600 Study Guide

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Course600StudyGuide
Copyright20002013GeigleSafetyGroup,Inc.Page1of42
Introductionto
OccupationalSafety
andHealth

OSHAcademy

Course600StudyGuide
OSHAcademyCourse600StudyGuide
IntroductiontoOccupationalSafetyandHealth
Copyright2012GeigleSafetyGroup,Inc.Noportionofthistextmaybereprintedforotherthan
personaluse.Anycommercialuseofthisdocumentisstrictlyforbidden.
ContactOSHAcademytoarrangeforuseasatrainingdocument.
Thisstudyguideisdesignedtobereviewedofflineasatoolforpreparationtosuccessfullycomplete
OSHAcademyCourse600.
Readeachmodule,answerthequizquestions,andsubmitthequizquestionsonlinethroughthecourse
webpage.Youcanprintthepostquizresponsescreenwhichwillcontainthecorrectanswerstothe
questions.
Thefinalexamwillconsistofquestionsdevelopedfromthecoursecontentandmodulequizzes.
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Course600StudyGuide
Contents
Module1:IntrotoOSHA:...............................................................................................................5
Top10mostfrequentlycitedOSHAstandardsviolatedin2011:..............................................6
PrivateSectorWorkers...............................................................................................................6
EmployeeRights:........................................................................................................................8
Module1Quiz...........................................................................................................................10
Module2:HazardAwareness:......................................................................................................11
Whatarethehazards?..............................................................................................................11
Whatisahazard?..................................................................................................................12
"Recognized"Hazards...........................................................................................................13
"Foreseeable"hazards..........................................................................................................13
FallProtection:..........................................................................................................................14
Howtoevaluatefallhazards................................................................................................15
Whatissupportedaccess?...................................................................................................16
Portableladders....................................................................................................................16
Commontypesofportableladders......................................................................................17
BasicErgonomics:.....................................................................................................................18
WhatareMusculoskeletalDisorders?..................................................................................19
Interestingergonomicsstatistics..........................................................................................20
ElectricalSafety.........................................................................................................................21
Overheadpowerlinehazards...............................................................................................22
Impropergroundinghazards................................................................................................23
Wetconditionshazards........................................................................................................23
Module2Quiz...........................................................................................................................24
Module3:HazardControls:..........................................................................................................27
Whatare"feasible"controls?...................................................................................................27
EliminationandSubstitution....................................................................................................28
EngineeringControls.................................................................................................................28
EnclosureofHazards.............................................................................................................29
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BarriersorLocalVentilation.................................................................................................29
AdministrativeControls............................................................................................................30
Safeworkpractices...............................................................................................................30
InterimMeasures..................................................................................................................30
PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE).......................................................................................30
Finalthoughts...........................................................................................................................31
Module3Quiz...........................................................................................................................32
Module4:PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE):........................................................................33
Whatisrequired?.....................................................................................................................33
Whatisproperuse?..................................................................................................................33
Whatsubjectsmustbetrained?...............................................................................................33
Educatethe"why"aswellastrainthe"how"!........................................................................34
Demonstrationisthekey..........................................................................................................34
Whataboutonlinetraining?.....................................................................................................35
Whenisretrainingrequired?....................................................................................................35
Whoshouldconductthetraining?...........................................................................................35
Module4Quiz...........................................................................................................................37
Whatisanexitroute?...............................................................................................................38
Howmanyexitroutesmustaworkplacehave?.......................................................................38
EmergencyActionPlanRequirements.....................................................................................39
FirePreventionPlan..................................................................................................................40
Module5Quiz...........................................................................................................................40

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Module 1: Intro to OSHA:

In1970,theUnitedStatesCongressandPresidentRichardNixoncreatedtheOccupational
SafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA),anationalpublichealthagencydedicatedtothebasic
propositionthatnoworkershouldhavetochoosebetweentheirlifeandtheirjob.
Passedwithbipartisansupport,thecreationof
OSHAwasahistoricmomentofcooperativenational
reform.TheOSHAlawmakesitcleartherighttoa
safeworkplaceisabasichumanright.SinceOSHAs
firstdayonthejob,theagencyhasdelivered
remarkableprogressforournation.Workplace
injuries,illnessesanddeathshavefallendramatically.Togetherwithstatepartners,OSHAhas
tackleddeadlysafetyhazardsandhealthrisks.Theorganizationhasestablishedcommonsense
standardsandenforcedthelawagainstthosewhoputworkersatrisk.Thestandards,
enforcementactions,complianceassistanceandcooperativeprogramshavesavedthousands
oflivesandpreventedcountlessinjuriesandillnesses.
AlthoughOSHAhasmademajorstridesinreducingworkerdeaths,thechartbelowclearly
indicatestheneedforcontinuedeffortstofurtherreduceworkerdeaths.
WORKERSKILLED
YEAR TOTAL Avg./week Avg./day
2010 4,690 90 13
2009 4,551 88 12
Source:http://www.osha.gov/oshstats/commonstats.html,October11,2012
Theleadingcausesofworkerdeathsonconstructionsitesin2011werefalls,followedby
electrocution,struckbyobjectandcaughtin/between.TheseFatalFourwereresponsiblefor
nearlythreeoutoffiveconstructionworkerdeaths.EliminatingtheFatalFourwouldsave
410workerslivesinAmericaeveryyear.
OSHAisnotjustconcernedwithworkrelateddeaths;insteadOSHAoverseesallaspectsof
workerhealthandsafety.Thisincludesworkrelatedaccidentsandillnesses.Forexample,OSHA
hasestablishedrulestohelppreventworkersfrombeingexposedtoenvironmentswhichcould
causephysicalinjuryorillness.
Takealookatthefollowinglisttogetasenseofthemostcommonworkplaceviolations.

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Top 10 most frequently cited OSHA standards violated in 2011:

1. Scaffolding
2. Fallprotection
3. Hazardcommunicationstandard
4. Respiratoryprotection
5. Controlofhazardousenergy(lockout/tagout)
6. Electrical,wiringmethods,componentsandequipment
7. Poweredindustrialtrucks
8. Ladders,construction
9. Electricalsystemsdesign,generalrequirements
10. Machineguarding(machines,generalrequirements,generalindustry)
Private Sector Workers
OSHAcoversmostprivatesectoremployersandworkersinall50states,theDistrictof
Columbia,andotherU.S.jurisdictions,eitherdirectlythroughFederalOSHAorthroughan
OSHAapprovedstateplan.StateplansareOSHAapprovedjobsafetyandhealthprograms
operatedbyindividualstatesinsteadofFederalOSHA.TheOSHActencouragesstatesto
developandoperatetheirownjobsafetyandhealthprogramsandprecludesstate
enforcementofOSHAstandardsunlessthestatehasanapprovedprogram.OSHAapprovesand
monitorsallstateplansandprovidesasmuchasfiftypercentofthefundingforeachprogram.
StaterunsafetyandhealthprogramsmustbeatleastaseffectiveastheFederalOSHA
program.

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Thefollowingstateshaveapprovedstateplans:
Alaska
Arizona
California
Connecticut
Hawaii
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Minnesota
Nevada
NewJersey
NewMexico
NewYork
NorthCarolina
Oregon
PuertoRico
SouthCarolina
Tennessee
Utah
Vermont
VirginIslands
Virginia
Washington
Wyoming
Note:TheConnecticut,Illinois,NewJersey,NewYorkandVirginIslandplanscoverpublicsector
(StateandLocalgovernment)employmentonly.
OSHA'sStateOccupationalSafetyandHealthPlans

