May 12-13

2014
Biogas Enrichment by
Scrubbing
Workshop on Environmental Management Practices: A special focus on Sago
industries
Biogas Enrichment 201
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Introduction
Scrubbing is the operation that removes unwanted compounds from the biogas before it is used.
Biogas is a combustible gas mixture produced by the anaerobic fermentation of biomass by
bacteria and takes only a relatively short time to form. The gas from sago industry mainly
consists of combustible methane (CH!" and non#combustible carbon dioxide (C$%!. CH
combusts very cleanly without hardly any soot particles or other pollutants" making it a clean
fuel. &n nature the fermentation process occurs in places where biological material is fermented
in an oxygen deprived environment such as swamps and waterbeds.
The advantage of processing these waste products anaerobically" compared to aerobically" is the
larger decrease in volume of waste product. 'or this reason" the industry nowadays prefers
anaerobic fermentation to process waste streams.
Besides C$%" biogas also contains small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H%S!. (hen water is
present" H%S forms sulphuric acid (H%S$!" which is highly corrosive" rendering the biogas
unusable.
The incombustible part of biogas" C$%" lowers its calorific value. $n average" the calorific value
of biogas is %).* +,-m. whereas that of natural gas is .*./ +,-m.. By removing C$% from the
biogas the calorific value is increased. Stripping C$% and H%S from biogas is the so called
upgrading 0 1nrichment of biogas. By upgrading biogas to natural gas 2uality" containing
approximately more than //3 CH" it is suitable for more advanced applications in which the
heat is not wasted" resulting in a higher efficiency. &t is then applicable for use in the gas grid and
vehicles for instance.
4emoving C$% and H%S from the biogas is not easy. However" the upgrading technology is
rapidly evolving" bringing biogas as a reliable energy source in sight.
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Contents

Biogas Enrichment 201

4
Introduction.....................................................................
...................................2
Biogas
Composition.................................................................
.........................4
Raw biogas characteristics and upgraded biogas !
Comparison...."
Biogas
#nrichment..................................................................
..........................$
Compression o%
Biogas..........................................................................
...........$
&as
uti'i(ation....................................................................
.................................)
&as upgrading
techno'ogies................................................................
...........)
Comparison between se'ected parameters %or
common upgrading
processes.....................................................................
20
Conc'usion.......................................................................
...................................21
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Biogas Enrichment 201
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Re%erences.......................................................................
...................................21
Biogas Composition
Biogas produced in 5naerobic 6igerster # plants or landfill sites is primarily composed of
methane (CH! and carbon dioxide (C$%! with smaller amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H%S! and
ammonia (7H.!. Trace amounts of hydrogen (H%!" nitrogen (7%!" carbon monoxide (C$!"
saturated or halogenated carbohydrates and oxygen ($%! are occasionally present in the biogas.
8sually" the mixed gas is saturated with water vapour and may contain dust particles and
siloxanes.
Characteristics o% di*erent %ue' gases
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The characteristics of biogas are somewhere in#between town gas (deriving from cracking of
cokes! and natural gas. The energy content is defined by the concentration of methane. )9 3 of
CH in the dry gas correspond to approx. one k(h per m..
'or many applications the 2uality of biogas has to be improved. The main parameter that may
re2uire removal in an upgrading systems are H%S" water" C$% and halogenated compounds:
6esulphuri;ation to prevent corrosion and avoid toxic H%S concentrations (the maximal
workplace concentration is * ppm!. (hen biogas is burned S$%0S$. is emitted which is
even more poisonous than H%S. 5t the same time S$% lowers the dew point in the stack
gas. The sulphurous acid formed (H%S$.! is highly corrosive.
4emoval of water because of potential accumulation of condensate in the gas line" the
formation of a corrosive acidic solution when hydrogen sulphide is dissolved or to
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achieve low dew points when biogas is stored under elevated pressures in order to avoid
condensation and free;ing.
