10/1/2013

1
Crack Control of Fibre
Reinforced Concrete
Presenter Biography
Dr. Izni Syahrizal bin Ibrahim
Working in UTM since 1998
Has been actively involved in the
research of fibre reinforced
concrete since 2008
Published more than 30 technical
papers in International journals
and conference proceedings
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What is Fibre Reinforced
Concrete?
Fibre Reinforced Concrete is concrete containing fibrous
material which increases its structural integrity.

Contains short discrete fibres that are uniformly
distributed and randomly oriented.

The concept of using randomly distributed fibres to
reinforced concrete was pioneered in the USA.

Types of fibre: carbon fibre, steel fibre, glass fibre,
synthetic fibre and natural fibre.
Types
of Fibre
Carbon Fibre
Steel Fibre
Natural Fibre Glass Fibre
Synthetic
Fibre
What is Fibre Reinforced
Concrete?
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Types of Steel Fibre
FLAT END
CRIMPED
STRAIGHT
HOOKED
END
WAVY
TYPES OF
STEEL FIBRE
The suitability of
steel fibres
depends on the
required
application
Application
1
Precast slab ready
to be assemble
2
Precast slab
installation
The main idea in
this research is the
use of steel fibre to
replace BRC in the
in-situ concrete
floor slab
3
BRC fixing
4
Concrete topping
covered BRC
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Application
Utilization of steel fibres have
somehow been accepted in the
construction industry, but it is
limited for light duty applications
Pavement
Car Park
Plastering
Shotcrete
Precast element
Why Steel Fibre?
With various types of steel
fibres generated that differ in
terms of size, shape and
texture, this widens the scope
of steel fibres itself, as fibres
with different capabilities were
found.
In most of the research, it is
agreed that, an addition of
randomly distributed steel
fibres improve concrete
characteristics in:

1. Delaying
concrete
micro-cracks
propagation
2. Restraining
macro-cracks
development
3. Enhancing
concrete
ductility after
formation of
micro-cracks
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Why Steel Fibre?
Unreinforced Fibre reinforced
SFRC becomes common alternative in industrial flooring to
prevent opening of micro cracks.
In concrete structures, crack growth due to loading and
shrinkage occurs at fresh state.
Short steel fibre will function as a bridge by transferring
tensile forces across the crack, hence, lower the stress
concentration at the crack-end.
Why Steel Fibre?
Advantages in Replacing BRC with Steel Fibre
Reduce
crack
propagation
as soon as
microcracks
appears
Reduce
higher
dependency
on foreign
workers
Increase the
bearing
capacity of
the slab
No problem
with
concrete
cover
Reduce slab
thickness
Lapping in
BRC
Replace
BRC with
SF
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Why Steel Fibre?
Shape
Surface
texture
Aspect
ratio
Tensile
Capacity
Grade of
mechanical
anchorage
Concrete
strength
Water-
cement
ratio
Factors influencing the
mechanical properties of SFRC
Related Works
Author(s)
Type of
Steel Fibre
A
s
p
e
c
t

R
a
t
i
o
,

L
/
D

V
o
l
u
m
e

F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
,

v
f
Specimen Size (mm)
General Regression Models for
prediction of f
ct
and f
t

Splitting
Tensile Test
Flexural
Test
A. R. Khaloo
et. al.
Hooked-End 58 0.5-1.5 150 300 cyl.
150 150
500
B. W. Xu et.
al.
Straight
Crimped
Hooked-End
55-80 0.5-2.0 150 300 cyl.
150 150
500
I. S. Ibrahim
et. al.
Hooked-End 80
0.5-
1.25
150 300 cyl.
100 100
500
J. Gao et. al. Rectangular
46
58
70
0.6-2.0
100 100
100 cube
100 100
400
J. Thomas
et. al.
Hooked-End 55 0.5-1.5 150 300 cyl.
100 100
500
M. Ramli et.
al.
Hooked-End 54
0.25-
2.0
100 200 cyl.
100 100
500
P.S. Song et.
al.
Hooked-End 64 0.5-2.0 150 300 cyl.
100 100
530
S. Yazici et.
al.
Hooked-End
45
65
80
0.5-1.5
150 150
150 cube
100 100
600

2
1
f f cu
BV AV f f
B
cu
f A f ) (
B
cu
f A f ) (
D L BV V Af f
f f plain
/ 1
CRI RI f B f A f
cu cu

