Redzuan Long Report

Lab Session 6: FM Modulation and Demodulation
Chiow Chun Wei (B020810003) 3BENT Page 1

TITLE:

FM modulation and Demodulation

OBJECTIVES:

1) Analyzing the characteristic of signal based on frequency modulation (FM) techniques.
2) Work effectively in groups to perform experiments.
3) Present experimental findings in the form of standard engineering reports.

EQUIPEMENT:

1) FM Modulator KL-93004 board KING INSTRUMENT ELECTORNIC, serial number
020240 (10/15)
2) FM Modulator KL-92001 board KING INSTRUMENT ELECTORNIC, serial number
020292 (2/15)
3) Oscilloscope GOS 635G- GOOD WILL INSTRUMENT, serial number B680067
4) Probe x 1
5) Jumper x 2
6) Connector x 2

THEORY:

FM modulation is defined as a process of varying the carrier signal's frequency by means
of original signal. The amplitude and phase in the carrier signal are constant. The information of
message signal changes the immediate frequency of the carrier signal. FM modulations produce
low-noise and give a high quality which is used for broadcasts. Frequency Modulation is called
as FM. While for FM demodulation is defined as the reverse process of a FM modulation which
this process helps to get back the original signal.
Generation of FM:
Let us see about what are the steps in FM,


To get an output signal, the carrier signal's frequency is changing by means of the message
signal.
While an audio signal is getting modulated next to the radio frequency carrier, the new radio
frequency signal produced.
The measure by which the signal moves up and down is essential.

Type of generation of FM modulation:
Modulation
FM signals may be produced using two ways of frequency modulation.
Direct FM modulation:
This process can be achieved by directly insert the original signal into an input of a VCO. So
we called as direct FM modulation.
Indirect FM modulation:
1. This process is used to integrating the original signal to make a modulated signal. The
modulated signal is getting through the instrument of frequency multiplier. The modulated
signal cannot directly produce. So, we called as indirect as FM modulation.
Demodulation:
A general method is used for recovering an original signal by using discriminator.
The detector is used to changing the FM signal into AM signal by using frequency-selective
circuit.


AM receivers is used to find the transmissions of frequency modulating signal, even-though
this method should not offer an well-organized process of demodulation.

Advantages of Frequency Modulation:
Let us see about what are advantages are in FM,
1) Flexibility to noise.
2) This modulation is very used at transmitter side acting as a low power stage.
3) It is possible to use capable RF amplifiers with modulated signals.
FM Demodulation
There are several ways to demodulate an FM signal such as differentiator followed by an AM
detector do demodulate and FM signal as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Frequency discriminator
In order to implement the above the frequency discriminator, we need to design a differentiator.
One way to implement a differentiator is using an optimal equiripple linear-phase FIR filter. This
filter is optimal because the weighted approximation error between the desired frequency
response and the actual frequency response is spread evenly across the passband and evenly
across the stop band. This results in minimizing the maximum error. Remez algorithm may be
used to generate this filter.

The mathematical expression of FM signal is as following:

() ()
[
()]


If ()
),
() [
)]

)

Where
()

In simple, FM signal may be expressed in the form of

()

)

Therefore, it can be clearly analyze that the frequency deviation, f from the center
frequency occurs when the intelligence amplitude is changed.
Modulation index is the ratio of maximum frequency difference between the modulated
and unmodulated carrier, or between the deviation frequency and the modulation frequency. The
number of significant sidebands and the modulating frequency are the parameters that
determined the bandwidth of the FM wave. Besides, modulation index can be used to obtain the
numbers of significant sidebands.