4emoval of C$% will be re2uired if the biogas needs to be upgraded to natural gas
standards or vehicle fuel use. &t dilutes the energy content of the biogas but has no
significant environmental impact.
<andfill gas often contains significant amounts of halogenated compounds which need to
be removed prior to use. $ccasionally the oxygen content is high when too much air is
sucked in during collection of the landfill gas.
Raw biogas and upgraded biogas ! Comparison
Raw Biogas Upgraded Biogas
A low Grade fuel (CH **#=* 3 > C$% .*#
* 3! with lower percentage of methane.
A high grade fuel (CH ? @9 3 and A )9 3
other gases! with high percentage of methane.
Mode of utilization
B $n site itself or nearby for cooking and for
electricity production. The presence of C$%
besides being non combustible" restrains its
compressibility there by making biogas
difficult to be stored in containers.
Mode of utilization
B +ethane burns faster hence yields a higher
specific output and thermal efficiency
compared to raw biogas when used as engine
fuel.
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B 'or utili;ation at far off places it must be
stored in biogas balloons and taken to the site
of utili;ation or it can be transported by
pipelines.
B 8pgrading " compression and bottling
facilitates easy storage and transportation as
C 5s a vehicle fuel
C 5s a cooking fuel
C 'or electricity production
Biogas #nrichment
The use of a biogas upgrading or purification process in which the raw biogas stream like
C$%" H%S and moisture are absorbed or scrubbed off" leaving above @93 methane per unit
volume of gas.
C Dresence of C$% in biogas poses following problems:
&t lowers the power output from the engineE
&t takes up space when biogas is compressed and stored in cylinderE
&t can cause free;ing problems at valves and metering points where the compressed gas
undergoes expansion during engine running.
C The traces of H%S produces H%S$ which corrode the internals of pipes" fittings etc.
C +oisture causes corrosion and decreases heating value of the fuel.
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Compression o% Biogas
The energy density of upgraded biogas is comparatively low at ambient pressure and as a
result it must be compressed at high pressures (e.g. %99#%*9 bar! to allow its sufficient storage in
bottles0cylinders.
Compressing biogas reduces storage space re2uirements" concentrates energy content and
increases pressure to the level needed to overcome resistance to gas flow.
Compression can eliminate the mismatch of pressures and guarantee the efficient operation of the
e2uipment.
&as uti'isation
Biogas can be used for all applications designed for natural gas. 7ot all gas appliances re2uire
the same gas standards. There is a considerable difference between the re2uirements of stationary
biogas applications and fuel gas or pipeline 2uality.
Requirements to remove gaseous components depending on the biogas utilisation
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&as upgrading techno'ogies
5 number of gas upgrading technologies have been developed for the treatment of natural gas"
town gas" sewage gas" landfill gas etc. However" not all of them are recommended for the
application with biogas because of price and 0or environmental concerns.
1 !arbon dio"ide removal
4emoval of carbon dioxide provides a consistent gas 2uality with respect to energy value.
5t present four different methods are used commercially for removal of carbon#dioxide from
biogas either to reach vehicle fuel standard or to reach natural gas 2uality for inFection to the
natural gas grid. These methods are:
water absorption"
Dolyethylene glycol absorption"
carbon molecular sieves"
membrane separation.
Below the methods are described in more detail.
#ater scrubbing
(ater scrubbing is used to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide from biogas
since these gases are more soluble in water than methane. The absorption process is purely
physical. 8sually the biogas is pressurised and fed to the bottom of a packed column where
water is fed on the top and so the absorption process is operated counter#currently.
$chematic flow sheet for water absorption with recirculation for removal of
carbon dio"ide and%or h&drogen sulphide from biogas'
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(ater scrubbing can also be used for selective removal of hydrogen sulphide since hydrogen
sulphide is more soluble than carbon dioxide in water. The water which exits the column with
absorbed carbon dioxide and0or hydrogen sulphide can be regenerated and recirculated back to
the absorption column.
