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School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU

Solar Absorption Cooling / Heating System
for the Intelligent Workplace
Ming Qu
Sophie Masson
Dr. David Archer
IWESS Workshop Oct.4,2006
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page2
CMP
TK-1
Natural Gas
The initial solar heating and cooling system
P
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HX-1
TO LOAD
Absorption
Chiller
Cooling
tower
Cooling
tower
IW solar cooling/heating system
Intelligent
Workplace
One -axis solar
trough
Introduction
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page3
17'5"(5310mm)
12
9@15'9" (9@ 4800 mm)
1
5
5
7
'7
"
(
1
7
5
0
0
m
m
)
3
9
'4
"
(
1
2
0
0
0
m
m
)
Solar Collectors
Building North
Location of chiller
and control box
IW Solar Field Plan
Intelligent workplace
The Robert L. Preger
Intelligent Workplace
latitude: North 40.26
longitude: 79.56
Orientation: 15 deviation to
east from the south
area:650 m2 (7,000 ft2)
South zone
area: 245 m2 (2,637 ft2)
9 offices and 1 conference
space
30 people
PTSC Orientation
E-W axis
Feb.21 10:50am / 1:10pm
Dec.21 9:10am / 2:50pm
Jan.21 8:50am / 3:10pm
Feb.21 8:00am / 3:50pm
1
6

Introduction
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page4
Parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC)
Each module includes
parabolic trough reflector
receiver pipe, surface treated
steel support structure
single axis drive
4 modules, total 52.44 m2
Installed in series
Piping length:85m
Introduction
Module
12m
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page5
Dual fired D.E absorption chiller
16 kW (4.55 tons)
hot water driven or natural gas fired
LiBr/H2O, sorbent; water, refrigerant
double effect
COP 1.0~1.2 at the rated condition
cooling, heating modes
heating efficiency 0.8~0.95
Introduction
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page6
Solar cooling / heating system
50% in volume of propylene
glycol
constant flow
57C/50C 7C/14C CHW/HW
supply/return
> 130C >T_
HTR
(155C)
Solar field
temperature
0.4Mpa
(58psi)
0.85Mpa
(123psi)
Solar field
pressure
Heating Cooling
(pressurized aqueous solutions of propylene glycol)
P&ID Diagram of Solar Thermal System
P1
CMP
TK-1
2
3
1
6
4
5
2
.
4

m
^
2

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16 kW 2E
Absorption
Chiller
Natural Gas
7
5
8
HX-1
TO LOAD
50% propylene glycol
CHW at 7.8C /
HW57.2C
CHW at 14C /
HW50C
Cooling
water
cooling
tower
Introduction
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page7
Design and procurement
Engineering construction draw. Equipment delivery
Preliminary design Mass & Energy balance cal.
Accomplishment
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page8
System construction and installation
Accomplishment
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page9
PTSC mathematic model
sky out g in g fluid in a out a
T T T T T T T > > > > > >
_ _ _ _

