E2063 Teknologi Elektrik 2 UNIT7

AC MACHINE (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 7/ 1
ALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTRIC MACHINES (Part 2)

OBECTI!ES
G"n"ra# O$%"&ti'" : To analyze the basic principles of operation of an AC motor,
the differences between DC motor and AC motor, definition of
synchronous speed, rotor speed and slip, method of starting
induction motor and how to reverse the direction of motor
rotation.
S("&i)i& O$%"&ti'"* : At the end of the unit you will be able to:
Eplain the principles of operation of AC motors.
Differentiate between a DC motor and an AC motor.
!tate the synchronous speed, rotor speed and slip
!tate and eplain methods of starting induction motors.
Eplain how to reverse the direction of motor rotation.
UNIT 7

7+1 Intr,-.&ti,n
"ost of the power#generating systems, ashore and afloat, produce AC. $or this reason a
ma%ority of the motors used throughout the &avy are designed to operate on ac. There are
other advantages in the use of AC motors besides the wide availability of AC power. 'n
general, AC motors cost less than DC motors. !ome types of AC motors do not use brushes
and commutators. This eliminates many problems of maintenance and wear. 't also
eliminates the problem of dangerous spar(ing. An AC motor is particularly well suited for
constant#speed applications. This is because its speed is determined by the fre)uency of the
AC voltage applied to the motor terminals. The DC motor is better suited than an AC motor
for some uses, such as those that re)uire variable#speeds. An AC motor can also be made
with variable speed characteristics but only within certain limits.
'ndustry builds AC motors in different sizes, shapes, and ratings for many different
types of %obs. These motors are designed for use with either polyphase or single#phase
power systems. 't is not possible here to cover all aspects of the sub%ect of AC motors. *nly
the principles of the most commonly used types are dealt with in this chapter. 'n this chapter,
AC motors will be divided into +,- series, +.- synchronous, and +/- induction motors.
!ingle#phase and polyphase motors will be discussed. !ynchronous motors, for purposes of
this chapter, may be considered as polyphase motors, of constant speed, whose rotors are
energized with DC voltage. 'nduction motors, single#phase or polyphase, whose rotors are
energized by induction, are the most commonly used AC motors. The series AC motor, in a
sense, is a familiar type of motor. 't is very similar to the DC motor that was covered in 0nit
1 and 0nit 2 will serve as a bridge between the old and the new.
7+2 T/r""0(/a*" 1,t,r &,1(,n"nt*
The AC induction motor has three basic parts : the stator, which is the stationary part of the
motor 3 the rotor, which is the rotating part of the motor and the end plates, which house the
bearings that allow the rotor to rotate freely. $igure 4., shows a cut#away diagram of a
three#phase motor and $igure 4.. shows an eploded#view of a three#phase motor.
INPUT
INPUT
!ource : 'ndustrial Electronics Application for 5rogrammable Controllers, 'nstrumentation and
5rocess Control, and Electrical "achines and "otor Controls by Thomas E. 6issel
2i3.r" 7+1 Cut away diagram of a three#phase motor
!ource : 'ndustrial Electronics Application for 5rogrammable Controllers, 'nstrumentation and
5rocess Control, and Electrical "achines and "otor Controls by Thomas E. 6issel
2i3.r" 7+2 Eploded view of a three#phase motor. This picture shows the relative
location of all the parts of the motor.
7+2+1 Stat,r
The stator is the stationary part of the motor and is made of several parts. $igure 4./ shows
the stator of a typical induction motor. The stator is the frame for the motor housing the
stationary winding with mounting holes for installation. The mounting holes for the motor
are sized according to &E"A standards for the motor7s frame type. !ome motors will also
have a lifting ring in the stator to provide a means for handling larger motors. The lifting
ring and mounting holes are actually built into the frame or housing part of the stator.
!ource: 'ndustrial Electronics Application for 5rogrammable Controllers, 'nstrumentation and 5rocess
Control, and Electrical "achines and "otor Controls by Thomas E. 6issel
2i3.r" 7+3 Eample of a typical stator for an AC motor.
An insert is set inside the stator that provides slots for the stator coils to be inserted
in. This insert is made of laminated steel to prevent eddy current and flu losses in the coils.
The stator windings are made by wrapping a predetermined length of wire on preformed
brac(ets in the shape of the coil. These windings are then wrapped with insulation and
installed in the stator slots. A typical four#pole, three#phase motor will have three coils
mounted consecutively in the slots to form a group. The three coils will be wired so that they
each receive power from a separate phase of three#phase power supply. Three groups are
connected together to form one of the four poles of the motor. This grouping is repeated for
each of the other three poles so that the motor has a total of /8 coils to form the complete
four#pole stator.
7+2+2 R,t,r
The rotor in an AC motor can be constructed from coils of wire wound on laminated steel or
it can be made entirely from laminated steel without any wire coils. A rotor with wire coils
is called a wound rotor and it is used in a wound#rotor motor. The main drawbac( of the
wound#rotor motor is that it re)uires the use of brushes and slip rings to transfer current to
it. !ince modern AC induction motors can now produce ade)uate tor)ue, the wound#rotor
motor is not often used because the brushes and slip rings re)uire too much maintenance.