Table1: Modulation index
and its respective significant sidebands
In this lab session, there is several circuits that we used, the steps to set up and the function are
explain as below.
Circuit 1:-

FM Modulator:

In Figure-1, we are only using the VCO section of the IC (LM565) as the modulator in which the
frequency of the VCO is governed by the following equation


Where Rt: the resistance connected to pin 8
Ct: the capacitor connected to pin 9
Vc: voltage on pin 7
-C3 is to remove the DC from the i/p signal
-R6 &C4 are used to mainly block the effect of the circuit on the i/p signal
-The i/p signal is added to the voltage on pin 7 to form an AC signal with a DC voltage
controlled by R3 such that the voltage on pin 7 will control the operation of the VCO as when Vc
increases the frequency decreases and vice versa which indicate that we frequency modulated the
i/p signal

FM Demodulator:

-By C104, R107 & R106 we control the free running frequency of the PLL in which R106 is
used to adjust the free running frequency to be exactly like that of the FM modulator.
-C104 & R105 are used to isolate the 2 inputs of the phase detector as we the signal must enters
one input at a time

-R102 & R103 are used to make a voltage divider as we only have one voltage source.


-C102 is used to bypass the RF i/p to the biasing point.

-The control voltage of the VCO which was used in the PLL to track the i/p is the o/p of the
Demodulator as it consists of AC and DC, where the AC signal is the detected signal & the DC
corresponds to the average frequency on the FM input, it also consists of some traces of the
carrier used which is removed by the low pass filter (R109, R110 & C108).

-C106, C107 & R108 are used as a loop filter that controls the Capture range of the PLL.
Audio Amplifier:

This simple amplifier shows the LM386 in a high-gain configuration (A = 200). For a maximum
gain of only 20, we used a 10 uF capacitor to connect pin 1 to pin 8. Maximum gains between 20
and 200 may be realized by adding a selected resistor in series with the same 10 uF capacitor.
The 10k potentiometer will give the amplifier a variable gain from zero up to the maximum.



Circuit 2:-

FM Modulator & Demodulator

The input signal go through the Vin node, by passing the signal through the 10uF
capacitor ,we can block the DC voltage so that we can add the desired DC voltage which is 5
volts using the voltage divider by two resistor each is 10Kohm with the 10 volts supply. We use
the VCO in this CD4046 IC as a frequency modulator, for each frequency the VCO give as a
certain corresponding voltage, these voltages can be sent to the Second PLL (frequency
demodulator). For the demodulator, the CD4046 IC works with the low-pass filter (the 10k
resistance and the 1000pF capacitor after the second IC) to perform a closed loop PLL so that it
can works as a FM demodulator. The op-amp is a unity-gain voltage follower and the final RC
low-pass filter (the 5k resistance and the 100pF capacitor) filters the carrier frequency. A
filtering capacitor (0.1 uF ceramic disc) should be connected between +10V and ground of each
IC.



Procedures:
Experiment 1: LM 566 Frequency Modulator
1) The centre frequency of the modulator is set to 50 kHz.
2) A 500mVp-p, 1 kHz sine wave is connected to the modulator. The input and the output
waveforms are observed and the results are recorded.
3) For audio frequencies of 5 kHz and 10 kHz are repeated respectively.

Experiment 2: PLL Frequency Demodulator
1) LM 565 PLL circuit is completed by inserting the connect plug in J3 and VR1 is turn to get
the free-running frequency f
0
of 50 kHz at VCO output.
2) The modulator output is connected to the PLL circuit input, and connect plug is inserted in J1.
3) While adjusting VR1 until sine wave occurs, the output waveforms are observed and the
results are recorded when the sine wave signals as in Experiment 6.1 are being applied to the
input of the modulator.
RESULTS:
Experiment 1: LM 566 Frequency Modulator

Input Frequency Input waveform Output waveform

1 kHz
V
i
=500mV
p-p
, f
i
=1 kHz

Frequency = 55.56 kHz
Voltage = 4Vp-p

5 kHz
V
i
=500mV
p-p
, f
i
=5 kHz

Voltage = 4Vp-p



10 kHz
V
i
=500mV
p-p
, f
i
=10 kHz

Voltage = 3.7 Vp-p

Table 1: V
m
= 500mV
pp
, f
o
= 50 kHz



Experiment 6.2 PLL Frequency Demodulator
Audio Frequency Output waveform Input waveform