2
f f
CV BV A f
2
f f cu
BV AV f f
f
CV D L B A f ) / (
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Standard Reference
ACI 544.1R-96
ACI 544.3R-08
ACI 544.4R-08
ASTM C1116/C1116M
JCI-SF
RILEM TC 162-TDF
SFRC
BS EN12350-2: 2009 Slump
BS EN12390-2: 2009 Curing
BS EN12390-3: 2009 f
cu
BS EN12390-5: 2009 f
t
BS EN12390-6: 2009 f
ct
Mechanical
properties
Scope of Work
1. Hooked-end type steel fibre was used. The types of steel fibres
were HE0.75/60 (SF60), HE0.75/50 (SF50), and HE0.55/33 (SF33).
2. The concrete strength fixed at C40.
3. The size of specimens for the material properties investigations
were:
Cube of 150 mm 150 mm 150 mm
Cylinder of 150 mm diameter 300 mm height
Prism of 150 mm 150 mm 750 mm length
4. Floor slab:
350 mm width 500 mm length 75 mm height
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Scope of Work
Research Methodology
Data sources were collected by carrying out experimental work at
the Structure & Material Laboratory, Facuty of Civil Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor
Steel Fibre Supplier
SF60 Oriental Housetop Sdn. Bhd.
SF50 Manufacturer X Sdn. Bhd.
SF33 Manufacturer X Sdn. Bhd.
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Research Methodology
Properties SF60 SF50 SF33
Appearance
Length, L (mm) 60 50 33
Diameter, D
(mm)
0.75 0.75 0.55
Aspect ratio,
L/D
80 67 60
Density (kg/m
3
) 7860 7860 7860
Tensile strength
(MPa)
1100 1200 1250
Research Findings
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
SF60
SF50
SF33
S
l
u
m
p

(
m
m
)

Volume Fraction, v
f
(%)
Max slump
Min slump
Workability test: Slump at fresh state
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Research Findings
Compression test: Design strength of 40 N/mm
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
SF60
SF50
SF33
C
u
b
e

C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
,

f
c
u

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Volume Fraction, v
f
(%)
Design strength
Research Findings
Compression test: Design strength of 40 N/mm
2
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Research Findings
Splitting tensile test

0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
SF60
SF50
SF33
Volume Fraction, v
f
(%)
S
p
l
i
t
t
i
n
g

T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
,

f
c
t

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Research Findings
Splitting tensile test

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Research Findings
Flexural test

0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
SF60
SF50
SF33
Volume Fraction, v
f
(%)
F
l
e
x
u
r
a
l

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
,

f
t

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Research Findings
Flexural test

0
20
40
60
80
0 1 2 3 4
Deflection,mm
Control mix
L
o
a
d
,
k
N

0
20
40
60
80
0 1 2 3 4
Deflection,mm
HE0.75/60_0.50%
L
o
a
d
,
k
N

0
20
40
60
80
0 1 2 3 4
Deflection,mm
HE0/75/60_1.00%
L
o
a
d
,
k
N

0
20
40
60
80
0 1 2 3 4
Deflection,mm
HE0.75/60_1.50%
L
o
a
d
,
k
N

0
20
40
60
80
0 1 2 3 4
Deflection,mm
L
o
a
d
,
k
N

HE0.75/60_2.00%
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Research Findings
Flexural test

SFRC Performance
Performance of SFRC can be estimated using the law of mixtures
Contributed by three components:

(i) Concrete matrix, f
c
V
c

(ii) Steel fibres, f
f
V
f

(iii) Interaction between concrete-steel fibres, f
c
f
f

where: f
c
is the concrete stress, f
f
is the fibre stress, V
c
is the
concrete volume fraction and V
f
is the fibre volume fraction


10/1/2013
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SFRC Performance
) / ( 001 . 0 019 . 0 127 . 2
2
D L V f V f f
f cu f cu ct

) / ( 001 . 0 016 . 0 278 . 2
2
D L V f V f f
f cu f cu t

) / (
2
D L V Cf V Bf A f
f cu f cu SFRC

In general term:
Bending and Shear Test
First crack At failure
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Bending and Shear Test
0
40
80
120
160
200
0 2 4 6 8
A
p
p
l
i
e
d

L
o
a
d

(
k
N
)

Mid-span Deflection (mm)
0-S1 0.25-S1 0.50-S2 0.75-S2 1.0-S1
P
cal
= 174 kN
Bending and Shear Test
Failure Mode 1
Failure Mode 2
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Thank You

Email: iznisyahrizal@utm.my