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Employee Rights:
Asanemployee,youhaveseveralrightswhenitcomestotheOSHAct.
1.) YouhavetherighttonotifyyouremployerorOSHAaboutworkplacehazards.Youmay
askOSHAtokeepyournameconfidential.
2.) YouhavetherighttorequestanOSHAinspectionifyoubelievethereareunsafeand
unhealthfulconditionsinyourworkplace.
3.) YoucanfileacomplaintwithOSHAwithin30daysofretaliationordiscriminationby
youremployerformakingsafetyandhealthcomplaints.
4.) YouhavetherighttoseeOSHAcitationsissuedtoyouremployer.Youremployermust
postthecitationsatorneartheplaceoftheallegedviolations.
5.) Youremployermustcorrectworkplacehazardsbythedateindicatedonthecitationand
mustcertifythesehazardshavebeenreducedoreliminated.
6.) Youhavetherighttocopiesofyourmedicalrecordsandrecordsofyourexposuresto
toxicandharmfulconditionsorsubstances.
7.) Youremployermustpostthisnoticeinyourworkplace.
8.) Youmustcomplywithalloccupationalsafetyandhealthstandardsissuedunderthe
OSHActthatapplytoyourownactionsandconductonthejob.
ThereareseveralreasonsOSHAisimportantinprotectingtheemployee.Inoneexample,the
U.S.DepartmentofLabor'sOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationhasissued54
workplacesafetyandhealthcitationswithpenaltiestotaling$1.2milliontogunpowder
substitutemanufacturerBlackMagLLC.
OnMay14,twoworkersandaplantsupervisorweremanufacturingagunpowdersubstitute
knownasBlackMagpowderwhentheexplosionoccurred.Theworkershadbeenrequiredto
handfeedpowderintooperatingequipmentduetotheemployer'sfailuretoimplementessential
protectivecontrols.Theemployeralsochosenottoimplementremotestartingprocedures,
isolateoperatingstations,establishsafedistancinganderectbarriersorshieldingallofwhich
arenecessaryforthesafemanufactureofexplosivepowder.Additionally,theemployerchose
nottoprovidethepersonalprotectiveequipmentandothersafetymeasuresitsemployees
neededtoworksafelywithsuchhazardousmaterial.OSHAcitedthecompanywithfour
egregiouswillful,12willful,36seriousandtwootherthanseriousviolationswithtotalpenalties
of$1,232,500.
Asyoucanseebytheaboveexample,OSHAismakingadifference.Infourdecades,OSHAand
itsstatepartners,coupledwiththeeffortsofemployers,safetyandhealthprofessionals,
unionsandadvocates,havehadadramaticeffectonworkplacesafety.Since1970,workplace
fatalitieshavebeenreducedbymorethan65percentandoccupationalinjuryandillnessrates
havedeclinedby67percent.Atthesametime,U.S.employmenthasalmostdoubled.Worker
deathsinAmericaaredownfromabout38workerdeathsadayin1970to13adayin2010.
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Workerinjuriesandillnessesarealsodownfrom10.9incidentsper100workersin1972to
fewerthan4per100in2010.

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Module 1 Quiz
Usethisquiztoselfcheckyourunderstandingofthemodulecontent.Youcanalsogoonline
andtakethisquizwithinthemodule.Theonlinequizprovidesthecorrectansweronce
submitted.
1. ThetoptwoOSHAcitedworkplaceviolationsin2011were:
a. Scaffoldingandfallprotection
b. Respiratoryprotectionandladders
c. Machineguardingandhazardcommunication
d. Scaffoldingandmachineguarding
2. In2011,whatweretheleadingcausesofdeathsonconstructionsites?
a. Sicknessandfalls
b. Electrocutionsandfalls
c. Concussionsandheartattacks
d. Heartattacksandfalls
3. Asanemployee,youhavethefollowingrightswhenitcomestotheOSHAct:
a. Employeescandowhatevertheywant,aslongasitssafe
b. EmployeescanfileacomplaintwithOSHAwithin30daysofretaliationbyyour
employerformakingsafetyandhealthcomplaints.
c. EmployeesMUSTnotifytheiremployeraboutworkplacehazards.
d. EmployeescannotseeOSHAcitationsissuedtotheiremployer.
4. Youshouldcomplywithalloccupationalsafetyandhealthstandardsissuedunderthe
OSHActthatapplytoyourownactionsandconductonthejob.
a. True
b. False

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Module 2: Hazard Awareness:

What are the hazards?
Theanswertothisquestionmayseemobvious,butsupposedobvioushazardscanbeeasily
overlooked.Manyworkplacescontainhazardousmaterialsincludingrawmaterials(wood,
metal,plastic)tobemanufacturedintofinishedgoods,andtoxicchemicals(solvents,acids,
bases,detergents)usedatvariousstagesoftheprocess.Asanemployee,beingawareofthese
hazardsisimportanttoensuringyoursafety.Therecanbemanyhazardsintheworkplace,and
beingabletoidentifythesehazardscanhelppreventaccidentalinjuryorillness.
Otherhazardsyoushouldbeawareof:
Stationarymachineryandequipmentmaynotbeproperlyguarded,orinpoorworking
orderbecauseofpoorpreventive/correctivemaintenance.
Toolsmaynotbeproperlymaintained.
Sawsmaynotbesharpenedorsafetyharnessesmaybeoldandinneedofreplacement.
Theworkenvironmentmightincludeextremenoise,flammableorcombustible
atmospheres,orpoorworkstationdesign.
Floorsmaybeslipperyandislescluttered.
Guardrails,ladders,orfloorholecoversmaybemissingordamaged.
Employeesmightbefatigued,distractedinsomeway,orotherwiselackthementalor
physicalcapacitytoaccomplishworksafely.
Someorallofthesepotentialsafetyhazardsmayexistinaworkplace.Thelistcouldgoonand
on.It'svitallyimportantthatworkersandsupervisorsareknowledgeabletoensurethat
workplacehazardsareidentifiedandeliminatedassoonaspossible.
Aproactivesupervisorshouldencourageemployeestoreportanypotentialhazards
immediately.Safetyshouldalwaysbeacompanysfirstpriority.Manybusinessesdoplacea
highvalueonsafety,butnotalldo.
Althoughanemployerisresponsibleforidentifyingworkplacehazards,youshouldbeproactive
aboutyoursafetyandbeawareofyourenvironmentandpotentialhazards.

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What is a hazard?
Intheprevioussection,welistedseveraldifferenttypesofhazards.Sowhyareweaskingwhat
ahazardis?Oneofthegoalsofthistrainingistogiveyouthetoolstohelpidentifyhazardsin
theworkplace.Inordertodothis,itsimportant
tounderstandwhatahazardis!
OSHAusuallydefinesahazardas,"adangerwhich
threatensphysicalharmtoemployees."
Expandingonthatbasicdefinitionwecanthinkof
ahazardasan"unsafeworkplaceconditionor
practice(danger)thatcouldcauseaninjuryor
illnesses(harm)totheemployee."
Ahazardmaybeanobject(tools,equipment,
machinery,materials)oraperson(whendistracted,
mentally/physicallyincapable).It'simportantto
knowahazardisonlyonepartinthe"accidentformula"described.Ittakesahazardand
exposurebeforeanaccidentcanoccur.
Thefirststepincontrollingworkplacehazardsistofirstidentifythem.Wewanttodetermine
whathazardsarepresent.Youwanttoknowwhatahazardlookslike,whatkindofaccidents
mightitcause,andhowseveretheresultinginjuriesmightbe.
Onewaytoidentifyhazardsistoperformasafetyinspection.Safetyinspectionsshoulddo
morethansimplyidentifyhazardousconditions.Theyshouldprovideusefuldataforthe
purposeofeffectiveanalysisandevaluationofthesafetymanagementsystem.Sounds
complicated,butitsreallynot.
Therearefivebasicmethodsyoucanusetoidentifyworkplacehazardsbeforeanaccident
occurs:
1. informalobservations,andformalobservationprograms
2. comprehensivecompanywidesurveys
3. individualinterviews
4. walkaroundinspections
5. documentationreview
Signscanbeusedtowarnofpotential
hazards.
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Youmaynotbethepersonconductingthesafetyinspectioninyourworkplace,butifyou
understandwhatitis,youmightbeabletoprovidevaluableinformationasapartofthe
process.
"Recognized" Hazards
Occasionally,studentsaskwhatisconsidereda"recognized"hazardintheworkplace.As
describedinOSHA'sFieldComplianceManual,recognitionofahazardisestablishedonthe
basisofindustryrecognition,employerrecognition,or"commonsense"recognitioncriteria.
LetstakeacloserlookatthesethreecategoriestobetterunderstandwhatOSHAmeans.
IndustryRecognition.Ahazardisrecognizediftheemployer'sindustryrecognizesit.
Recognitionbyanindustry,otherthantheindustrytowhichtheemployerbelongs,is
generallyinsufficienttoproveindustryrecognition.Althoughevidenceofrecognition
bytheemployer'sspecificbranchwithinanindustryispreferred,evidencethatthe
employer'sindustryrecognizesthehazardmaybesufficient.
EmployerRecognition.Arecognizedhazardcanbeestablishedbyevidenceofactual
employerknowledge.Evidenceofsuchrecognitionmayconsistofwrittenororal
statementsmadebytheemployerorothermanagementorsupervisorypersonnel
duringorbeforetheOSHAinspection,orinstanceswhereemployeeshaveclearly
calledthehazardtotheemployersattention.
CommonSenseRecognition.Ifindustryoremployerrecognitionofthehazardcannot
beestablished,recognitioncanstillbeestablishedifitisconcludedthatany
reasonablepersonwouldhaverecognizedthehazard.ThisargumentisusedbyOSHA
onlyinflagrantcases.Note:Throughoutourcourseswearguethat"commonsense"is
adangerousconceptinsafety.Employersshouldnotassumethataccidentsinthe
workplacearetheresultofalackofcommonsense.
"Foreseeable" hazards
Anotherimportantquestiontoaskaboutthenatureofahazardrelatestowhetheritwas
"foreseeable."AhazardforwhichOSHAissuesacitationmustbereasonablyforeseeable.All
thefactorswhichcouldcauseahazardneednotbepresentinthesameplaceatthesametime
inordertoproveforeseeabilityofthehazard;e.g.,anexplosionneednotbeimminent.
Remember,aforeseeablehazardisonethatmaybereasonablyanticipated.Employeesand
employersshouldalwaysevaluatehazardsbasedonwhatcouldbeanticipated,notjustwhat
thecurrentenvironmentisatthatmoment.