1 kHz
V
i
= 500mV
p-p
, f
i
= 1kHz

V
i
=0.34 V
p-p
, f
i
=1 kHz

5 kHz
V
i
=500mV
p-p
, f
i
=5 kHz

V
i
=120mV
p-p
, f
i
=5 kHz

10 kHz
V
i
=500mV
p-p
, f
i
=10 kHz

V
i
=40mV
p-p
, f
i
=10 kHz

Table 2: V
m
= 500mV
pp
, f
o
= 50 kHz


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1) Reviewing the circuit of Figure 6.1, what is the function of R1 and R2 when the SW1 is
closed?

R1 and R2 will construct a voltage divider providing a DC level to the audio input at pin 5.

2) State the function of capacitor C
3
in the circuit of Figure 6.3. If replacing C
3
(0.1F) by a
0.01F capacitor, what is the change of the output signal (pin7) of LM565?

By replacing C
3
by 0.01F capacitor, the output frequency will be higher.

3) If a low pass filter is externally connected to output of LM 565 frequency demodulator, does
the demodulated signal become smoother?

Yes. This is because the low pass filter is functioned to block high frequency signal and allow
low frequency signal to pass through it.

DISCUSSION:
1) The bridge connector should be used at the correct junction to ensure the circuit behaves in
the correct manner we wish for.
2) All the connection must be double checked and grounded to ensure the experiment is
running smoothly and correctly.
3) During the configuration of centre frequency of the modulator LM 566 make sure that
there is no input appointed.
4) Oscilloscope is calibrated before the execution of the experiment.
5) The hold off knob on oscilloscope is adjusted to get a sine wave. It is used to stop the
waveform that is constantly on the move.
6) VR1 is adjusted to get the desired frequency from the modulator.
7) However, the square waveform is transformed to sine-wave via band pass filter adapted in
the experiment.


8) The output only can be determined approximately due to the distortion and extension of each
line of the waveform.
9) The setting on the oscilloscope, trainer of modulator and demodulator is ensure to be same as
shown in the lab sheet to get the predicted output, in other words, to have an accurate result.
10) There is some distortion and inaccurate result as predicted as we observe from the
oscilloscope due to the losses and amplification effect on the trainer.
11) Those distortions have to been repair by varying the VR1 until the minimum distortion
can be observed at the oscilloscope so that the output obtain is the most accurate.

CONCLUSION:
Frequency modulation and phase modulation if often refer as angle modulation or
FM. Angle modulation has some advantages over amplitude modulation such as noise
reduction, improved system fidelity and more efficiency use of power. But, it does have
some disadvantages such as requiring a wider bandwidth and utilizing more complex circuits
in both of the transmitter and receiver. It was always suggested that an angle-modulated
wave was less susceptible to noise than AM and thus, could improve the performance of
radio communications.

Through this lab session, FM is varying the frequency of a constant amplitude carrier
directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the
frequency of the modulating signal.

As a conclusion, after completed this lab session, we are able to analyze almost the
entire characteristic of signal based on frequency modulation (FM) techniques and so are the
operations of the FM modulation. FM is a process in which the carrier frequency is varied by
the amplitude of the modulating signal. Besides, this lab session helps in implementing a
frequency modulator. In a nutshell, all the objectives are achieved and the lab session is
successfully done.



REFERENCES:

Internet resources:
1) Modulation Index, http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14184/css/14184_143.htm
2) Intuitive Guide to Principle of Communication,
http://www.complextoreal.com/chapters/fm.pdf
3) Frequency Modulation, www.scribd.com/doc/19474025/04-Frequency-Modulation
Literatures:
1) Lecturer Notes, Chapter 4, Angle Modulation Transmission and Reception
2) Lab sheet, Lab 5 FM Modulation

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Lab Session 6: FM Modulation and Demodulation

Chiow Chun Wei (B020810003) 3BENT Page 1

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