"otors that use a laminated steel rotor are called induction motors or s)uirrel cage
induction motors. The core of the rotor is made of die#cast aluminium in the shape of
s)uirrel cage. 9aminated sections are pressed onto this core or the core is molded into
laminated sections when the s)uirrel#cage rotor is manufactured. $igure 4.1 shows a
diagram and picture of a s)uirrel#cage rotor. The fins or blades are built into the rotor for
cooling the motor and it is important that these fan blades are not damaged or bro(en, since
they provide all of the cooling air for the motor and they are balanced so that the rotor will
spin evenly without vibrations.
2i3.r" 7+4 +a- Diagram of a s)uirrel#cage rotor for an AC motor.
+b-5icture of a s)uirrel#cage rotor for an AC motor.
7+2+3 M,t,r En- P#at"*
The end plates house the bearings for the motor. The end plate and bearing can be seen in
the picture of the rotor that is shown in $ig. 4.1. 'f the motor is a fractional#horsepower
motor, it will generally use sleeve#type bearings and if the motor is one of the larger types, it
will use ball bearings. !ome ball bearings on smaller motors will be permanently lubricated,
while the larger motor bearings will re)uire periodic lubrication. All sleeve bearings will
re)uire a few drops of lubricating oil periodically. The end plates are mounted on the ends of
the motor and held in place by long bolts inserted through the stator frame. :hen nuts are
placed on the bolts and tightened, the end plate will be secure in place. 'f the motor is an
open type, the end plates will have louvers to allow cooling air to circulate through the
motor. An access plate may also be provided in the rear end plate to allow field wiring if one
is not provided in the stator frame.
7+3 6i))"r"n&"* $"t7""n AC M,t,r an- 6C 1,t,r
Today AC motors are more widely used in industrial applications than DC motors. They are
available to operate on single#phase or three#phase supply voltage systems. This allows the
motor control designer to choose the type of motor to fit the application. "ost single#phase
motors are less than / hp, although some larger ones are available, they are not as common.
Three#phase motors are available up to several thousand horsepower, although most of the
motors that will be wor(ing with less than 2; hp.
The AC motor provides several advantages over DC motors. *ne advantage the AC
motor has is its design eliminates the need for brushes and commutators. The second
advantage is that its rotating member is made of laminated steel rather than wire that is
pressed on a core, which reduces maintenance. The AC motor does not need brushes and
commutators since it creates the flu lines in its rotating member by induction. The
induction process that is used to get the current into the rotating member is similar to the
induction that occurs between the primary and secondary windings of a transformer. This is
possible in an AC motor because supply voltage is sinusoidal.
The rotating field in the AC motor is called rotor and the stationary field is called the
stator. The design of the rotor is different from the rotating armature in the DC motor
because it is made completely of laminated steel rather than having copper coils pressed on
a laminated steel core. This allows the AC motor to operate longer than DC motor with less
periodic maintenance, which means that more AC motors are used in industry than DC
motors. The main reason DC motors were used in industry in the ,<1;s through the ,<8;s is
that their speed could be controlled more easily than controlling the speed of AC motors.
:ith the advent of variable#fre)uency drives, the speed of all AC motors can be ad%usted
more easily than DC motors, and the AC motor re)uires less maintenance since it does not
have brushes.
A&ti'it8 7A
TEST 9OUR UN6ERSTAN6ING =E$*>E ?*0 C*&T'&0E :'T@ T@E &EAT
'&50TBC
4.,. :hat are the three basic types of AC motorsD
4.. The AC induction motor has three basic parts : the BBB.., which is the stationary part
of the motor 3 the BBBBB, which is the rotating part of the motor and the
BBBB.., which house the bearings that allow the rotor to rotate freely.
4./ :hat is the advantage of AC motor over DC motor.
AC MACHINE (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 7/ :
2""-$a&; t, t/" A&ti'it8 7A
4., !eries, synchronous, induction.
4.. !tator, rotor, end plates.
4./ The AC motor provides several advantages over DC motors. *ne advantage the AC
motor has is its design eliminates the need for brushes and commutators. The second
advantage is that its rotating member is made of laminated steel rather than wire that is
pressed on a core, which reduces maintenance.
AC MACHINE (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 7/ <

7+4+ T8("* ,) AC M,t,r
There are many types of AC motors. The types of AC motor that we will discuss are !eries
AC motor and !ynchronous motor and 'nduction motor.
7+4+1 S"ri"* AC M,t,r
A series AC motor is the same electrically as a DC series motor. >efer to $igure 4.2 and use
the left#hand rule for the polarity of coils. ?ou can see that the instantaneous magnetic
polarities of the armature and field oppose each other, and motor action results. &ow,
reverse the current by reversing the polarity of the input. &ote that the field magnetic
polarity still opposes the armature magnetic polarity. This is because the reversal affects
both the armature and the field. The AC input causes these reversals to ta(e place
continuously.
INPUT
INPUT
2i3.r" 7+5 !eries ac motor
The construction of the AC series motor differs slightly from the DC series motor.
!pecial metals, laminations, and windings are used. They reduce losses caused by eddy
currents, hysteresis, and high reactance. DC power can be used to drive an AC series motor
efficiently, but the opposite is not true.
The characteristics of a series AC motor are similar to those of a series DC motor. 't
is a varying#speed machine. 't has low speeds for large loads and high speeds for light loads.
The starting tor)ue is very high. !eries motors are used for driving fans, electric drills, and
other small appliances. !ince the series ac motor has the same general characteristics as the
series dc motor, a series motor has been designed to operate both on AC and DC. This
ACEDC motor is called a universal motor. 't finds wide use in small electric appliances.
0niversal motors operate at lower efficiency than either the AC or DC series motor. They
are built in small sizes only. 0niversal motors do not operate on polyphase AC power.