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Forexample:
Ifcombustiblegasandoxygenarepresentinsufficient
quantitiesinaconfinedareatocauseanexplosionif
ignitedbutnoignitionsourceispresentorcouldbe
present,noOSHAviolationwouldexist.Ifanignition
sourceisavailableattheworkplaceandtheemployer
hasnottakensufficientsafetyprecautionstopreclude
itsuseintheconfinedarea,thenaforeseeablehazard
mayexist.
Itisnecessarytoestablishthereasonableforeseeability
ofthegeneralworkplacehazard,ratherthantheparticular
hazardwhichledtotheaccident.
Forexample:
Atitaniumdustfiremayhavespreadfromoneroomtoanotheronlybecauseanopencanof
gasolinewasinasecondroom.Anemployeewhousuallyworkedinbothroomswasburnedin
thesecondroomfromthegasoline.Thepresenceofgasolineinthesecondroommaybearare
occurrence.Itisnotnecessarytoprovethatafireinbothroomswasreasonablyforeseeable.Itis
necessaryonlytoprovethatthefirehazard,inthiscaseduetothepresenceoftitaniumdust,
wasreasonablyforeseeable.
Alltheseactivitiestoidentifyhazardsintheworkplacearesoimportanttotheoverall
effectivenessofyoursafetymanagementsystem.Besureyouintegratetheseactivitiesintothe
linepositions...employees,supervisorsandmanagers...safetyisalineresponsibility!
Nowthatwehavelearnedabouthazardsingeneral,lets
takeacloserlookatsomespecificworkplacehazardsyou
needtobeawareof.
Fall Protection:
Afallhazardisanythingintheworkplacethatcouldcause
anunintendedlossofbalanceorbodilysupportandresultin
afall.
Fallhazardscauseaccidentssuchasthefollowing:
Aworkerwalkingnearanunprotectedleadingedge
tripsoveraprotrudingboard.
Aworkerslipswhileclimbinganicystairway.
Ignitionsourcesmustbeidentified
inordertoensureproper
precautionscanbetakentoprevent
hazards.Theseareforeseeable
hazards.
Makeshiftplatforms,suchas
this,representasignificantfall
hazard.
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Amakeshiftscaffoldcollapsesundertheweightoffourworkersandtheirequipment.
Aworkercarryingasheetofplywoodonaflatroofstepsintoaskylightopening.
Fallhazardsareforeseeable.Youcanidentifythemandeliminateorcontrolthem
beforetheycauseinjuries.
Hereisareallifeexampleinvolvingacompanycitedforviolationsrelatedtofallhazards.As
youwillread,acontractorfellfromasixthfloorbalcony.
TheU.S.DepartmentofLabor'sOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationhascitedBlade
ContractingInc.,basedinStatenIsland,withsevensafetyincludingonewillfulviolationsforfall
hazardsataJerseyCity,N.J.,worksite.Theinvestigationwasinitiatedafteraworkerwiththe
masonrycontractorwasinjuredbyfallingfromasixthfloorbalconywhileattemptingtoaccessa
suspensionscaffold.Proposedpenaltiestotal$136,290.
Thewillfulviolationreflectstheuseofmakeshiftdevicesontopofscaffoldstoincreasethelevel
heightforworkingandafailuretoprotectworkersonscaffoldsfromfallhazards.Awillfulviolation
isonecommittedwithintentionalknowledgeorvoluntarydisregardforthelaw'srequirements,or
withplainindifferencetoworkersafetyandhealth.
Fourseriousviolationsinvolveafailuretoinstallcrossbracingontheentirescaffold,ensurepersonal
fallarrestsystemswereattachedtoasecureanchoragepointandnotscaffoldguardrails,train
workerstorecognizeandavoidhazardsincludingfalls,andensureproperstepladderuse.Aserious
violationoccurswhenthereissubstantialprobabilitythatdeathorseriousphysicalharmcouldresult
fromahazardaboutwhichtheemployerkneworshouldhaveknown.
Inthisexample,thecompanyhadseveralviolationsthatcontributedtotheworkersinjuries.
Allofthesehazardswereforeseeableandcouldhavebeenprevented.
How to evaluate fall hazards
Thepurposeofevaluatingfallhazardsistodeterminehowtoeliminateorcontrolthembefore
theycauseinjuries.Belowareimportantfactorstoconsiderinconductinganevaluation.
Involve others
Youmayneedotherstohelpyouevaluatefallhazards.Involveotherswhomayhave
experienceidentifyingfallhazards,suchasfellowemployeesorsupervisors;they'llhelpyou
identifythehazardsanddeterminehowtoeliminateorcontrolthem.Involvingothersalso
strengthensyourcompanyssafetyandhealthprogram.
Identify tasks that could expose workers to falls
Aspartofthehazardidentificationprocess,evaluateeachtaskyouwillbeperformingandlook
foranythingthatmightexposeyoutoafallhazard.Forexample,ifyouwillbeclimbingaladder
tochangealightbulb,makesuretheladderisnotdamagedandthattheladderisstable.
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Ensureallwalking/workingsurfaceshavethestrengthtosupportworkersandtheirequipment
andthenidentifyalltasksthatcouldexposeworkerstofalls.Awalking/workingsurfaceisany
surface,horizontalorvertical,onwhichapersonwalksorworks.
Identify fall hazards that you can eliminate
Eliminatingafallhazardisthemosteffectivefallprotectionstrategy.Herearesomewaysto
eliminatefallhazards:
Performconstructionworkonthe
groundbeforeliftingortiltingittoan
elevatedposition.
Installpermanentstairsearlyinthe
projectsothatworkersdon'tneedto
useladdersbetweenfloors.
Usetoolextensionstoperformwork
fromtheground.
Prevent fall hazards
Ifyoucan'teliminatefallhazards,youneedtopreventfallsorcontrolthemsoworkerswho
mayfallarenotinjured.Eliminatingfallhazardsisthebestprevention,butifyoucaneliminate
thehazard,youmusttakestepstopreventorcontrolafall.Herearesomewaystodothis:
Waystopreventfallsincludecovers,guardrails,handrails,perimetersafetycables,and
personalfallrestraintsystems.
Waystocontrolfallsincludepersonalfallarrestsystems,positioningdevicesystems,
andsafetynetsystems.Usethesefallprotectionsystemsonlywhenyoucan't
eliminatefallhazardsorpreventfallsfromoccurring.
What is supported access?
Portableladders,supportedscaffolds,andaerialliftsletyougettoaworkareaandsupportyou
whileyouwork.Theymakegettingtoaworkareaeasy,buttheycancausefallswhenthey're
notusedproperly.
Portable ladders
Portableladdersareversatile,economical,andeasytouse.However,workerssometimesuse
themwithoutthinkingaboutusingthemsafely.Eachyear,mostworkersareinjuredwhenthey
fallfromladders.Mostofthefallsarelessthan10feet.
Theuseofsafetyequipment,suchasthis
fallrestraintdevice,canhelpreducethe
potentialforworkplaceaccidents.
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Weuseladderstodoallsortsoftasks,soit'snotsurprisingthatmanytypesofladdersare
available.Let'slookatthemostcommontypes.
Common types of portable ladders
StraightLadder(left)
Themostcommontypeofportable
ladder.Lengthcannotexceed30
feet.Availableinwood,metal,and
reinforcedfiberglass.Supportsonly
oneworker.
StandardFoldingLadder(right)
Foldingladdershaveflatsteps,a
hingedback,andisnotadjustable.
Foruseonlyonfirm,levelsurfaces.
Availableinmetal,wood,or
reinforcedfiberglass.Musthavea
metalspreaderorlockingarmand
cannotexceed20feet.Supports
onlyoneworker.