The regeneration is made by de#pressuri;ing or by stripping with air in a similar column.
Stripping with air is not recommended when high levels of hydrogen sulphide are handled since
the water will soon be contaminated with elementary sulphur which causes operational problems.
The most cost efficient method is not to recirculate the water if cheap water can be used" for
example" outlet water from a sewage treatment plant.
(ol&eth&lene gl&col scrubbing
Dolyethylene glycol scrubbing is like water scrubbing a physical absorption process. Selexol is
one of the trade names used for a solvent. &n this solvent" like in water" both carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulphide are more soluble than methane. The big difference between water and Selexol
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Biogas Enrichment 201
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is that carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide are more soluble in Selexol which results in a lower
solvent demand and reduced pumping.
&n addition" water and halogenated hydrocarbons (contaminants in biogas from landfills! are
removed when scrubbing biogas with Selexol. Selexol scrubbing is always designed with
recirculation. 6ue to formation of elementary sulphur stripping the Selexol solvent with air is not
recommended but with steam or inert gas (upgraded biogas or natural gas!. 4emoving hydrogen
sulphide on beforehand is an alternative.
!arbon molecular sieves
+olecular sieves are excellent products to separate specifically a number of different gaseous
compounds in biogas. Thereby the molecules are usually loosely adsorbed in the cavities of the
carbon sieve but not irreversibly bound. The selectivity of adsorption is achieved by different
mesh si;es and0or application of different gas pressures. (hen the pressure is released the
compounds extracted from the biogas are desorbed. The process is therefore often called
Gpressure swing adsorption) *($A. To enrich methane from biogas the molecular sieve is
applied which is produced from coke rich in pores in the micrometer range. The pores are then
further reduced by cracking of the hydrocarbons. &n order to reduce the energy consumption for
gas compression" a series of vessels are linked together. The gas pressure released from one
vessel is subse2uently used by the others. 8sually four vessels in a row are used filled with
molecular sieve which removes at the same time C$% and water vapour. 5fter removal of
hydrogen sulphide" i.e. using activated carbon and water condensation in a cooler at HC" the
biogas flows at a pressure of = bars into the adsorption unit. The first column cleans the raw gas
at = bar to an upgraded biogas with a vapour pressure of less than )9 ppm H%$ and a methane
content of @= 3 or more.
(ressure swing adsorption of biogas on activated carbon with removal of +,$ *right-
halogenated h&drocarbons *middle and ./bed !0, adsorption *left
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&n the second column the pressure of = bar is first released to approx. . bar by pressure
communication with column " which was previously degassed by a slight vacuum. &n a second
step the pressure is then reduced to atmospheric pressure. The released gas flows back to the
digester in order to recover the methane. The third column is evacuated from ) bar to 9.) bar.
The desorbed gas consists predominantly of carbon dioxide but also some methane and is
therefore normally released to the environment. &n order to reduce methane losses the system can
be designed with recirculation of the desorbed gases. The product gas of column ) is monitored
continuously for CH by an infrared analyser. &f the re2uired (obble index is not maintained the
gas flows back to DS5. &f the methane content is high enough" the gas is either introduced into
the natural gas net or compressed in a . stage compressor up to %*9 bar. Continuous monitoring
of a small#scale installation (%= m.0hr! demonstrated excellent results of gas cleaning" energy
efficiency and cost.
$chematic flow sheet for upgrading of biogas to vehicle fuel standards with
carbon molecular sieves
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Membranes
There are two basic systems of gas purification with membranes: a high pressure gas separation
with gas phases on both sides of the membrane" and a low#pressure gas li2uid absorption
separation where a li2uid absorbs the molecules diffusing through the membrane.