7+4+2 S8n&/,r,n,.* M,t,r*
The construction of the synchronous motor is essentially the same as the construction of the
salient#pole alternator. 'n fact, such an alternator may be run as an AC motor. 't is similar to
the drawing in $igure 4.8. !ynchronous motors have the characteristic of constant speed
between no load and full load. They are capable of correcting the low power factor of an
inductive load when they are operated under certain conditions. They are often used to drive
DC generators. !ynchronous motors are designed in sizes up to thousands of horsepower.
They may be designed as either single#phase or multiphase machines. The discussion that
follows is based on a three#phase design.
2i3.r" 7+6 >evolving#field synchronous motor.
To understand how the synchronous motor wor(s, assume that the application of
three#phase AC power to the stator causes a rotating magnetic field to be set up around the
rotor. The rotor is energized with dc +it acts li(e a bar magnet-. The strong rotating magnetic
field attracts the strong rotor field activated by the DC. This results in a strong turning force
on the rotor shaft. The rotor is therefore able to turn a load as it rotates in step with the
rotating magnetic field. 't wor(s this way once it is started. @owever, one of the
disadvantages of a synchronous motor is that it cannot be started from a standstill by
applying three#phase ac power to the stator. :hen ac is applied to the stator, a high#speed
rotating magnetic field appears immediately. This rotating field rushes past the rotor poles so
)uic(ly that the rotor does not have a chance to get started. 'n effect, the rotor is repelled
first in one direction and then the other. A synchronous motor in its purest form has no
starting tor)ue. 't has tor)ue only when it is running at synchronous speed.
A s)uirrel#cage type of winding is added to the rotor of a synchronous motor to
cause it to start. The s)uirrel cage is shown as the outer part of the rotor in $igure 4.4. 't is
so named because it is shaped and loo(s something li(e a turnable s)uirrel cage. !imply, the
windings are heavy copper bars shorted together by copper rings. A low voltage is induced
in these shorted windings by the rotating three#phase stator field. =ecause of the short
circuit, a relatively large current flows in the s)uirrel cage. This causes a magnetic field that
interacts with the rotating field of the stator. =ecause of the interaction, the rotor begins to
turn, following the stator field3 the motor starts. :e will run into s)uirrel cages again in
other applications, where they will be covered in more detail.

2i3.r" 7+7 !elf#starting synchronous ac motor
To start a practical synchronous motor, the stator is energized, but the dc supply to
the rotor field is not energized. The s)uirrel#cage windings bring the rotor to near
synchronous speed. At that point, the dc field is energized. This loc(s the rotor in step with
the rotating stator field. $ull tor)ue is developed, and the load is driven. A mechanical
switching device that operates on centrifugal force is often used to apply dc to the rotor as
synchronous speed is reached. The practical synchronous motor has the disadvantage of
re)uiring a dc eciter voltage for the rotor. This voltage may be obtained either eternally or
internally, depending on the design of the motor.
Slip
The actual mechanical speed +nr- of the rotor is often epressed as a fraction of the
synchronous speed +ns- as related by slip +s-, defined as
s F
s
r s
n
n n
where s
n
is given by
ns F
P
f ,.;
The slip may also be epressed as percent slip as follows :
5ercent slip F
s
r s
n
n n
G ,;;
At standstill, the rotating magnetic field produced by the stator has the same relative speed
with respect to the rotor windings as with respect to the stator windings. Thus, the fre)uency
of rotor currents +fr- is the same as the fre)uency of stator current +f-. At synchronous speed,
there is no relative motion between the rotating field and the rotor, and the fre)uency of
rotor current is zero. At other speeds, the rotor fre)uency is proportional to the slip +s-: that
is,
fr F sf
where fr is the fre)uency of rotor currents and is (nown as slip fre)uency and f is the
fre)uency of stator input current +or voltage-.
7+4+3 In-.&ti,n M,t,r*
The induction motor is the most commonly used type of ac motor. 'ts simple, rugged
construction costs relatively little to manufacture. The induction motor has a rotor that is not
connected to an eternal source of voltage. The induction motor derives its name from the
fact that ac voltages are induced in the rotor circuit by the rotating magnetic field of the
stator. 'n many ways, induction in this motor is similar to the induction between the primary
and secondary windings of a transformer. 9arge motors and permanently mounted motors
that drive loads at fairly constant speed are often induction motors. Eamples are found in
washing machines, refrigerator compressors, bench grinders, and table saws.
The stator construction of the three#phase induction motor and the three#phase
synchronous motor are almost identical. @owever, their rotors are completely different +see
$ig. 4.H-. The induction rotor is made of a laminated cylinder with slots in its surface. The
windings in these slots are one of two types +shown in $ig. 4.<-. The most common is the
s)uirrel#cage winding. This entire winding is made up of heavy copper bars connected
together at each end by a metal ring made of copper or brass. &o insulation is re)uired
between the core and the bars. This is because of the very low voltages generated in the
rotor bars. The other type of winding contains actual coils placed in the rotor slots. The rotor
is then called a wound rotor.
2i3.r" 7+: 'nduction motor.
