pint TYPE pales ‘A Mathematical Theory of Linear Arrays By S. A, SCHELKUNOFF MATHEMATICAL theory, suitable for appraising and controtly iective properties of lines antenna arrays, can be besed upon Simple modification of the usual expression for the radiation intensity of system of radiating sources. The first step in this moaitication is cla analogous to the pussage from the representation of instantaneous of harmonically varying quantities by real numbers to a symbolic entation of these quantities by complex numbers. The second step sists in a substitution which identifies the radiation intensity with th orm’ of a polynomial iu a complex variable. The complex variable its represents a typical direction in space. ‘This mathematical device perm tapping the resources of algebra. and leads to a pictorial representation the radiation intensity ‘An endensa orroy is a spatial distribution of antennas in which the i dividual antennas are geometeically identical, similarly oriented, feuergized at similarly situated points, The first and the last propert ingure that the form of the current distribution is the samme in all the sents of the array and that consequently the array is composed of antes with the sume radiation patterns. The difference between individual iments consists merely in the relative phases and intensities oftheir radia feds. The second property means that the radiation patterns of individual elements are similarly oriented and that consequently the rad sion pattern of the array isthe product of the radiation patirns of its ty ddement and the space joctor”. The space factor of an array is defined the rediation paiiers of a similar array of non-directve elements. Hence i swdying the effect of spatial arrangement of antennas, we may ourselves to non-dizective elements and thus materially simplify the sis ‘An array isdineor if points, similarly situated on the elements, are colineag paper we are concerned mostly with linear arrays of et! sources although in conclusion we shall have an occasion to say’ a few about more general types. “The noem ofa complex munber isthe sqre of is absoute value, ” A MATHEMATICAL TOEOR: RaoiaTion Inzensizy at Consider a linear array of w equispa from the inverse distance factor, array in the direction making an ang das follows B/E, = Ae caste + ts) + Ay costa + F + Aas costat + A=2y Y= Bleos 0 — IAA nea ary of sispaced nome, intensity and fn ps, theirs 1 ‘italy ica nplacby Stent > vem the surees Spon the pact ‘Sete cer on lees: ‘Sc im propordon to magatudes forthe pase Siference between the 5 this equation: Aa, At, °°+ Ayes = ments of the array; 9 is « progressive bt the phase deviatlousirom the abot Fue phase constant, where is the: isthe power radiated per unit solid ‘the amplitude of V% forming another expression similar t 3s, multiplying the result by # = dee + Ae + Aad + ‘rue instantaneous value of the fiey of Linear Arrays cUNOEF ble for appraising and control tna srrays, can be based upon ‘on for the radiation intensity of step in this modification is dos Jon of antennas in which the i entical, similarly oriented, The first and the last properti bution is the same in all the she aray is composed of antes liderence between individual fader of an array is defined ‘onde elements, Hence if st of antennas, we may cong vith Linear arrays of equispace an occasion to say afew words A MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF LINBAR ARRAS a -Raptazion Derewstry ano Fas Sreenone linear array of equispaced aondirective sources (Fig. 1) Bpart from the inverse distance factor, the instantaneous field strength of pp sr7ey in the direction making an angle 6 with the line of sources may be 3S follows Ae cos(at + 8s) + Ay costut + 4+ 93} + As coset + 24 + 4) Hint t Aus cast + AF + Onna) + oslo + m= y), (1) Ye tewe— 3, ga, te Be nade fr the endosteal ‘Sarce re uhegea ab dlewance mur be made forthe ends Bos ter, atin proportion to agit of he surcenand tke phase need eae forthe phic difeeace Severs the sues ‘this equation: de, Ai, --- Ay-i = 1 are the relative amplitudes of the ments of the array; 9 is a progressive phase delay, from left to right, be- the successive elements of the array, 02, -* dp; 0e1=0 repre- the phase deviations from the above progressive phase delay; B = 2e/% ithe phase constant, where A is the wavelength. The radiation inensiy, tis the power radiated per unit solid angi, is proportional to the square Bi the amplitude of /@;. ‘Forming another expression similar to (1) but with sines in the place of pines, multiplying the result by i= -/’—T and adding it to (1), we haveBELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL ‘Hence the amplitude -/% of the field strength* is the absolute value (; thus? Ve = | ant az + as tos + Gea + ot], 2 eM, = Blons 8 — Bom = Ane In this equation: ay , 01, 02, *+* dy-2, dy-1 = 1 exe complex numbers repre Geviatlons of these elements from a given progressive phasing. Thus all the coefcients are real and positive, they represent the relative ampli tudes of the elements of the array. If the algebraic sign of a partic coeficient is reversed, the phase of the corresponding element is change bby 180°; if some coeficient is multiplied by 4 or —é, the phase of the cord responding element is respectively accelerated or delayed by 90°; and general the phase acceleration is equivalent, in our scheme, toa multilics tion by 8 unit complex number e#, Some coeficients may be equal to zera and the corresponding elements of the array will be missing. In view this possibility, we shall call £ the “apparent” separation between thi clements; itis the greatest common measure of actual separations, the elements are equispaced the apparent separation isthe actual separation’ Thus we have the fundamental between the elements and the degree of the polynomial. The degree of the polynomial is one Jess than the “apparent” number of elements, ‘actual number of elements is at most equal to the apparent number. aid of the following transformation zaet, in which ¥ = 8¢ cos @~ 6 is « function ofthe angle @ made by the line sources with a typical direction in space. Since is always real, the ab solute value of i the unit circle Fig, 2). As @ increases from 0° (which is ina direction of th line of sources) to 180° (which is in the opposite direction), decreases * or bevitys sake, we all eV ell the “Sed strength" "gute (3 eld be gre cay tm thr pl te anion i he dag method of tnultan fem 1) to (3) srvenony the pa tween les fella Sora wd very well Lc one lone are not comrmensurable he arrays are represented by an al ‘ncommensiable exponents me (A MATREMATICAL T. 3+(A) The setive range of 5 comes, “Separation between the clement Sopa * uoves in the clockwise direction = 1807, BE 9. Hence th a ‘When the separation ¢ between Bruel to one-bali wavelength, the r Ba 180°, c describes a complete ey.aE VICAL JOURNAL strength’ is the absolute value’ teat 8, Om ven progressive phasing. Thus they represent the relative the algebraic sign of a parti corresponding element is by # or —i, the phase of the cor erated or delayed by 90°; and in nt, in our scheme, to a multiptica © coefcients may be equal to zero ray will be missing. In view of parent” separation between the ure of actual separations, When ‘eparation isthe actual separation. rmmensurcble separations behecen ‘mial and every polynomiat can be oduct of the apparent separation polynomial. The degree of the ent number of elements, ‘The’ alto she apparent number, 4 ‘arrays is accomplished with the @: the angle @ made by the line of Since ¥ is always real, the ab: 4s always om the circumference of 0° (which is in a direction ofthe! >osite diction), » decreases and “Geld strength" “ gg fhe ar edhe me tral ase vay el Lose oe ‘mays ae represented by a Pena Sa ee A MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF LINEAR ARRAYS ni itn et dere mi oe sie bigtceuc ag hihanrony oeae So RNBTRRERE Seine oe 2-9 re ema toma edna ag (priate scream ae mash Pf moves in the clockwise direction, When @ = 0, ¥ = Bf ~ J;and when S = 180°, = —Sf—9, Hence the range described by zis $= 2B. © ‘Whea the separation ¢ between the successive elements of the array is