+igh pressure gas separation
Dressuri;ed gas (.= bar! is first cleaned over for example an activated carbon bed to remove
(halogenated! hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulphide from the raw gas as well as oil vapour from
the compressors. The carbon bed is followed by a particle filter and a heater. The membranes
made of acetate#cellulose separate small polar molecules such as carbon dioxide" moisture and
the remaining hydrogen sulphide. These membranes are not effective in separating nitrogen from
methane.
The raw gas is upgraded in . stages to a clean gas with @= 3 methane or more. The waste gas
from the first two stages is recycled and the methane can be recovered. The waste gas from stage
. (and in part of stage %! is flared or used in a steam boiler as it still contains )9 to %9 3
methane.
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First experiences have shown that the membranes can last up to 3 years which is comparable to
the lifetime of membranes for natural gas purification - a primary market for membrane
technology - which last typically two to five years. 5fter )I years permeability has decreased by
.9 3 due to compaction. The clean gas is further compressed up to ..=99 psi (%*9 bar! and
stored in steel cylinders in capacities of %J= m. divided in high" medium and low pressure banks.
The membranes are very specific for given molecules" i.e. H%S and C$% are separated in
different modules. The utili;ation of hollow#fibre membranes allows the construction of very
compact modules working in cross flow.
Gas/liquid absorption membranes
Kas#li2uid absorption using membranes is a separation techni2ue which was developed for
biogas upgrading only recently. The essential element is a microporous hydrophobic membrane
separating the gaseous from the li2uid phase. The molecules from the gas stream" flowing in one
direction" which are able to diffuse through the membrane will be absorbed on the other side by
the li2uid flowing in counter current.
The absorption membranes work at approx. atmospheric pressure () bar! which allows low#cost
construction. The removal of gaseous components is very efficient. 5t a temperature of %* to
.*HC the H%S concentration in the raw gas of % 3 is reduced to less than %*9 ppm. The
absorbent is either Coral or 7a$H. H%S saturated 7a$H can be used in water treatment to
remove heavy metals. The H%S in Coral can be removed by heating. The concentrated H%S is fed
into a Claus reaction or oxidised to elementary sulphur. The Coral solution can then be recycled.
C$% is removed by an amine solution. The biogas is upgraded very efficiently from **3 CH
(. 3 C$%! to more than @=3 CH. The amine solution is regenerated by heating. The C$%
released is pure and can be sold for industrial applications.
, +&drogen sulphide removal
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Hydrogen sulphide is always present in biogas" although concentrations vary with the feedstock.
&t has to be removed in order to avoid corrosion in compressors" gas storage tanks and engines.
Hydrogen sulphide is extremely reactive with most metals and the reactivity is enhanced by
concentration and pressure" the presence of water and elevated temperatures. 1xperience has also
shown that two of the most commonly used methods for hydrogen sulphide removal are internal
to the digestion process:
)! air 0 oxygen dosing to digester biogas and
%! iron chloride dosing to digester slurry.
The most common commercial methods for hydrogen sulphide removal are described below:
air 0 oxygen dosing to digester biogas"
iron chloride dosing to digester slurry"
iron sponge" iron oxide pellets"
activated carbon"
water scrubbing" 7a$H scrubbing"
biological removal on a filter bed"
air stripping and recovery.
Biological desulphurisation
6esulphuri;ation of biogas can be performed by micro#organisms. +ost of the sulphide
oxidising micro#organisms belong to the family of Thiobacillus. +ost of them are autotrophic
i.e." they are using carbon dioxide from the biogas to cover their carbon need. The products
formed are predominantly elementary sulphur but also sulphate. The latter forms in solutions
sulphuric acid which may cause corrosion. 'or the microbiological oxidation of sulphide it is
essential to add stoichiometric amounts of oxygen to the biogas. 6epending on the concentration
of hydrogen sulphide this corresponds to % to = 3 air in biogas. 5ir0oxygen dosing to digester
biogas. The simplest method of desulphurisation is the addition of oxygen or air directly into the
digester or in a storage tank serving at the same time as gas holder. Thiobacilli are ubi2uitous and
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thus systems do not re2uire inoculation. They grow on the surface of the digestate" which offers
the necessary micro#aerophilic surface and at the same time the necessary nutrients. They form
yellow clusters of sulphure. 6epending on the temperature" the reaction time" the amount and
place of the air added the hydrogen sulphide concentration can be reduced by @* 3 to less than
*9 ppm. +easures of safety have to be taken to avoid overdosing of air in case of pump failures.