2i3.r" 7+< Types of ac induction motor rotors
>egardless of the type of rotor used, the basic principle is the same. The rotating
magnetic field generated in the stator induces a magnetic field in the rotor. The two fields
interact and cause the rotor to turn. To obtain maimum interaction between the fields, the
air gap between the rotor and stator is very small. As you (now from 9enzIs law, any
induced emf tries to oppose the changing field that induces it. 'n the case of an induction
motor, the changing field is the motion of the resultant stator field. A force is eerted on the
rotor by the induced emf and the resultant magnetic field. This force tends to cancel the
relative motion between the rotor and the stator field. The rotor, as a result, moves in the
same direction as the rotating stator field.
't is impossible for the rotor of an induction motor to turn at the same speed as the
rotating magnetic field. 'f the speeds were the same, there would be no relative motion
between the stator and rotor fields3 without relative motion there would be no induced
voltage in the rotor. 'n order for relative motion to eist between the two, the rotor must
rotate at a speed slower than that of the rotating magnetic field. The difference between the
speed of the rotating stator field and the rotor speed is called slip. The smaller the slip, the
closer the rotor speed approaches the stator field speed. The speed of the rotor depends upon
the tor)ue re)uirements of the load. The bigger the load, the stronger the turning force
needed to rotate the rotor. The turning force can increase only if the rotor#induced emf
increases. This emf can increase only if the magnetic field cuts through the rotor at a faster
rate. To increase the relative speed between the field and rotor, the rotor must slow down.
Therefore, for heavier loads the induction motor turns slower than for lighter loads. ?ou can
see from the previous statement that slip is directly proportional to the load on the motor.
Actually only a slight change in speed is necessary to produce the usual current changes
re)uired for normal changes in load. This is because the rotor windings have such a low
resistance. As a result, induction motors are called constant#speed motors.
7+4+3+1 Sin3#"0(/a*" in-.&ti,n 1,t,r*+
There are probably more single#phase ac induction motors in use today than the total of all
the other types put together. 't is logical that the least epensive, lowest maintenance type of
ac motor should be used most often. The single#phase ac induction motor fits that
description. 0nli(e polyphase induction motors, the stator field in the single#phase motor
does not rotate. 'nstead it simply alternates polarity between poles as the ac voltage changes
polarity. Joltage is induced in the rotor as a result of magnetic induction, and a magnetic
field is produced around the rotor. This field will always be in opposition to the stator field
+9enzIs law applies-. The interaction between the rotor and stator fields will not produce
rotation, however. The interaction is shown by the double#ended arrow in $igure 4.,;, view
A. =ecause this force is across the rotor and through the pole pieces, there is no rotary
motion, %ust a push andEor pull along this line.
2i3.r" 7+10 >otor currents in a single#phase ac induction motor
&ow, if the rotor is rotated by some outside force +a twist of your hand, or
something-, the push#pull along the line in figure 4.,;, view A, is disturbed. 9oo( at the
fields as shown in $igure 4.,;, view =. At this instant the south pole on the rotor is being
attracted by the left#hand pole. The north rotor pole is being attracted to the right#hand pole.
All of this is a result of the rotor being rotated <;K by the outside force. The pull that now
eists between the two fields becomes a rotary force, turning the rotor toward magnetic
correspondence with the stator. =ecause the two fields continuously alternate, they will
never actually line up, and the rotor will continue to turn once started. 't remains for us to
learn practical methods of getting the rotor to start.
There are several types of single#phase induction motors in use today. =asically they
are identical ecept for the means of starting. 'n this chapter we will discuss the split#phase
and shaded#pole motors3 so named because of the methods employed to get them started.
*nce they are up to operating speed, all single#phase induction motors operate the same.
7+4+3+2 S(#it0P/a*" In-.&ti,n M,t,r*
*ne type of induction motor, which incorporates a starting device, is called a split#
phase induction motor. !plit#phase motors are designed to use inductance, capacitance, or
resistance to develop a starting tor)ue. The principles are those that you learned in your
study of alternating current.
7+4+3+3 S/a-"-0P,#" In-.&ti,n M,t,r*
The shaded#pole induction motor is another single#phase motor. 't uses a uni)ue
method to start the rotor turning. The effect of a moving magnetic field is produced by
constructing the stator in a special way. This motor has pro%ecting pole pieces %ust li(e some
dc motors. 'n addition, portions of the pole piece surfaces are surrounded by a copper strap
called a shading coil. A pole piece with the strap in place is shown in figure 4.,/.
The strap causes the field to move bac( and forth across the face of the pole piece. &ote the
numbered se)uence and points on the magnetization curve in the figure. As the alternating
stator field starts increasing from zero +,-, the lines of force epand across the face of the
pole piece and cut through the strap. A voltage is induced in the strap. The current that
results generates a field that opposes the cutting action +and decreases the strength- of the
main field.
This produces the following actions: As the field increases from zero to a maimum
at <;K, a large portion of the magnetic lines of force are concentrated in the unshaded
portion of the pole +,-. At <;K the field reaches its maimum value. !ince the lines of force
have stopped epanding, no emf is induced in the strap, and no opposing magnetic field is
generated. As a result, the main field is uniformly distributed across the pole +.-. $rom <;K
to ,H;K, the main field starts decreasing or collapsing inward. The field generated in the
strap opposes the collapsing field. The effect is to concentrate the lines of force in the
shaded portion of the pole face +/-. ?ou can see that from ;K to ,H;K, the main field has
shifted across the pole face from the unshaded to the shaded portion. $rom ,H;K to /8;K, the
main field goes through the same change as it did from ;K to ,H;K3 however, it is now in the
opposite direction +1-. The direction of the field does not affect the way the shaded pole
wor(s. The motion of the field is the same during the second half#cycle as it was during the
first half of the cycle.
