Regulation of Body Temperature

Normal body : 36.6 37.2c

Type of body temperature :

i. Shell temperature (skin)
Is a temperature of superficial parts. Its cover the that have high temperature eg: head,
chest, abdomen

ii. Core temperature
Is a temperature of deep parts of body. It can be measure from :-

Mouth (oral cavity) 37.0C
Rectum 37.5C
Axilla 36.5C (add from its temperature)
External meatus of the ear 37.5C

Heat Balance

Definition: It is a balance between heat gain and heat loss from the body

1. Source of heat gain

1. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Energy for diet.
2. Exercise
3. 3. Diet
4. Heat gain from external environment Sun radiation

2. Way of heat loss

1. Conduction
Heat exchange between objects at different temp. that are in contact with one another

2. Convection
It is the removal of heat from the body by convection air currents. Eg: by using fans

3. Radiation
It means transfer of heat as infrared electromagnetic rays from one object to another at a
different temp with which it is not contact.

4. Evaporation
Water loss to the surrounding. 1 gram of water = 0.6 Kcal of heat


Thermoregulatory System

Thermoregulatory system is a system that regulate body temperature

Components

1. Sensory receptor Thermoreceptor
2. Central integrator Hypothalamus (Center)
3. Effector organ system

1. Sensory Receptor (Thermoreceptor)

Type :

1. Peripheral Thermoreceptor

There are two groups of nerve endings present in the skin

Cold receptors stimulated by low temp.
Warm receptors stimulated by high temp


Lateralspinothalamic tract


Thalamus


Hypothalamus

2. Central Thermoreceptor

Present in hypothalamus. It directly stimulated by blood passing thru it (blood temperature)

2. Thermoregulatory Center

Receive information from peripheral and central thermoreceptor

Composed of :-

Heat loss center in anterior nuclei in hypothalamus
Heat gain center in posterior nuclei of hypothalamus

Send impulses to effector organs (skin, skeletal muscle and endocrine glands)



What happen when our body expose to cold?

Body temperature drops below the set point. Thus activate the mechanism to increase the
body temperature :

1. Heat loss by vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood of skin and erection of skin hair
(due to sympathetic stimulation)
2. Increase the heat production by muscle contraction
3. Increase hormone secretion (thyroxine, adrenaline)

Endocrinal effect

Exposure to cold :

1. Post hypothalamus Suprarenal gland Increase adrenaline secretion
2. Hypothalamus secretes releasing factor Stimulate Ant. Pituitary (TSH)
Secrete Thyroxine Increase metabolic activity of body cells
Secrete ACTH Glucocorticoids

Exposure to hot :

Core body temperature rises, thus activate the decrease body temperature
mechanism

1. Increase heat loss by vasodilatation (by inhibiting the vc) and sweating
2. Decrease the heat production
Decrease the voluntary activity
Decrease fuel intake
Decrease the thyroxine secretion


Sweating

It is perform by the skin as they release a salty fluid.
The cooling effect of sweat depends on the rate of evaporation.
Evaporation depends on humidity of the atmosphere.

Mechanism

1. Nervous mechanism

Ant. Nuclei of hypothalamus


Stimulate sympathetic nerve supply sweat gland


Production of sweat
(under the armpit, on the feet, on the palm)

2. Hormonal
Aldosterone
Catecholamine









Fever

Definition Elevation of body temperature above the normal range (36.5-37.5C)

Causes by :

1. Pyrogen
2. Toxin
3. Heat exhaustion
4. Malignant tumor

Mechanism

Pyrogen enters the body release substance like TNF-a, IL-1, IFN-g) lead to release of
prostaglandin coz physiologic changes that retain heat increase core body temperature

Stages

Stages 1 Shivering
Stages 2 Elevation of body temperature
Stages 3 Sweating