ExtensionLadder(left)
Extensionladdersofferthemost
lengthinageneralpurposeladder.
Theyhavetwoormoreadjustable
sections.Theslidinguppersection
mustbeontopofthelowersection.
Madeofwood,metal,orfiberglass.
Maximumlengthdependson
material.Supportsonlyoneworker.
PlatformLadder(right)
Platformladdershavealarge,stable
platformnearthetopthatsupports
oneworker.Lengthcannotexceed
20feet.

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TrestleLadder(left)
Trestleladdershavetwosections
thatarehingedatthetopandform
equalangleswiththebase.Usedin
pairstosupportplanksorstaging.
Rungsarenotusedassteps.Length
cannotexceed20feet.
Tripod(Orchard)Ladder(right)
Tripodladdershaveaflaredbase
andasinglebacklegthatprovides
supportonsoft,unevenground.
Lengthcannotexceed16feet.
Metalandreinforcedfiberglass
versionsareavailable.Supportsonly
oneworker.
Itsimportanttochoosetherightladderfortherightjob.Usingaladderforataskthatitwas
notdesignedformayincreasetheriskoffalling.
Basic Ergonomics:
Webster'sNewWorldDictionary(CollegeEdition)definesergonomicsas"TheStudyofthe
problemsofpeopleinadjustingtotheirenvironment;especiallythesciencethatseekstoadapt
workorworkingconditionstosuittheindividualworker.Tobetterunderstandwhat
ergonomicsisandhowitaffectsyouandotheremployees,weneedtogoexplorethetopic
further.
Ergonomicsmaybethoughtofasthescienceoffittingthejobtotheindividualworker.When
thereisamismatchbetweenthephysicalrequirementsofthejobandthephysicalcapacityof
theworker,musculoskeletaldisorders(MSDs),suchassprainsandstrains,canresult.
Musculoskeletaldisordersintheworkplacearecommonandoftentheresultofpoor
ergonomics.Overthelastdecade,ergonomicsintheworkplacehasbecomemoreofasafety
andhealthfocus.Asaresult,ergonomicrelatedinjurieshavebeenonthedecline.Thegraphon
thenextpageshowsthedecreasingtrendinthesetypesofinjuries.
Ergonomicsstudiesthevariousriskfactorsbroughttoajob.Listedbelowarethreeareaswithin
whichergonomicriskfactorsexist.
Riskfactorsinherentintheworker
Riskfactorsinherentinthetask
Riskfactorsinherentintheenvironment
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Source:BureauofLaborandStatistics,http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/osh2_11092011.pdf,October25
th
,2012.
Workerscomeinallshapesandsizes,eachwithuniqueattributesthatpresentcertain
ergonomicriskfactorstoagivenjob.Thetask(s)ofthejobcanpresentriskfactorsthatincrease
thelikelihoodofaninjury.Finally,theworkplaceenvironment,withinwhichtheworkerandjob
exist,mayalsocontainexposurestoriskfactors.
Tobetterunderstandergonomics,weneedtounderstandmusculoskeletaldisorders.Letstake
acloserlookattheseMSDs.
What are Musculoskeletal Disorders?
Musculoskeletaldisorders(MSDs)includeagroupofconditionsthatinvolvethenerves,
tendons,muscles,andsupportingstructuressuchasintervertebraldiscs.Theyrepresentawide
rangeofdisorders,whichcandifferinseverityfrommild,periodicsymptomstosevere,chronic
anddebilitatingconditions.
Belowisalistofexamples.
Carpaltunnelsyndrome
Tenosynovitis
Tensionnecksyndrome
lowbackpain
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MSDsareoftenconfusedwithergonomics.Ergonomicsisthescienceoffittingworkplace
conditionsandjobdemandstothecapabilitiesofworkers.Inotherwords,MSDsarethe
problemandergonomicsisasolution.
Contributingfactorsareaspectsofworktasksthatcanleadtofatigue,MSDsymptomsand
injuries,orothertypesofproblems.Thesefactorsmaybepresentinoneormoreofthetasks
employeesmustperformtoaccomplishtheirjobs.
Thecontributingfactorsyoushouldbeawareofinclude:
Awkwardpostures
Repetitivemotions
Forcefulexertions
Pressurepoints(e.g.,localcontactstress)
Vibration
Therearealsoenvironmentalfactorsassociatedwiththeworkplacethatcancauseproblems.
Extremehightemperaturescanincreasetherateatwhichthebodywillfatigue.Exposureof
thehandsandfeettocoldtemperaturescandecreasebloodflow,musclestrength,andmanual
dexterity.Theseconditionscanalsocauseexcessivegripforcetobeappliedtotoolhandlesor
objects.Anotherproblemmaybecausedbytoolsorequipmentthatexhaustscoldorhotair
directlyontotheoperator.Inaddition,thelightinginaworkplacemaybetoodarkortoo
brightfortheworktask.Thismayresultinemployees
assumingawkwardposturestoaccomplishworktasksanda
lossofproductquality.
Interesting ergonomics statistics
Musculoskeletaldisorders(MSDs)accountedfor30
percentoftheinjuriesandillnesseswithdaysaway
fromwork,thesamepercentageasin2005.
Sprainsandstrainswastheleadingnatureofinjuryand
illnessineverymajorindustrysector.Theseinjuries
decreasedby6percentfortotalprivateindustryin
2006andforbothgoodsproducingandservice
providingindustries.
Trade,transportation,andutilitiesreported157,380
sprainsandstrains;33percentofthetotal.
Theoverallnumberofcasesofcarpaltunnelsyndromedecreasedby21percent.
Workersonthejob5yearsormorehadadecreaseof27percentforthesekindsof
illnesses.
Repetitivevibrationinjuries
cancausepermanenttissue
damage.
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Electrical Safety
Thefirststeptowardprotectingyourselfwhendealingwithelectricityisrecognizingthemany
hazardsyoufaceonthejob.Todothis,youmustknowwhichsituationscanplaceyouin
danger.Knowingwheretolookhelpsyouto
recognizehazards.
Inadequatewiringisdangerous
Exposedelectricalpartsaredangerous.
Overheadpowerlinesaredangerous.
Wireswithbadinsulationcangiveyoua
shock.
Electricalsystemsandtoolsthatarenot
groundedordoubleinsulatedare
dangerous.
Overloadedcircuitsaredangerous.
Damagedpowertoolsandequipmentare
electricalhazards.
UsingthewrongPPEisdangerous.
Usingthewrongtoolisdangerous.
Someonsitechemicalsareharmful.
Defectiveladdersandscaffoldingaredangerous
Laddersthatconductelectricityaredangerous.
Electricalhazardscanbemadeworseiftheworker,location,orequipmentiswet.
CASE STUDY:
A40yearoldmalemetertechnicianhadjustcompletedasevenweekbasiclinemantraining
course.Heworkedasametertechnicianduringnormalworkinghoursandasalineduring
unplannedoutages.Oneevening,hewascalledtorepairaresidentialpoweroutage.Bythe
timehearrivedatthesiteoftheoutage,hehadalreadyworkedtwohoursofovertimeand
worked14straighthoursthedaybefore.Atthesite,atreelimbhadfallenacrossanoverhead
powerline.Theneutralwireinthelinewasseveredandthetwoenergized120voltwireswere
disconnected.Theworkerremovedthetreelimbandclimbedupapowerpoletoreconnectthe
threewires.Hewaswearinginsulatedgloves,ahardhat,andsafetyglasses.
Hepreparedthewirestobeconnected.Whilehandlingthewires,oneoftheenergizedwires
caughtthecuffofhisleftgloveandpulledthecuffdown.Theconductorcontactedthevictims
forearmnearthewrist.Hewaselectrocutedandfellbackwards.Hewaswearingaclimbing
belt,whichlefthimhangingupsidedownfromthepole.Paramedicsarrivedfiveminutesafter
thecontact.Thepowercompanyloweredhisdeadbody30minuteslater.
Improperlywiredelectricalcomponentspose
aserioushazard.
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Severalfactorsmayhavecontributedtothisincident.Belowaresomewaystoeliminatethese
riskfactors:
Askforassistancewhenyouareassignedtasksthatcannotbesafelycompletedalone.
Thetaskassignedtothevictimcouldnothavebeendonesafelybyonlyoneperson.
Donotworkovertimeperforminghazardoustasksthatarenotpartofyournormal
assignments.
Employeesshouldonlybegiventaskstheyarequalifiedtoperform.
Allemployeesbelowthejourneymanlevelshouldbesupervised
Overhead power line hazards
Mostpeopledonotrealizeoverheadpowerlinesaretypicallynotinsulated.Morethanhalfof
allelectrocutionsarecausedbydirectworkercontactwithenergizedpowerlines.Powerline
workersmustbeespeciallyawareofthedangersofoverheadlines.Inthepast,80%ofall
linemandeathswerecausedbycontactingalivewirewith
abarehand.Duetosuchincidents,alllinemennowwear
specialrubberglovesthatprotectthemupto34,500volts.
Today,mostelectrocutionsinvolvingoverheadpowerlines
arecausedbyfailuretomaintainproperworkdistances.
Shocksandelectrocutionsoccurwherephysicalbarriers
arenotinplacetopreventcontactwiththewires.When
dumptrucks,cranes,workplatforms,orotherconductive
materials(suchaspipesandladders)contactoverhead
wires,theequipmentoperatororotherworkerscanbe
killed.Ifyoudonotmaintainrequiredclearancedistances
frompowerlines,youcanbeshockedandkilled.(The
minimumdistanceforvoltagesupto50kVis10feet.For
voltagesover50kV,theminimumdistanceis10feetplus4
inchesforevery10kVover50kV.)Neverstorematerialsand
equipmentunderornearoverheadpowerlines.Youneed
torecognizethatoverheadpowerlinesareahazard.