2i3.r" 7+13 !haded poles as used in shaded#pole ac induction motors.
The motion of the field bac( and forth between shaded and unshaded portions
produces a wea( tor)ue to start the motor. =ecause of the wea( starting tor)ue, shaded#pole
motors are built only in small sizes. They drive such devices as fans, cloc(s, blowers, and
electric razors.
7+4+3+4 S(""- ,) Sin3#"0P/a*" In-.&ti,n M,t,r*
The speed of induction motors is dependent on motor design. The synchronous speed +the
speed at which the stator field rotates- is determined by the fre)uency of the input ac power
and the number of poles in the stator. The greater the number of poles, the slower the
synchronous speed. The higher the fre)uency of applied voltage, the higher the synchronous
speed. >emember, however, that neither fre)uency nor number of poles are variables. They
are both fied by the manufacturer. The relationship between poles, fre)uency, and
synchronous speed is as follows:
ns+rpm-F ,.;fEp
where n is the synchronous speed in rpm, f is the fre)uency of applied voltage in hertz, and
p is the number of poles in the stator. 9etIs use an eample of a 1#pole motor, built to operate
on 8; hertz. The synchronous speed is determined as follows:
nsF ,.; 8; E1
ns F ,H;; rpm
Common synchronous speeds for 8;#hertz motors are /8;;, ,H;;, ,.;;, and <;;
rpm, depending on the number of poles in the original design.
As we have seen before, the rotor is never able to reach synchronous speed. 'f it did, there
would be no voltage induced in the rotor. &o tor)ue would be developed. The motor would
not operate. The difference between rotor speed and synchronous speed is called slip. The
difference between these two speeds is not great. $or eample, a rotor speed of /1;; to /2;;
rpm can be epected from a synchronous speed of /8;; rpm.
AC MACHINE (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 7/ 1:
A&ti'it8 7B
'&50TBC
4.1 :hat types of e)uipment are series motors generally used to operateD
4.2 :hy are series motors sometimes called universal motorsD
4.8 :hat re)uirement is the synchronous motor specifically designed to meetD
4.4 :hy is the AC induction motor used more often than other typesD
4.H The speed of the rotor is always somewhat less than the speed of the rotating field.
:hat is the difference calledD
4.< :hat determines the amount of slip in an induction motorD
4.,; :hat type of AC motor is most widely usedD
4.,, :hy are shaded#pole motors used to drive only very small devicesD
4.,. Determine the synchronous speed of the si pole motor operating from a ..;J, 2;@z
source.
AC MACHINE (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 7/ 1<
2""-$a&; t, t/" A&ti'it8 7B
4.1 To power small appliances.
4.2 They operate on either AC or DC.
4.8 Constant speed re)uired by some loads.
4.4 They are simple and inepensive to ma(e.
4.H !lip.
4.< 9oad.
4.,; !ingle#phase induction motor.
4.,, They have very wea( starting tor)ues.
4.,. Live : &o. of poles, p F 8
f = 2;
J F ..; J
!ynchronous speed F
p
f ,.;
F
8
2; ,.;
F ,;;; r E min

7+5 R,tatin3 Ma3n"ti& 2i"#-*
The principle of rotating magnetic fields is the (ey to the operation of most ac motors. =oth
synchronous and induction types of motors rely on rotating magnetic fields in their stators to
cause their rotors to turn. The idea is simple. A magnetic field in a stator can be made to
rotate electrically, around and around. Another magnetic field in the rotor can be made to
chase it by being attracted and repelled by the stator field. =ecause the rotor is free to turn, it
follows the rotating magnetic field in the stator.
9etIs see how it is done. >otating magnetic fields may be set up in two#phase or
three#phase machines. To establish a rotating magnetic field in a motor stator, the number of
pole pairs must be the same as +or a multiple of- the number of phases in the applied
voltage. The poles must then be displaced from each other by an angle e)ual to the phase
angle between the individual phases of the applied voltage.
7+5+1 T7,0(/a*" R,tatin3 Ma3n"ti& 2i"#-*
A rotating magnetic field is probably most easily seen in a two#phase stator. The stator of a
two#phase induction motor is made up of two windings +or a multiple of two-. They are
placed at right angles to each other around the stator. The simplified drawing in $igure 4.,1
illustrates a two#phase stator.
2i3.r" 7+14 Two#phase motor stator.
INPUT
INPUT
'f the voltages applied to phases ,#,A and .#.A are <;K out of phase, the currents
that flow in the phases are displaced from each other by <;K. !ince the magnetic fields
generated in the coils are in phase with their respective currents, the magnetic fields are also
<;K out of phase with each other. These two out#of#phase magnetic fields, whose coil aes
are at right angles to each other, add together at every instant during their cycle. They
produce a resultant field that rotates one revolution for each cycle of AC.
To analyze the rotating magnetic field in a two#phase stator, refer to figure 4.,2. The
arrow represents the rotor. $or each point set up on the voltage chart, consider that current
flows in a direction that will cause the magnetic polarity indicated at each pole piece. &ote
that from one point to the net, the polarities are rotating from one pole to the net in a
cloc(wise manner. *ne complete cycle of input voltage produces a /8;#degree rotation of
the pole polarities. 9etIs see how this result is obtained.
2i3.r" 7+15 Two#phase rotating field
The waveforms in $igure 4.,2 are of the two input phases, displaced <;K because of
the way they were generated in a two#phase alternator. The waveforms are numbered to
match their associated phase. Although not shown in this figure, the windings for the poles
,#,A and .#.A would be as shown in the previous figure. At position ,, the current flow and
magnetic field in winding ,#,A is at maimum +because the phase voltage is maimum-.