Biogas in air is explosive in the range of = to )% 3" depending on the methane content. &n steel
digesters without rust protection there is a small risk of corrosion at the gas0li2uid interface.
Biological filters
&n large digesters there is often a combined procedure of water scrubbing (absorption! and
biological desulphurisation applied. 1ither raw waste water or press#separated li2uor from
digestate is dispensed over a filter bed. &n the bed" li2uor and biogas meet in counterflow manner.
&n the biogas to = 3 air is added before entering the filter bed. The filter bed offers the re2uired
surface for scrubbing as well as for the attachment of the desulphurisation micro# organisms.
The system is applied in several installations for industrial waste water treatment and in many of
the 6anish agricultural and co#digestion plants.
Iron chloride dosing to digester slurr&
&ron chloride can be fed directly to the digester slurry or to the feed substrate in a pre#storage
tank. &ron chloride then reacts with produced hydrogen sulphide and form iron sulphide salt
(particles!. This method is extremely effective in reducing high hydrogen sulphide levels but less
effective in attaining a low and stable level of hydrogen sulphide in the range of vehicle fuel
demands. &n this respect the method with iron chloride dosing to digester slurry can only be
regarded as a partial removal process in order to avoid corrosion in the rest of the upgrading
process e2uipment. The method need to be complemented with a final removal down to about )9
ppm. The investment cost for such a removal process is limited since the only investment needed
are a storage tank for iron chloride solution and a dosing pump. $n the other hand the
operational cost will be high due to the prime cost for iron chloride.
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Iron o"ide
Hydrogen sulphide reacts easily with iron hydroxides or oxides to iron sulphide. The reaction is
slightly endothermic" a temperature minimum of approximately )%HC is therefore re2uired to
provide the necessary energy. The reaction is optimal between %* and *9HC. Since the reaction
with iron oxide needs water the biogas should not be too dry. However" condensation should be
avoided because the iron oxide material (pellets" grains etc.! will stick together with water which
reduces the reactive surface. The iron sulphides formed can be oxidised with air" i. e. the iron
oxide is recovered. The product is again iron oxide or hydroxide and elementary sulphur. The
process is highly exothermic" i.e. a lot of heat is released during regeneration. Therefore" there is
always a chance that the mass is self#ignited. The elementary sulphur formed remains on the
surface and covers the active iron oxide surface. 5fter a number of cycles depending on the
hydrogen sulphide concentration the iron oxide or hydroxide bed has to be exchanged. 8sually
an installation has two reaction beds. (hile the first is desulphurising the biogas" the second is
regenerated with air.
The desulphurisation process works with plain oil free steel wool covered with rust. However"
the binding capacity for sulphide is relatively low due to the low surface area.
Iron o"ide wood chips
(ood chips covered with iron oxide have a somewhat larger surface to volume ratio than plain
steel. Their surface to weight ratio is excellent thanks to the low density of wood. 4oughly %9
grams of hydrogen sulphide can be bound per )99 grams of iron oxide chips. The application of
wood chips is very popular particularly in the 8S5. &t is a low cost product" however" particular
care has to be taken that the temperature does not rise too high while regenerating the iron filter.
Iron o"ide pellets
The highest surface to volume ratios are achieved with pellets made of red mud" a waste product
from aluminium production. However" their density is much higher than that of the wood chips.
5t hydrogen sulphide concentrations between ).999 ppm and .999 ppm totally *9 grams can be
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loaded on )99 grams of pellets. +ost of the Kerman and Swiss sewage treatment plants without
dosing of iron chloride are e2uipped with an iron oxide pellet installation.
