1

Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals

C The reaction is rapid.
D The OH ions have more energy than the H+ ions.

1. Which of the following changes is endothermic?

A H(g) + Cl(g) HCl(g)
B H2O(g) 2H(g) + O(g)
C H2O(l) H2O(s)
D 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

s07/q14

s04/q18

2 .The reaction C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O is exothermic because

A more bonds are broken than are formed.
B more bonds are formed than are broken.
C the energy needed to break the bonds is greater than that released on
forming new bonds.
D the energy needed to break the bonds is less than that released on
forming new bonds.

7. The diagram shows an energy profile diagram for a chemical reaction.

Which energy change is the activation energy for the catalysed
reaction?

s05/q12

3. Which reaction profile shows the fastest exothermic reaction?

A

E n e rg y

E n e rg y

w03/q15
R e a c tio n p a t h w a y

R e a c t io n p a t h w a y

E n e rg y

E n e rg y

R e a c tio n p a t h w a y

R e a c tio n p a t h w a y

s05/q13

4. The equation below shows an exothermic reaction.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2(aq) + H2(g)
Which statement about this exothermic reaction is not correct?
A Magnesium chloride is soluble in water.
B Magnesium is above hydrogen in the reactivity series.
C One mole of magnesium produces one mole of hydrogen gas.
D The total energy of the products is greater than that of the
reactants.
s06/q15

5. The diagram shows the energy profile for a chemical reaction.

8. The formation of hydrogen iodide from hydrogen and iodine is an

endothermic reaction.
HH+IIHI+HI
What may be deduced from this information?
A The number of bonds broken is greater than the number of bonds
formed.
B The formation of H I bonds absorbs energy.
C The products possess less energy than the reactants.
D The total energy change in bond formation is less than that in bond
breaking.
w03/q16

9. The table shows the energy released by the complete combustion of

some compounds used as fuels.
compound
formula
Mr
H in kJ / mol
methane
CH4
16
880
ethanol
C2H5OH
46
1380
propane
C3H8
44
2200
heptane
C7H16
100
4800
Which fuel produces the most energy when 1 g of the compound is
Completely burned?
A ethanol B heptane C methane D propane
w04/q18

10. The diagram shows the reaction pathway for a reaction without a
catalyst.

E n e rg y

R e a c tio n p a t h w a y

What is the correct description of the reaction?

sign of H
A
B
C
D

+
+
+

overall energy
change
exothermic
endothermic
endothermic
exothermic

Which diagram shows the pathway resulting from the addition of a catalyst
to the reaction?

sign of EA

E n e rg y

E n e rg y

s06/q16

6. The energy diagram for the

reaction between sodium
hydroxide and hydrochloric
acid is shown.
What can be deduced from
diagram?
A Heat is needed to start the
reaction.
B The products contain less energy than the reactants.

R e a c t io n p a t h w a y
C

the

R e a c t io n p a t h w a y
D

E n e rg y

E n e rg y

R e a c tio n p a t h w a y

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R e a c tio n p a t h w a y
w04/q20

2
Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals

11. The energy profile diagram below is for a reaction

P + Q R + S.

Which statement is correct?

A The activation energy of the reaction is (H3 H1).
B The activation energy of the reaction is (H3 H2).
C H is (H1 H2).
D H is (H1 H3).
w05/q13

12. On combustion, which fuel never produces pollutants?

A diesel B hydrogen C methane D petrol
w06/q14

13. The energy profile

diagrams show how
adding a substance X to a
reaction mixture changes
the reaction pathway.
Which change occurs
when X is added to the
reaction mixture?
A The rate of reaction
decreases.
B The rate of reaction increases.
C The reaction becomes less exothermic.
D The reaction becomes more exothermic.
w06/q16

14. In which process is energy released?

A electrolysis of water to form hydrogen and oxygen
B forming a hydrogen molecule from two hydrogen atoms
C fractional distillation of crude oil
D photosynthesis
w07/q16

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3
Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals
Q1. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to make hydrogen chloride. The reaction
is exothermic.
The reaction can be represented by the equation below.
H H + Cl Cl H Cl + H Cl H = 184 kJ/mol
(a) A mixture of 2.5 g of hydrogen and 142 g of chlorine is allowed to react.
(i) Which gas, hydrogen or chlorine, is in excess?
Explain your answer.

(a) Explain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of the energy changes
that take place during bond breaking and bond making.
..............................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................[3]
(b) Calculate the energy released when 4.0 g of methane is completely
combusted.

..............................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................[2]

..............................................................................................................

(c) Draw the energy profile diagram for the complete combustion of
methane. Label on the diagram the activation energy and the enthalpy
change.

..............................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the energy released when 2.5 g of hydrogen reacts
completely with chlorine gas.

[3]
(b) Explain why the reaction is exothermic, in terms of the energy changes
that take place during bond breaking and bond making.
[3]
s03/q10

..............................................................................................................

Q.3. Aqueous hydrogen peroxide is used to sterilise contact lenses.

At room temperature aqueous hydrogen peroxide decomposes very slowly
to form water and oxygen.
The decomposition can be represented by the equation below.

..........................................................................................................[3]
(d) Nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen(II) oxide. The energy
profile diagram for the reaction is shown below.

(a) Explain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of the energy changes
that take place during bond breaking and bond making.

