manufacturing operation using a mechanical press, the correct range of the stroke is essential.These types of presses are commonly used in forging manufacture, and sheet metal working. A mechanical press is often a good choice for impact extrusion, since a fast, quickly repeatable application of force over a limited distance is what is needed for that type of manufacturing operation. The eccentric press uses a motor to drive an eccentric shaft, rotating in a connecting rod. The connecting rod moves a ram in a slider joint one dimensionally. The eccentric shaft itself is round, therefore it may completely rotate within the connecting rod. The center of the drive is not the center of the overall shaft. As the motor rotates, the center of the drive remains stable but the overall center of the shaft changes. This causes the shaft to change position, providing motion.
The rotation of shaft causes the header to move forward which has a die fixed in its mouth .
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Raw material is loaded onto a platform and it is automatically feeded into the slot where die is fixed in the base of machine. The system is controlled by a cam mechanism which drives its 114 power from the shaft itself with the help of bevel gears. When the ingot is placed into the mouth the header strikes and the metal piece is forged with the help of the die. In the slot side a ejector pin is provided which ejects the work piece once it is forged. This ejector is operated with the help of cam which derives its
power from main shaft. The system is such that in 2 strokes of header only 1 single piece is formed. This is done so because sometimes the work piece gets stuck in the header so that can deform the whole work piece and can harm the machine itself. The cam system is also adjusted according to that.
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With the current set up around 17 pieces are manufactured per minute. The main problem arising with this set up is that the production rate is too low. So to increase the production rate following remedies are provided. 116 REMEDIES PROPOSAL 1 First solution to this problem is to provide an ejector pin on the inner side of the header that can strike the work piece that gets struck into the header if any. This ejector pin will work wiyh the help of a cam operated system driving power from the machine itself . This proposal if implemented precautiously after taking due
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limitations into consideration can increase the production to about 35 work pieces in a minute. PROPOSAL 2 "SMED" (Single Minute Exchange of Dies) Setup includes preparation, replacement, location and adjustment activities.It is easy to experience a reduction of set-up time from hours to minutes by following a simple process called "SMED" which means "Single Minute Exchange of Dies." This process was developed in Japan by Shigeo Shingo during the 1950's. Firstly we should determine which activities are internal and external. External elements of work can be completed while the machine is still running e.g. get the next tool, get all your clamps, get lifting equipment in place, put equipment away, etc. Internal elements of work can only be done while the machine is stopped e.g. change the tool, adjust the machine depth, sharpen a tool (which requires the machine to be stopped), etc. Incredible reductions is total setup time have been realized simply by making internal activities external activities. The following four-step approach may be used to reduce setup time: EXAMPLE FIGURE 1. Classify each setup step as either Internal or External. Internal steps are those done while the process is inactive. External steps are done while the process is operating. 2. Convert Internal steps to External steps. We want to reduce the time the process is non-operational, so we need to reduce the time associated with the Internal steps. The quickest way to do this is to do as many of these steps as we can while the process is operational. For example, if we can collect the money from the customer as their burgers are being cooked, then the total cycle time is reduced.
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3. Reduce time for remaining Internal steps. There are some Internal steps that cannot be donewhile the process is operational. We now want to concentrate on reducing the time required to complete those steps that require the process to be delayed. For example, since the burgers cannot be cooked until we know what the customer wants to order, we will try to reduce the time it takes to place the customer order. 4. Eliminate adjustments. Adjustments, as discussed in the Analyze stage, can be reduced through effective process control. Designed Experiments may be used to understand the causes of process variation that precede the adjustment. As you can see from the diagram once you can define an internal or external element, you can separate them. This will allow us to complete all external elements for the next set-up while the machine is still running the current parts. When the current run is finished, everything required for changeover to the next part is available and ready. CONCLUSION :- This proposal if implemented precautiously after taking due limitations into consideration can increase the production to about 35 work pieces in a minute.