'
_ g SolAbs
q&
'
sup _ cond
q&

'
_ _ sky g rad
q&

'
_ fluid conv
q&
'
_ _ g a rad
q&

'
_ _ g a conv
q& '
_ g cond
q&

'
_ a SolAbs
q&

'
_ _ air g conv
q&

'
_ a cond
q&
T

(
i
n

C
)
fluid
absorber tube
glass envelope
ambient air sky ambient air sky
X
At a fixed Y
X
Y
At a fixed X
T
Y
T
f
R_
conv_f
R_
cond_a
T
a1
T
a2
T
base
T
g1
T
g2
T
air
T
sky
R_
conv_a_g
R_
rad_a_g
R_
cond_g
R_
conv_g_air
R_
rad_g_sky
R_
cond_sup
The thermal network
Accomplishment
'
'
i
s thermallos
opt
q
q
&
&
=
'
_
'
_ _
'
_ _
'
bracket cond air g conv sky g rad s thermallos
q q q q & & & & + + =
'
_ _
'
_ _
'
_
'
_ sky g rad air g conv g cond g SolAbs
q q q q & & & & + = +
'
_
'
_
'
_ a rad a conv g cond
q q q & & & + =
'
_
'
_
'
_
'
_
'
_ bracket cond a cond a rad a conv a SolAbs
q q q q q & & & & & + + + =
'
_
'
_ fluid conv a cond
q q & & =
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page10
Predicted PTSC performance
Accomplishment
BROAD PTSC Efficiency vs Temp & Incident Angle
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Average Operation Temeprature Above Ambient (oC)
E
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y
Incident angle = 0
Incident angle = 10
INcident angle = 20
Incident angle = 30
Incident angle = 40
Incident angle = 50
Syltherm 800
Direct normal solar radiaiton I_dn=900W/m^2
BROAD PTSC Efficiency vs Temp & Insolation at 0 Incident Angle
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Average Operation Temeprature Above Ambient (oC)
E
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insolation 1100 W/m^2
insolation 1000 W/m^2
insolation 900 W/m^2
insolation 800 W/m^2
insolation 700 W/m^2
insolation 600 W/m^2
insolation 500 W/m^2
insolation 400 W/m^2
Syltherm 800
Incident Angle =0
Solar collector efficiency & air in the annular space
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Average Operation Temperature Above Ambient (oC)
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Optical losses
vacuum
Air
Insolation = 900 W/m^2
Incident angle =0
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Average Operation Temeprature Above Ambient (oC)
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6 m^3/H
7 m^3/H
8 m^3/H
9 m^3/H
10 m^3/H
11 m^3/H
12 m^3/H
13 m^3/H
Syltherm 800
Incident Angle =0
Direct normal solar radition 900
W/m^2
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page11
Predicted energy accounting by model
Accomplishment
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page12
Preliminary system simulation
Accomplishment
hot heat transfer fluid
SOLAR ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEM SIMULATION
BUILDING SIMULATION
LOAD LOOP
SOLAR COLLECTION
LOOP
IW heating /
cooling loads
SEMCO air units
Weather data
Occupancy schedule
Equipment schedule
Lighting schedule
Season schedule
Cooling set point T,RH
Heating set point T,RH
Intelligent Workplace
Conditioned fresh air
T, RH, air change rate
IW T, RH
IIW sensible heating /
cooling loads
One -axis solar
trough
Pump_solar
Pressure relife valve
Dual 2E
abs.
chiller
weather in Pittsburgh
Heat from burned gas
diverter
mixer
Pump_load
control
Information flow of TRNSYS simulation
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page13
Estimated IW solar system performance
by system simulation
IW solar cooling and heating system
might cover 39-50% of cooling load and
5-30% heating based on the system
simulation.
Accomplishment
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page14
System also designed for experiments
Installed HX-2 to
Validate PTSC model
Evaluate system
simulations
Compare absorption chiller
vs HX for space heating Pump
S5
Heat
exchanger
HX-2
Pump
S4
CMP
TK-1
Natural Gas
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HX-1
TO LOAD
Absorption
Chiller
Cooling
tower
Cooling
water
Accomplishment
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page15
Integration with cooling and heating devices
Integration of energy supply systems like solar energy, bio-diesel energy
supply system
System simulation including the integration of various energy supply
systems to help design.
Economic of solar cooling and heating
System design, evaluation of a given application
suggestions
Where are we?
Where are we going ?
Completed system installation
Commissioned the system, solar field has be operated at above 150C
driving 16kW D.E absorption chiller.
Questions?
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page16
Experiments to validate PTSC model
Measure PTSC efficiency
optical efficiency
(no thermal loss)
at various elevated temperature
at different incidence angle
Thermal loss
at various elevated
temperature
through piping
Heat capacity
V10
V3
V4
HX2 HX1
connect to CHW
grid
T1
F1 F3 F4
Accomplishment
School of Architecture, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics @ CMU Page17
Experiments to evaluate system simulation
Measure system performance for daily or seasonal operation
Different load profile
Solar radiation
control strategy
V10
V3
V4
HX2,
chiller
HX1 Connect to CHW grid
Load=F4*Cp*(T7-T8)
F1 F3 F4
T8
T7
Time
Load
16 kW
GIVEN
Accomplishment