Overheadpowerlinesrepresenta
serioushazardandrequire
specializedtrainingand
precautions.
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Improper grounding hazards

Ifanelectricalsystemisnotgroundedproperly,ahazardexists.ThemostcommonOSHA
electricalviolationisimpropergroundingofequipmentandcircuitry.Themetalpartsofan
electricalwiringsystemwetouch(switchplates,ceilinglightfixtures,conduit,etc.)shouldbe
groundedandat0volts.Ifthesystemisnotgroundedproperly,thesepartsmaybecome
energized.Metalpartsofmotors,appliances,orelectronicsthatarepluggedintoimproperly
groundedcircuitsmaybeenergized.Whenacircuit
isnotgroundedproperly,ahazardexistsbecause
unwantedvoltagecannotbesafelyeliminated.If
thereisnosafepathtogroundforfaultcurrents,
exposedmetalpartsindamagedappliancescan
becomeenergized.Extensioncordsmaynot
provideacontinuouspathtogroundbecauseofa
brokengroundwireorplug.Ifyoucontacta
defectiveelectricaldevicethatisnotgrounded(or
groundedimproperly);youwillbeshocked.You
needtorecognizethatanimproperlygrounded
electricalsystemisahazard.
Wet conditions hazards
Workinginwetconditionsishazardousbecauseyoumaybecomeaneasypathforelectrical
current.Forinstance,ifyoutouchalivewirewhilestandinginevenapuddleofwater,youwill
probablyreceiveashock.Damagedinsulation,equipment,ortoolscanexposeyoutolive
electricalparts.Adamagedtoolmaynotbegroundedproperly,sothehousingofthetoolmay
beenergized,causingyoutoreceiveashock.Improperlygroundedmetalswitchplatesand
ceilinglightsareespeciallyhazardousinwetconditions.Ifyoutouchaliveelectricalcomponent
withanoninsulatedhandtool,youaremorelikelytoreceiveashockwhenstandinginwater.
Remember,youdon'thavetobestandinginwatertobeelectrocuted.Wetclothing,high
humidity,andperspirationalsoincreaseyourchancesofbeingelectrocuted.Youneedto
recognizethatallwetconditionsarehazards.

Theinsulationwasneverremovedfrom
thisgroundwire,leavingthesystem
ungroundedandapotentialhazard.
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Module 2 Quiz
submitted.
5. HowdoesOSHAdefineahazard?
a. Adangerwhichthreatensphysicalharmtoemployees
b. Totakeachanceorarisk
c. Theabsenceoflackofpredictability
d. Somethingcausingunavoidableharm
6. Accordingtothetext,ittakesboth______and______beforeanaccidentcanoccur.
a. lackofknowledge,experience
b. hazard,exposure
c. carelessness,distraction
d. fatigue,carelessness
7. ______isamethodusedtoidentifyworkplacehazardsbeforeanaccidentoccurs.
a. Individualinterviews
b. Walkaroundinspections
c. Accidentandinjuryreports
d. BothA&B
8. Employeefatigueanddistractionarenothazardsintheworkplace.
a. True
b. False
9. Fallhazardscauseaccidentssuchas:
a. Workerwalkingnearanunprotectedleadingedgetripsoveraprotrudingboard
b. Workerslipswhileclimbingonanicystairway
c. Workercarryingasheetofplywoodonaflatroofstepsintoaskylightopening
d. Alloftheabove
10. Accordingtothetext,whenevaluatingfallhazards,youshould:
a. Involveothers
b. Speaktoyoursupervisoraboutyourconcerns
c. Identifyfallhazardsyoucaneliminate
d. BothA&C

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11. Eachyear,mostworkersareinjuredwhentheyfallfromladders.Mostofthefallsare
lessthan______feet.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
12. CarpalTunnelSyndromeisanexampleofaMusculoskeletalDisorder(MSD).
a. True
b. False
13. Accordingtothetext,______aretheproblemand______isthesolution.
a. musculoskeletaldisorders,ergonomics
b. employees,management
c. jobDemands,training
d. distractions,supervising
14. Whatwastheleadingcauseofinjuryandillnessineverymajorindustrysectorin
2006?
a. Sprains,Strains
b. CarpalTunnelSyndrome
c. NeckorBackpain
d. RepetitiveMotions
15. Overheadpowerlinesareusuallynotinsulated.
a. True
b. False
16. Accordingtothetext,whatcausesthemostelectrocutions?
a. Touchingbarelines
b. Failuretokeepsafedistances
c. Storingmaterialorequipmentunderornearoverheadpowerlines
d. Employeeswhodontweargloves
17. WhatisthemostcommonOSHAelectricalviolation?
a. Impropergroundingofequipment&circuitry
b. Wethazardconditions
c. Brokengroundwireorplug
d. Defectiveelectricaldevice
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18. Youneedtobestandinginwatertobeelectrocuted.
a. True
b. False
19. Whatincreasesyourchancesofbeingelectrocuted?
a. Wetclothing
b. Humidity
c. Standingwater
d. Alloftheabove

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Module 3: Hazard Controls:

Asyoulearnedearlier,therearemanydifferenttypesofhazardsintheworkplace.Hazardous
conditionsincludeunsafematerials,equipment,theenvironment,andemployees.Unsafework
practicesinclude:allowinguntrainedworkerstoperformhazardoustasks,takingunsafe
shortcuts,horseplay,orlongworkschedules.Tocombatthesehazardousconditionsandunsafe
workpractices,controlstrategies,calledthe"HierarchyofControls"havebeendeveloped.
Traditionally,ahierarchyofcontrolshasbeenusedasameansofdetermininghowto
implementfeasibleandeffectivecontrols.ANSIZ102005,OccupationalHealthandSafety
ManagementSystems,encouragesemployerstoemploythefollowingfivehazardcontrol
strategies:
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineeringcontrols
4. Administrativecontrols
5. Personalprotectiveequipment
Theideabehindthishierarchyisthatthecontrolmethodsatthetopofthelistarepotentially
moreeffectiveandprotectivethanthoseatthebottom.Followingthehierarchynormallyleads
totheimplementationofinherentlysafersystems,oneswheretheriskofillnessorinjuryhas
beensubstantiallyreduced.Let'stakeacloserlookatthehierarchyofcontrolstrategies.
What are "feasible" controls?
Hazardabatement(reduction)measuresrequiredtocorrectahazardmustbetechnologically
andeconomicallyfeasible(reasonable)fortheemployer.OSHAusesthefollowingcriteriato
determinefeasibilityofengineeringandadministrativecontrols:
TechnicalFeasibility.Technicalfeasibilityistheexistenceoftechnicalknowhowasto
materialsandmethodsavailableoradaptabletospecificcircumstanceswhichcanbe
appliedwithareasonablepossibilitythatemployeeexposuretohazardswillbe
reduced.
EconomicFeasibility.Economicfeasibilitymeansthattheemployerisfinanciallyableto
undertakethemeasuresnecessarytoabateidentifiedhazards.Economicfeasibilityis
amajorissuetobeconsideredwhenimposinghazardcontrols.OSHAmayallowthe
useofPPEtoabateahazard,atleastuntilsuchtimeasengineeringcontrolsbecomea
lesssignificanteconomicburdenforthecompanywhenthefollowingconditionsare
met:
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1. Ifsignificantreconstructionofasingleestablishmentinvolvingacapital
expenditurewhichwouldseriouslyjeopardizethefinancialconditionofthe
companyistheonlymethodwherebytheemployercouldachieveeffective
engineeringcontrols;
2. Iftherearenofeasibleadministrativeorworkpracticecontrols;and
3. Ifadequatepersonalprotectiveequipmentordevicesareavailable.
Elimination and Substitution
Eliminationandsubstitution,whilemosteffectiveatreducinghazards,alsotendtobethemost
difficulttoimplementinanexistingprocess.Iftheprocessisstillatthedesignordevelopment
stage,eliminationandsubstitutionofhazardsmaybeinexpensiveandsimpletoimplement.For
anexistingprocess,majorchangesinequipmentandproceduresmayberequiredtoeliminate
orsubstituteforahazard.
Thesestrategiesareconsideredfirstbecausetheyhavethepotentialtocompletelyeliminate
thehazard,thusgreatlyreducingtheprobabilityofanaccident.Redesigningorreplacing
equipmentormachinerymaybeexpensive,butremember,accordingtotheNationalSafety
Council,theaveragedirectandindirectcostofalostworktimeinjuryis$34,000and
$1,115,000tocloseafatalityclaim.
Someexamplesofthesetwostrategiesinclude:
Eliminatingthesourceofexcessivetemperatures,noise,orpressure
Substitutingatoxicchemicalwithalesstoxicornontoxicchemical
Engineering Controls
Thesecontrolsfocusoneliminatingorreducingtheactualsourceofthehazard.Thebasic
conceptbehindengineeringcontrolsisthat,totheextentpossible,theworkenvironmentand
thejobitselfshouldbedesignedtoeliminatehazardsorreduceexposuretohazards.Whilethis
approachiscalledengineeringcontrols,itdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatanengineeris
requiredtodesignthecontrol.
Someexamplesofthisstrategyinclude:
Redesigningaprocesstoreduceexposuretoahazardousmovingpart
Redesigningaworkstationtorelievephysicalstressandremoveergonomichazards
Designinggeneralventilationwithsufficientfreshoutdoorairtoimproveindoorair
qualityandgenerallytoprovideasafe,healthfulatmosphere
Ensureadequatelightingisinstalledfortheenvironmentandtasksperformed
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Enclosure of Hazards
Whenyoucannotremoveahazardandcannotreplace
itwithalesshazardousalternative,thenextbest
controlisenclosure.Enclosingahazardusuallymeans
thatthereisnohazardexposuretoworkersduring
normaloperations.Therestillwillbepotentialexposure
toworkersduringmaintenanceoperationsorifthe
enclosuresystembreaksdown.Forthosesituations,
additionalcontrolssuchassafeworkpracticesor
personalprotectiveequipment(PPE)maybenecessary
tocontrolexposure.
Someexamplesofenclosuredesignsare:
Completeenclosureofmovingpartsofmachinery
Completecontainmentoftoxicliquidsorgasesfromthebeginningtoendofaprocess
Gloveboxoperationstoencloseworkwithdangerousmicroorganisms,radioisotopes,or
toxicsubstances
Completecontainmentofnoise,heat,orpressureproducingprocesseswithmaterials
especiallydesignedforthosepurposes.
Barriers or Local Ventilation
Whenthepotentialhazardcannotberemoved,
replaced,orenclosed,thenextbestapproachisa
barriertoexposureor,inthecaseofair
contaminants,localexhaustventilationtoremove
thecontaminantfromtheworkplace.This
engineeredcontrolinvolvespotentialexposureto
theworkereveninnormaloperations.
Consequently,itshouldbeusedonlyinconjunction
withothertypesofcontrols,suchassafework
practicesdesignedspecificallyforthesitecondition
and/orPPE.Examplesinclude:
Ventilationhoodsinlaboratorywork
Machineguarding,includingelectronicbarriers
Isolationofaprocessinanareaawayfromworkers
Bafflesusedasnoiseabsorbingbarriers
Nuclearradiationorheatshields.
Thissoundenclosureisdesignedto
reducenoiselevelsforbenchtop
equipment.
Thisisagoodexampleofabarrierto
preventexposure.
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Administrative Controls
Administrativecontrolsareaimedatreducingemployeeexposuretohazardsthatengineering
controlsfailtoeliminate.Administrativecontrolsworkbydesigningsafeworkpracticesintojob
proceduresandadjustingworkschedules.Ultimately,effectiveadministrativecontrolswill
successfullyeliminatethehumanbehaviorsthatresultin95%ofallworkplaceaccidents!
Administrativecontrolsareonlyaseffectiveasthesafetymanagementsystemthatsupports
them.It'salwaysbettertoeliminatethehazardsothatyoudon'thavetorelyonmanagement
controlsthattendtoworkonlyaslongasemployeesbehave.
Safe work practices
Safeworkpracticesmaybequitespecificorgeneralintheirapplicability.Theymaybeavery
importantpartofasinglejobprocedureorapplicabletomanyjobsintheworkplace.Safework
practicesinclude:
Removingtripping,blocking,andslippinghazards
Removingaccumulatedtoxicdustonsurfaces
Wettingdownsurfacestokeeptoxicdustoutoftheair
Usingsafeliftingtechniques
Maintainingequipmentandtoolsingoodrepair
Usingpersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)
Othersafeworkpracticesapplytospecificjobsintheworkplaceandinvolvespecific
proceduresforaccomplishingajob.Atrainingprogrammaybeessentialifemployeesare
workingwithhighlytoxicsubstancesorindangeroussituations.
Interim Measures
Whenahazardisrecognized,thepreferredcorrectionorcontrolcannotalwaysbe
accomplishedimmediately.However,invirtuallyallsituations,interimmeasurescanbetaken
toeliminateorreduceworkerrisk.Thesecanrangefromtapingdownwiresthatposea
trippinghazardtoactuallyshuttingdownanoperationtemporarily.
Theimportanceoftakingtheseinterimprotectiveactionscannotbeoveremphasized.Thereis
nowaytopredictwhenahazardwillcauseseriousharm,andnojustificationtocontinue
exposingworkersunnecessarilytorisk.Bytheway,OSHAbelievesthereisalwayssomekindof
interimmeasurethatcanbeusedtotemporarilyabateahazard.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Usingpersonalprotectiveequipmentisaveryimportantsafeworkpractice.It'simportantto
rememberthat,likeotheradministrativecontrols,theuseofPPEdoesnotcontrolthehazard
itself,butratheritmerelycontrolsexposuretothehazardbysettingupabarrierbetweenthe
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employeeandthehazard.UseofPPEmayalsobeappropriateforcontrollinghazardswhile
engineeringcontrolsbeinginstalledorworkpracticesdeveloped.
Final thoughts
Thehierarchyofcontrolsisthestandardsystemofstrategiestoeffectivelyeliminateworkplace
hazards.Remember,thefirstquestiontoaskwhenconsideringwaystoeliminateahazardis,
"canweapplyengineeringcontrols?"Youmayneedtouseacombinationofstrategiesto
effectivelyeliminatethehazard.Whateverittakes,doit.Youarenotjustsavingalife....youare
savingafather,amother,ason,oradaughter....youaresavingafamily.It'sworththeeffort!