The current flow and magnetic field in winding .#.A is zero +because the phase voltage is
zero-. The resultant magnetic field is therefore in the direction of the ,#,A ais. At the 12#
degree point +position .-, the resultant magnetic field lies midway between windings ,#,A
and .#.A. The coil currents and magnetic fields are e)ual in strength. At <;K +position /-,
the magnetic field in winding ,#,A is zero. The magnetic field in winding .#.A is at
maimum.
&ow the resultant magnetic field lies along the ais of the .#.A winding as shown.
The resultant magnetic field has rotated cloc(wise through <;K to get from position , to
position /. :hen the two#phase voltages have completed one full cycle +position <-, the
resultant magnetic field has rotated through /8;K. Thus, by placing two windings at right
angles to each other and eciting these windings with voltages <;K out of phase, a rotating
magnetic field results. Two#phase motors are rarely used ecept in special#purpose
e)uipment. They are discussed here to aid in understanding rotating fields. ?ou will,
however, encounter many single#phase and three#phase motors.
7+5+2 T/r""0(/a*" R,tatin3 2i"#-*

The three#phase induction motor also operates on the principle of a rotating magnetic field.
The following discussion shows how the stator windings can be connected to a three#phase
ac input and have a resultant magnetic field that rotates.
$igure 4.,8, views A#C show the individual windings for each phase. $igure 4.,8, view D,
shows how the three phases are tied together in a ?#connected stator. The dot in each
diagram indicates the common point of the ?#connection. ?ou can see that the individual
phase windings are e)ually spaced around the stator. This places the windings ,.;K apart.
2i3.r" 7+16 Three#phase, ?#connected stator.
The three#phase input voltage to the stator of $igure 4.,8 is shown in the graph of
$igure 4.,4.0se the left#hand rule for determining the electromagnetic polarity of the poles
at any given instant. 'n applying the rule to the coils in $igure 4.,8, consider that current
flows toward the terminal numbers for positive voltages, and away from the terminal
numbers for negative voltages.
2i3.r" 7+17 Three#phase rotating#field polarities and input voltages
The results of this analysis are shown for voltage points , through 4 in $igure 4.,4.
At point ,, the magnetic field in coils ,#,A is maimum with polarities as shown. At the
same time, negative voltages are being felt in the .#.A and /#/A windings. These create
wea(er magnetic fields, which tend to aid the ,#,A field. At point ., maimum negative
voltage is being felt in the /#/A windings. This creates a strong magnetic field which, in
turn, is aided by the wea(er fields in ,#,A and .#.A. As each point on the voltage graph is
analyzed, it can be seen that the resultant magnetic field is rotating in a cloc(wise direction.
:hen the three#phase voltage completes one full cycle +point 4-, the magnetic field has
rotated through /8;K.
7+5+3 R,t,r B"/a'i,r in a R,tatin3 2i"#-*
$or purposes of eplaining rotor movement, letIs assume that we can place a bar magnet in
the center of the stator diagrams of $igure 4.,4. :eIll mount this magnet so that it is free to
rotate in this area. 9etIs also assume that the bar magnet is aligned so that at point , its south
pole is opposite the large & of the stator field.
?ou can see that this alignment is natural. 0nli(e poles attract, and the two fields are
aligned so that they are attracting. &ow, go from point , through point 4. As before, the
stator field rotates cloc(wise. The bar magnet, free to move, will follow the stator field,
because the attraction between the two fields continues to eist. A shaft running through the
pivot point of the bar magnet would rotate at the same speed as the rotating field. This speed
is (nown as synchronous speed. The shaft represents the shaft of an operating motor to
which the load is attached. >emember, this eplanation is an oversimplification. 't is meant
to show how a rotating field can cause mechanical rotation of a shaft. !uch an arrangement
would wor(, but it is not used. There are limitations to a permanent magnet rotor. 5ractical
motors use other methods, as we shall see in the net paragraphs.
7+6 T8("* ,) *tartin3 in-.&ti,n 1,t,r
The types of starting induction motor that we will discuss in this unit are Capacitor#start and
>esistance#start.
7+6+1 Ca(a*it,r0Start
The first type of split#phase induction motor that will be covered is the capacitor#start type.
$igure 4.,H shows a simplified schematic of a typical capacitor#start motor. The stator
consists of the main winding and a starting winding +auiliary-. The starting winding is
connected in parallel with the main winding and is placed physically at right angles to it. A
<;#degree electrical phase difference between the two windings is obtained by connecting
the auiliary winding in series with a capacitor and starting switch. :hen the motor is first
energized, the starting switch is closed. This places the capacitor in series with the auiliary
winding. The capacitor is of such value that the auiliary circuit is effectively a resistive#
capacitive circuit +referred to as capacitive reactance and epressed as AC-. 'n this circuit the
current leads the line voltage by about 12K +because AC about e)uals >-. The main winding
has enough resistance#inductance +referred to as inductive reactance and epressed as A9- to
cause the current to lag the line voltage by about 12K +because A9 about e)uals >-. The
currents in each winding are therefore <;K out of phase # so are the magnetic fields that are
generated. The effect is that the two windings act li(e a two#phase stator and produce the
rotating field re)uired to start the motor.