..............................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[2]
(b) Draw the energy profile diagram for the decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide. Label on the diagram the activation energy and the enthalpy
change.
(i) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?
Explain your answer.
..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
[3]
s04/q7

..............................................................................................................
(ii) Label on the diagram the activation energy for the reaction. [2]
s02/q2

Q2. Methane, CH4, is used as a fuel. The complete combustion of

methane can be represented by the equation below.
H

2 O

O
H

H
=

8 9 0 k J /m o l

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4
Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals
Q.4. Oxides of nitrogen are atmospheric pollutants. Nitrogen monoxide,
NO, is formed in an internal combustion engine when nitrogen and
oxygen react together.
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
The diagram shows the energy profile for this reaction.

(i) Label on the diagram the activation energy of the reaction.

(ii) The fuel cell contains a catalyst. Draw a second curve on the diagram
to show the energy profile for the catalysed reaction.
(iii) Explain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of bond breaking and
bond forming.
..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................[5]
w02/q5

Q.6. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Petroleum is a

source of many useful fuels.
(a) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?

..............................................................................................................
(a) Identify the energy changes X and Z.
..........................................................................................................[1]
(b) Petroleum is separated by fractional distillation.
(i) Complete the following table about the fractions obtained from
petroleum.
fraction
use
petrol (gasoline)
fuel for cars
paraffin (kerosene)

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[2]
(b) The reaction between nitrogen and oxygen is endothermic.
(i) Explain how you can tell from the diagram that the reaction is
endothermic.

diesel
Bitumen

..........................................................................................................

fuel for diesel engines

(ii) Name one other fraction obtained from petroleum.

..........................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain, using ideas about bond breaking and bond making, why the
overall reaction is endothermic.

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[3]
(c) Fractional distillation of petroleum does not produce sufficient of some
fractions to match demand.
Cracking is used to convert large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller
molecules that are more in demand.
A hydrocarbon of molecular formula C12H26 is cracked.
(i) Suggest the formula of one alkane that may be produced.

..........................................................................................................[3]
s07/q10

Q.5. In the future, fuel cells may be used to power cars.

In a fuel cell, the overall reaction is represented by the equation
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
(a) This is the energy profile diagram for the reaction between hydrogen
and oxygen.

..............................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest the formula of one alkene that may be produced.

..............................................................................................................

2 H 2 (g ) +
O 2( g )
E n e rg y

H 2O (l)

P r o g r e s s o f r e a c tio n

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s03/q3

5
Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals
Q.7 Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons. In an oil refinery it is
separated into fractions by fractional distillation.
The diagram shows a fractionating column and some of the fractions
obtained from petroleum.

[3]
(c) Give two advantages of using ethanol rather than propane as a fuel for
cars.
..............................................................................................................

......................................................................................................... [2]
(d) In a car engine, a spark plug ignites a mixture of air and ethanol. The
spark is needed because the combustion of ethanol needs activation
energy. Complete the energy level diagram below for the combustion of
ethanol. Show the names of the products and label the activation energy
for the reaction.

[3]
w03/q3

(a) State the physical property on which the separation depends.

Q.9. This diagram shows a fractionating column for the separation of crude
oil.
..........................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) State one use for the naphtha fraction.
..............................................................................................................
(ii) State one use for the bitumen fraction.
..........................................................................................................[2]
(d) Describe the importance of cracking in the oil refining process.

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[2]
s05/q4

Q.8. Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and ethanol can be used as fuels for
cars instead of petrol. LPG contains mainly propane. This table shows
some information about propane and ethanol.
name

formula

boiling
point / C

ethanol

C2H5OH

78

physical
state at
r.t.p.

enthalpy
change of
combustion
/ kJ per
mole
1367

method of
manufacture

The following fractions leave the column.

fraction
number of carbon atoms
boiling range / C
naptha
7 14
90 150
paraffin
9 16
150 240
diesel oil
15 25
220 250
(a) Which fractions leave the column at each of the points A, B and C?
..........................................................................................................[1]
(b) Explain how the fractionating column separates the crude oil mixture.

fermentation
of sugar cane

..............................................................................................................

.................
.......................
propane

42
.................

2220
.................

......................
of crude oil

(a) Complete the table by filling in the boxes.

[4]
(b) When 1 kg propane burns, 50 450 kJ of energy are given out.
Show by calculation, using data from the table, that ethanol gives out less
energy per kg than propane.

..............................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................[3]

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6
Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals
(c) Octane, C8H18, is a hydrocarbon in petrol. Hexadecane, C16H34, is one
of the hydrocarbons in ship fuel.
(i) Show by calculation that hexadecane contains a higher percentage of
carbon by mass than octane.

..............................................................................................................
This is the equation for the complete combustion of octane.
2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)
(ii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of hexadecane.
..............................................................................................................
(iii) Use the equations to explain why hexadecane burns with a smokier
flame than octane.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................[5]
(d) Name two fuels, suitable for cars, which do not come from crude oil.
..........................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 10 marks]
w04/q8

Q.10. Methane, CH4, is the major constituent of natural gas.

(a) A very small quantity of methane is present in the atmosphere.
State another source of this gas.

..........................................................................................................[1]
(b) State a use of methane.

..........................................................................................................[1]
(c) In the presence of light methane reacts with chlorine.
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl H = 99.5 kJ
Draw an energy profile diagram for this reaction. Show:
the reactants and products, the activation energy,
the enthalpy change.

E n e rg y

R e a c t io n p a t h w a y

[3]
w06/q6

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