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Module 3 Quiz
submitted.
20. Removingthesourceofexcessivetemperatures,noiseorpressureisanexampleof:
a. Substitution
b. Elimination
c. EngineeringControl
d. Barrierorlocalventilationpractice
21. Thisfocusesoneliminatingorreducingtheactualsourceofthehazard:
a. EngineeringControls
b. EnclosureofHazards
c. AdministrativeControls
d. FeasibleControls
22. Barriersorlocalventilationshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithothertypesofcontrols.
a. True
b. False
23. Ifahazardexists,whatactionshouldbetakenimmediately?
a. Shutdowntheorganization
b. NotifyOSHAoftheproblem
c. Takeinterimmeasurestofixthehazard
d. Talkwithmanagement

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Module 4: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

What is required?
OSHArequirestheuseofpersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)toreduceemployeeexposureto
hazardswhenengineeringandadministrativecontrolsarenotfeasibleoreffectiveinreducing
theseexposurestoacceptablelevels.EmployersarerequiredtodetermineifPPEshouldbe
usedtoprotecttheirworkersandhaveanobligationtoprovidePPE,includingpersonal
protectiveequipmentforeyes,face,head,andextremities,andprotectiveclothingand
barriers.EmployersmustalsomakesureemployeesuseandmaintainPPEinasanitaryand
reliablecondition.
What is proper use?
PersonalProtectiveEquipmentmustbewornandusedinamannerthatwillmakefulluseofits
protectivequalities.Personalprotectiveequipmentusedincorrectlypotentiallyexposesan
employeetohazards,defeatingtheideabehindusingPPE.
LowratesofcomplianceinwearingPPEusuallyindicatethe
safetymanagementsystemisfailinginsomeway.When
employeesdontwearorusePPEcorrectly,itususually
because:
1. theemployerdoesnotprovidequalityPPE
2. theemployerdoesnotproperlysupervisetheuseof
PPE
3. theemployerfailstoenforcetheuseofPPE
4. theemployerdoesnotproperlytrainemployeeson
theuseofPPE
What subjects must be trained?
Accordingtothestandard,tomeettheminimumtraining
requirements,eachemployeereceivingPPEtrainingmustbe
trainedtoknowatleastthefollowing:
1. whenPPEisnecessary
2. whatPPEisnecessary
3. howtoproperlydon,doff,adjust,andwearPPE
4. thelimitationsofthePPE
5. thepropercare,maintenance,usefullife,anddisposalofthePPE
PPEmustbeprovidedtothe
employeeatnocost.
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Sofar,wemeetminimumOSHArequirements...butoneveryimportantelementismissing:
6. ThePPEstandarddoesnotspecificallyrequireeducationon"why"PPEisnecessary
Whyisthiselementsoimportant?Becausestudyafterstudytellsusthemostcommonreason
employeesdon'tfollowrulesintheworkplaceisbecausetheydon'tknowwhytherulesare
important.
Educate the "why" as well as train the "how"!
Thefirstfiveelementsinthelistdescribethewhat,when,andhowaboutPPEuse.Thegoalis
toincreasebothknowledgeandskillsothattheemployeeisbetterabletoproperlyusePPE.
Themethodsusedtotraintheemployeeareprimarilydiscussionanddemonstration.To
measureknowledgeandskill,theinstructorusuallyteststheemployeebyaskingthemtodo
something.
Thefinal"why"elementaddressestheimportanceofusingPPEandwhattheconsequencesof
behavior(complianceandfailuretocomply)willbe.Thenaturalconsequencesincludesome
formofresultinginjuryorhealthtotheemployee.Thesystemconsequencesdescribethe
natureofthedisciplineorrecognitionthatwillresultfromperformance.Thegoalofthislast
elementistoincreaseemployeemotivationtousePPEsothattheemployeeismorelikelyto
usePPEproperly.
Demonstration is the key
BeforeanemployeeisallowedtodoworkrequiringPPE,theemployermustrequireeach
affectedemployeeto:
demonstrateanunderstandingofthetrainingelementslistedabove
demonstratetheabilitytousePPEproperly
Demonstrationisreallythemostcommonandprobablythemostefficientmethodto
determineemployeeknowledgeandskills.Howdoestheemployeedemonstratean
understandingofthesixPPEtrainingsubjectslistedpreviously?Simple,theirlevelof
knowledgeismeasuredbyaskingtheemployeequestionssimilartothoselistedbelow.
1. WhatPPEisrequiredforyourparticularjob?
2. WhenisthePPErequiredtobeusedinyourjob?
3. WhatarethepossibledefectsyourPPEmighthave?
4. Howdoyouproperlycareforandmaintain/storeyourPPE?
5. WhatistheusefullifeofyourPPE?
ProperlydemonstratingtasksandensuringPPEiscorrectly
usedisanimportantresponsibilityoftheemployer.
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6. FromwhathazardsdoesthePPEprotectyou?
Theformofthe"test"maybeeitherwrittenororal.Ifyouaretraininganumberofemployees,
youshouldgivethemawrittentesttobestmeasureindividualknowledge.It'salsotheintent
ofmostOSHAlawthatknowledgebemeasuredbywrittenexams.
What about online training?
Accordingtoaletterofinterpretation(February4
th
,2009)aboutonlinetraining,OSHAstates
thatanemployermaynotrelysolelyontheuseofanonlineorvideotrainingprogramwhen
trainingtheuseofPPE.AccordingtoOSHA,thetraineemustbeableto"don,doff,touch,feel
andotherwisemanipulateaparticularpieceofpersonalprotectiveequipmentthatan
employermayrequireorprovidetoprotecttheiremployeestopreventinjuryorillness."In
additiontotheonlinetraining(includingthiscourse),PPEtrainingmustalsoincludeahandson
portionsothattheemployeecanpracticeusingthePPE.
When is retraining required?
Whentheemployerhasreasontobelievethatany
affectedemployeewhohasalreadybeentraineddoesnot
havetheunderstandingandskillrequiredbythePPE
standard,theemployermustretraintheemployee.
Circumstanceswhereretrainingisrequiredinclude,but
arenotlimitedto,situationswhere:
changesintheworkplacerenderprevious
trainingobsolete;
changesinthetypesofPPEtobeusedrender
previoustrainingobsolete;or
deficienciesinanaffectedemployee'sknowledgeoruseofassignedPPEindicatethat
theemployeehasnotretainedtherequisiteunderstandingorskill
Who should conduct the training?
Thisisaveryimportantquestion.WhoeverthepersontrainingPPEis,heorsheneedstobean
expertwhonotonlyunderstandshowtousePPEcorrectly,buthasathoroughunderstanding
oftheimportanceofdoingso.It'scriticalthattheemployeeunderstandstheimportanceof
wearingPPE,notonlyfortheirsafety,buttheir"continuingemployment."Tomeetminimum
rulerequirements,theemployermustverifyeachaffectedemployeehasreceivedand
understoodtherequiredtraining.Thismustbedoneusingawrittencertificationthatcontains:
1. thenameofeachemployeetrained
Onlinetraininghelpsmeet
individualstudentneeds,butOSHA
requiresthetraineebeableto
practiceusingPPE.
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2. thedate(s)oftraining
3. thesubjectofthecertification
However,whenitcomestodocumentationofPPEtraining,it'sagoodideatogobeyondthe
minimumrequirementsstatedinthestandardtomakesuretheemployercandemonstrate
(prove)theyhavemetorexceededtheirlegalobligationswithrespecttosafetytraining.
SolidPPEtrainingdocumentationwillcontaintheelementsbelow:
Astatementbytheemployeethattheyhavereceivedtrainingbytheemployeronthe
sixsubjectslistedpreviously,andthatthetrainerhasdemonstratedproperuseofthe
PPEandansweredallemployeequestionsaboutthePPEsatisfactorily.
Astatementbythetrainerthat,throughanoralorwrittentest,theemployeehas
satisfactorilydemonstratedanunderstandingofthesubjectscoveredduringtraining,
andhas,throughpractice,demonstratedtheabilitytoproperlydon,use,doff,care
for,andmaintainthePPE.
Remember,PPEtrainingisabsolutelycriticaltoaneffectiveprogram.Effectivetrainingwill
likelypreventseriousinjuryorevenafatalitywhichmakesitallworthwhile.