:hen nearly full speed is obtained, a centrifugal device +the starting switch- cuts out
the starting winding. The motor then runs as a plain single#phase induction motor. !ince the
auiliary winding is only a light winding, the motor does not develop sufficient tor)ue to
start heavy loads. !plit#phase motors, therefore, come only in small sizes.
2i3.r" 7+1: Capacitor#start, ac induction motor
7+6+2 R"*i*tan&"0Start.
Another type of split#phase induction motor is the resistance#start motor. This motor also has
a starting winding +shown in fig. 4.,<- in addition to the main winding. 't is switched in and
out of the circuit %ust as it was in the capacitor#start motor. The starting winding is
positioned at right angles to the main winding. The electrical phase shift between the
currents in the two windings is obtained by ma(ing the impedance of the windings une)ual.
The main winding has a high inductance and a low resistance. The current, therefore,
lags the voltage by a large angle. The starting winding is designed to have a fairly low
inductance and a high resistance. @ere the current lags the voltage by a smaller angle. $or
eample, suppose the current in the main winding lags the voltage by 4;K. The current in the
auiliary winding lags the voltage by 1;K. The currents are, therefore, out of phase by /;K.
The magnetic fields are out of phase by the same amount. Although the ideal angular phase
difference is <;K for maimum starting tor)ue, the /;#degree phase difference still generates
a rotating field. This supplies enough tor)ue to start the motor. :hen the motor comes up to
speed, a speed#controlled switch disconnects the starting winding from the line, and the
motor continues to run as an induction motor. The starting tor)ue is not as great as it is in the
capacitor#start.
2i3.r" 7+1< >esistance#start ac induction motor+
7+7 R"'"r*i$i#it8

'n general, standard motors can be arranged by the user to start from rest in either direction
of rotation. There are eceptions, however. !haded# pole motors, unless of a special design,
can be operated in only one direction of rotation. !mall dc and universal motors often have
the brushes set of neutral, preventing satisfactory operation in the reverse direction. !ingle#
phase motor which use a starting switch ordinarily cannot be reversed while running at
normal operating speeds, because the starting winding, which determines the direction of
rotation, is the open circuited.
=y use of special relays this limitation of split#phase and capasitor#start motors can
be overcome when necessary. !uch motors are built for small hoist. !plit#series dc or
universal motors is often built for plug#reversing service. !tandard polyphase induction
motors can be reversed while running, as can the smaller ratings of dc motor, such
applications should preferably be ta(en up with the motor manufacturer.
The rotation of three#phase induction motor + wye# or delta# connected motor- can be
changed by echanging any two of the three phases of the incoming voltage. $igure 4..;
shows diagrams for a wye#connected motor and $igure 4.., shows the diagrams for a delta#
connected motor for cloc(wise +forward- and countercloc(wise +reverse- rotation. $rom
these diagrams you can see that T, and T. supply voltage terminals have been echanged in
the diagram for motor reversal. 'n industrial applications, terminal T, and T. are generally
switched by the contacts of the reversing motor starter. These diagrams will be useful for
installation connections and troubleshooting.
2i3.r" 7+20 Diagram of the wye#connected motor for cloc(wise and
countercloc(wise operation.
This wiring configuration is also used when the motor is connected for plugging use.
:hen the motor is used for plugging, it is reversed while running at full rpm. :hen motor7s
stator is )uic(ly reconnected for reverse rotation by switching two of the three input voltage
lines, it will )uic(ly build up a reverse magnetic field that will begin to rotate in the opposite
direction. The rotor will follow this )uic( change in rotation and begin to rotate in the
opposite direction. This will cause the load to decrease its rpm from full in the cloc(wise
direction to zero, and begin to rotate countercloc(wise. The moment the rotor begins to
rotate in the opposite direction, the power is de#energized and the rotor shaft is stopped from
rapid reverse tor)ue.
AC MACHINE (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 7/ 2:
+a- Delta#connected motor +b- Delta#connected motor
for cloc(wise rotation for countercloc(wise rotation
for 1H; J for 1H; J
2i3.r" 7+21 +a- Diagram of a delta#connected motor for cloc(wise rotation.
+b- Diagram of a delta#connected motor for countercloc(wise
rotation.
AC MACHINE (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 7/ 2<
A&ti'it8 7C
'&50TBC
4.,. :hat determines the number of field poles re)uired to establish a rotating magnetic
field in a multiphase motor statorD
4.,/ :hat is the angular displacement between field poles in a two#phase motor statorD
4.,1 :hat is the ma%or difference between a two#phase and a three#phase statorD
4.,2 @ow do split#phase induction motors become self#startingD
2""-$a&; t, t/" A&ti'it8 7C
4.,. The number of phases in the applied voltage.
4.,/ <;
4.,1 &umber and location of field poles.
4.,2. =y using combinations of inductance and capacitance to apply out#of phase
currents in starting windings.

=E9 2ACTS
,. The three AC MOTOR T9PES presented are the series, synchronous, and
induction ac motors.
.. AC SERIES MOTORS are nearly identical to the DC series motors. !pecial
construction techni)ues allow AC series motors to be used as 0&'JE>!A9
"*T*>!, operating on either ac or dc power.
/. ROTATING 2IEL6S are developed by applying multiphase voltages to stator
windings, which consist of multiple field coils.
1. This rotating magnetic field causes the rotor to be pushed and pulled because of
interaction between it and the rotorIs own field.
2. T>O0PHASE ROTATING 2IEL6S re)uire two pairs of field coils displaced
by <;K. They must be energized by voltages that also have a phase displacement
of <;K.
8. THREE0PHASE ROTATING 2IEL6S re)uire three pairs of windings ,.;K
apart, energized by voltages that also have a ,.;#degree phase displacement
4. S9NCHRONOUS MOTORS are specifically designed to maintain constant
speed, with the rotor synchronous to the rotating field. !ynchronous motors
re)uire modification +such as s)uirrel#cage windings- to be self#starting.
H. IN6UCTION MOTORS are the most commonly used of all electric motors due
to their simplicity and low cost. 'nduction motors may be single#phase or
multiphase. They do not re)uire electrical rotor connection. !plit#phase motors
with special starting windings, and shaded#pole motors, are types of single#phase
induction motors.
<. S9NCHRONOUS SPEE6 is the speed of stator field rotation. 't is determined
by the number of poles and the fre)uency of the input voltage. Thus, for a given
motor, synchronous speed is constant.
,;. SLIP is the difference between actual rotor speed and the synchronous speed in
induction motors. !lip must eist for there to be tor)ue at the rotor shaft.

SEL20ASSESSMENT 7
?ou are approaching success. Tr8 a## t/" ?."*ti,n* in this self#assessment section and
chec( your answers with those given in the $eedbac( on !elf#Assessment 4 given on the
net page. 'f you face any problems, discuss it with your lecturer. Lood luc(.
@."*ti,n 701
+a- An AC motor is particularly well suited for BBBB.. BBBapplications.
+b- The DC motor is better suited for BBB.. BBBB. applications.
+c- :hat are the differences between AC motors and DC motors.
@."*ti,n 702
+a- :hat is the disadvantage of a synchronous motorD
+b- The difference between the speed of the rotating stator field and the rotor speed is
called BBBBBB..
+c- The stator of a /#phase, 1 pole induction motor is connected to a 2; @z supply. The
rotor runs at ,122 revEmin at full load. Determine:
i. the synchronous speed
ii. the slip at full load
+d- A 1#pole, / phase, 2; @z induction motor runs at ,11; revEmin at full load. Calculate
i. the synchronous speed
ii. the slip
iii. the fre)uency of the rotor induced emf7s
+e- The fre)uency of the supply to the stator of an H#pole induction motor is 2; @z and
the rotor fre)uency is / @z. Determine
i. the slip
ii. the rotor speed
+f- Determine the M slip of a four# pole, 8; @z, split# phase motor with a rated speed of
,4.2 rEmin.
@."*ti,n 703
+a- !plit phase induction motors employ a BBBBB winding in order to create a
starting tor)ue.
+b- !tate two advantages of wound rotor machines compared with cage rotor machines.
+c- :hy is it that a single phase motor which uses a starting switch cannot be reversed
while running at normal operating speedD
+d- The rotation of three#phase induction motor + wye# or delta# connected motor- can be
changed BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB..
2EE6BAC= TO SEL20ASSESSMENT 7
@ave you tried the )uestionsDDDDD 'f N?E!O, chec( your answers now.
S,#.ti,n ,) @."*ti,n 701
+a- constant#speed
+b- variable#speed
+c- AC motors are more widely used in industrial applications than DC motors. They are
available to operate on single#phase or three#phase supply voltage systems. This
allows the motor control designer to choose the type of motor to fit the application.
The AC motor provides several advantages over DC motors. *ne advantage of the
AC motor is that its design eliminates the need for brushes and commutators. The
second advantage is that its rotating member is made of laminated steel rather than
wire that is pressed on a core, which reduces maintenance. The AC motor does not
need brushes and commutators since it creates the flu lines in its rotating member
by induction. The induction process that is used to get the current into the rotating
member is similar to the induction that occurs between the primary and secondary
windings of a transformer. This is possible in an AC motor because supply voltage is
sinusoidal.
The design of the rotor is different from the rotating armature in the DC
motor because it is made completely of laminated steel rather than having copper
coils pressed on a laminated steel core.
This allows AC motors to operate longer than DC motors with less periodic
maintenance, which means that more AC motors are used in industry than DC
motors. The main reason DC motors were used in industry in the ,<1;s through the
,<8;s is that their speed could be controlled more easily than controlling the speed
of AC motors. :ith the advent of variable#fre)uency drives, the speed of all AC
motors can be ad%usted more easily than DC motors, and the AC motor re)uires less
maintenance since it does not have brushes.
S,#.ti,n ,) @."*ti,n 702
+a- The disadvantage of a synchronous motor is that it cannot be started from a standstill
by applying three#phase AC power to the stator.
+b- slip.
+c- i. ns F .2 revEmin
ii. s F / M
+d- i. ,2;; revEmin
ii. 1 M
iii. . @z
+e- i. 8 M
ii. nr F ,,.42 revEs or 4;2 revEmin
+f- 1.. M
S,#.ti,n ,) @."*ti,n 703
+a- starting
+b- The advantages of the wound rotor motor compared with the cage type are as follows :
i. has a much higher starting tor)ue
ii. has a much lower starting current
iii. has a means of varying speed by use of eternal rotor resistance.
+c- This is because the starting winding, which determines the direction of rotation, is
open circuited.
+d- by echanging any two of the three phases of the incoming voltage.
CONGRATULATIONS!!!!
..May success be with
you always.

E2063 Teknologi Elektrik 2 UNIT7

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AC MACHINE (Part 2) E2063/ Unit 7/ 1

ALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTRIC MACHINES (Part 2)

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