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Module 4 Quiz
submitted.
24. Personalprotectiveequipment(PPE)mayberequiredforthe:
a. Eyes
b. Head
c. Handsandfeet
d. Alloftheabove
25. EmployersmustalsomakesureemployeesuseandmaintainPPEinasanitaryand
reliablecondition.
a. True
b. False
26. Whichofthefollowingrootcausesmayresultingeneralnoncomplianceintheuseof
PPE?
a. TheemployerdoesnotprovidequalityPPE
b. TheemployerfailstoenforcetheuseofPPE
c. TheemployerdoesnotproperlytrainemployeesontheuseofPPE
d. Alloftheabove
27. OSHAdoesnotrequiretrainingonthelimitationsofthePPE.
a. True
b. False
28. BeforeanemployeeisallowedtodoworkrequiringPPE,theemployermustrequire
eachaffectedemployeeto:
a. PurchaseproperlyfittedPPE
b. DemonstratetheabilitytousePPEproperly
c. Takeawrittenexamination
d. BothB&C
29. Whentheemployerhasreasontobelievethatanyaffectedemployeewhohas
alreadybeentraineddoesnothavetheunderstandingandskillrequiredbythePPE
standard,theemployershouldretraintheemployee.
a. True
b. False
OSHAcademy

Course600StudyGuide
Module5:EmergencyActionPlans:
Howwouldyouescapefromyourworkplaceinan
emergency?Doyouknowwherealltheexitsarein
caseyourfirstchoiceistoocrowded?Areyousure
thedoorswillbeunlockedandtheexitroute,such
asahallway,willnotbeblockedduringafire,
explosion,orothercrisis?Knowingtheanswersto
thesequestionscouldkeepyousafeduringan
emergency.
What is an exit route?
Anexitrouteisacontinuousandunobstructedpathofexittravelfromanypointwithina
workplacetoaplaceofsafety.Anexitrouteconsistsofthreeparts:
Exitaccessportionofanexitroutethatleadstoanexit.
Exitportionofanexitroutethatisgenerallyseparatedfromotherareastoprovidea
protectedwayoftraveltotheexitdischarge.
Exitdischargepartoftheexitroutethatleadsdirectlyoutsideortoastreet,walkway,
refugearea,publicway,oropenspacewithaccesstotheoutside.
How many exit routes must a workplace have?
Normally,aworkplacemusthaveatleasttwoexitroutestopermitpromptevacuationof
employeesandotherbuildingoccupantsduringanemergency.Morethantwoexitsare
required,however,ifthenumberofemployees,sizeofthebuilding,orarrangementofthe
workplacewillnotallowemployeestoevacuatesafely.Exitroutesmustbelocatedasfaraway
aspracticalfromeachotherincaseoneisblockedbyfireorsmoke.But,thereisoneexception
tothisrule.Ifthenumberofemployees,thesizeofthebuilding,itsoccupancy,orthe
arrangementoftheworkplaceallowsallemployeestoevacuatesafelyduringanemergency,
oneexitrouteispermitted.
Therearesomeotherdesignandconstructionrequirementsforexitroutes:
Exitroutesmustbepermanentpartsoftheworkplace
Exitdischargesmustleaddirectlyoutsidetoastreet,walkway,refugearea,publicway,
oropenspace.Theseexitdischargeareasmustbelargeenoughtoaccommodatethe
buildingoccupantslikelytousetheexitroute
Emergencyactionplansshouldbewritten
andavailableforemployeereview.
OSHAcademy

Course600StudyGuide
Exitstairsthatcontinuebeyondthelevelonwhichtheexitdischargeislocatedmustbe
interruptedatthatlevelofdoors,partitions,orothereffectivemeansthatclearly
indicatethedirectionoftravelleadingtotheexitdischarge.
Exitroutedoorsmustbeunlockedfromtheinside.
Theymustbefreeofdevicesoralarmsthatcould
restrictuseoftheexitrouteifthedeviceoralarm
fails.
Sidehingedexitdoorsmustbeusedtoconnect
roomstoexitroutes.Thesedoorsmustswingout
inthedirectionofexittraveliftheroomis
occupiedbymorethan50peopleORiftheroomis
ahighhazardarea.
Exitroutesmustsupportthemaximumpermitted
occupantloadforeachfloorserved,andthe
capacityofanexitrouteshouldntdecreaseinthe
directionofexitroutetraveltotheexitdischarge.
Exitrouteceilingsmustbeatleast7feet,6inches
high
Anexitaccessmustbeatleast28incheswideatall
points.Ifthereisonlyoneexitaccessleadingtoanexitorexitdischarge,thewidthof
theexitandexitdischargemustbeatleastequaltothewidthoftheexitaccess.
Objectsthatprojectintotheexitmustnotreduceitswidth.
Emergency Action Plan Requirements
Ifacompanyhas10orfeweremployees,asupervisormaycommunicateitsemergencyaction
planorally.Ifthecompanyhasmorethan10employees,emergencyactionplanmustbe
written,keptintheworkplace,andavailableforemployeereview.Employersarerequiredto
haveanemergencyactionplan(EAP)onlywhenapplicableOSHAstandardrequiresit.
However,OSHAstronglyrecommendsALLemployershaveanEAP.Employersneedtohave
certainelementsonhandforseveraldifferentsituations.Forexample,theyneedtohave
proceduresforreportingfiresandotheremergencies,emergencyevacuationplans,andan
alarmsystemtoalertworkersoftheproblem.Inaddition,supervisorsmustdesignateand
traintheiremployeestoassistinasafeandorderlyevacuationofallemployees.Theymust
alsoreviewtheEAPwitheachemployeecoveredwhenthefollowingoccur:
Planisdevelopedoranemployeeisassignedinitiallytoajob
Employeesresponsibilitiesundertheplanchanges
Planischanged
EmergencyActionPlanTemplate: Word PDF
Emergencyexitroutesmustbe
clearlymarkedand
unobstructed.
OSHAcademy

Course600StudyGuide
Fire Prevention Plan

Afirepreventionplanmustbeinwriting,keptintheworkplace,andmadeavailableto
employeestoreview.AswiththeEAP,ifanemployerhas10orfeweremployees,supervisors
maycommunicatetheplanorally.Employerswithmorethan10employeesmust
communicatetheplaninwriting.Afirepreventionplanmustlistallmajorfirehazards,proper
handlingandstoragematerials,andthetypeoffireprotectionequipmentnecessarytocontrol
eachfirehazard.TheFPPmustalsoincludethenameorjobtitleoftheemployeeswhoare
responsibleformaintainingequipmenttopreventorcontrolsourcesofignitionorfires.In
addition,whenasupervisorassignsemployeestoajob,theymustinformthemofanyfire
hazardstheymaybeexposedto.Employersmustalsoreviewwitheachemployeethoseparts
ofthefirepreventionplannecessaryforselfprotection.
FirePreventionPlanTemplate: Word PDF
Module 5 Quiz
submitted.
30. Aworkplacemusthaveatleasttwoexitroutestopermitpromptevacuationof
employeesandotherbuildingoccupantsduringanemergency.
a. True
b. False
31. Exitroutedoorsmustbelockedfromtheinside.
a. True
b. False
32. Ifacompanyhasmorethan______employees,emergencyactionplanMUSTbe
written,keptintheworkplace,andavailableforemployeereview.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
33. Supervisorsmustdesignateandtraintheiremployeestoassistinasafeandorderly
evacuationofallemployees.
a. True
b. False
OSHAcademy

Course600StudyGuide

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Course600StudyGuide
34. Afirepreventionplanmustlist:
a. Firehazards
b. Properhandlingandstorageofmaterials
c. Typeoffireprotectionequipmentnecessary
d. Alloftheabove

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OSHAcademy

Module 1: Intro to OSHA:

Top 10 most frequently cited OSHA standards violated in 2011:

Module 2: Hazard Awareness:

Improper grounding hazards

Module 3: Hazard Controls:

Module 4: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Fire Prevention Plan

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