Impregnated activated carbon
(ith DS5 systems H%S usually is removed by activated carbon doted with potassium iodide
(L&!. <ike in biological filters in presence of air which is added to the biogas" the hydrogen
sulfide is catalytically converted to elementary sulphur and water. The sulphur is adsorbed by the
activated carbon. The reaction works best at a pressure of J to / bar and a temperature of *9 to
J9HC. The gas temperature is easy to achieve through the heat formed during compression.
8sually" the carbon filling is adFusted to an operation time of .999 to /.999 hours. &f a
continuous process is re2uired the system consists of two vessels. 5t H%S concentrations above
..999 ppm the process is designed as a regenerative system.
#ater scrubbing
(ater scrubbing is a purely physical absorption process" described above" which can be used for
selective removal of hydrogen sulphide. The cost for selective removal has not yet been shown to
be competitive with other hydrogen sulphide removal methods. Thus water scrubbing probably
only will be considered for the simultaneous removal of carbon dioxide in order to meet vehicle
fuel demands on biogas 2uality.
$ele"ol scrubbing
Selexol scrubbing is like water absorption a purely physical absorption process described above.
Selexol is one of the trade names for a solvent mainly constituting of a dimethylether of
polyethylene glycol (6+D1K!. The cost for selective hydrogen sulphide removal has not yet
shown to be competitive and so Selexol scrubbing will probably only be considered for
simultaneous removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide in order to meet vehicle fuel
demands on biogas 2uality.
$odium h&dro"ide scrubbing
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5bsorption in a water solution of sodium hydroxide (7a$H! enhances the absorption capacity of
the water and the absorption process is no longer purely physical but chemical. Sodium
hydroxide reacts with hydrogen sulphide to form sodium sulphide or sodium hydrogen sulphide.
Both these salts are insoluble and the method is not regenerative. Since the absorption capacity
of water is enhanced lower volumes are needed and pumping demands are reduced. The main
disadvantage is the disposal of the large volumes of water contaminated with sodium sulphide.
1 +alogenated h&drocarbon removal
Higher hydrocarbons as well as halogenated ('HC! hydrocarbons" particularly chloro# and
fluoro#compounds are predominantly found in landfill gas. They cause corrosion in CHD
engines" in the combustion chamber" at spark plugs" valves" cylinder heads" etc. 'or this reason
CHD engine manufacturers claim maximum limits of halogenated hydrocarbons in biogas. They
can be removed by pressurised tube exchangers filled with specific activated carbon. Small
molecules like CH" C$%" 7% and $% pass through while larger molecules are adsorbed. The
si;e of the exchangers are designed to purify the gas during a period of more than )9 hours.
8sually there are two parallel vessels. $ne is treating the gas while the other is desorbed.
4egeneration is carried out by heating the activated carbon to %99HC" a temperature at which all
the adsorbed compounds are evaporated and removed by a flow of inert gas.
. $ilo"ane removal
$rganic silicon compounds are occasionally present in biogas which can cause severe damage to
CHD engines. 6uring incineration they are oxidised to silicon oxide which deposits at spark
plugs" valves and cylinder heads abrading the surfaces and eventually causing serious damage.
Darticularly in $tto engines this might lead to maFor repairs. 6ual fuel engines are less suceptible
because the temperature of the entire motor body is much higher than with $tto engines Because
of the increased wearing of combustion chambers caused by silica deposits nowadays
manufacturers of CHD engines claim maximum limits of siloxanes in biogas. &t is known that the
organic silicon compounds in biogas is in the form of linear and cyclic methyl siloxanes. These
compounds are widely used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products" and as anti#foaming
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agents in detergents. Siloxanes can be removed by absorption in a li2uid medium" a mixture of
hydrocarbons with a special ability to absorb the silicon compounds. The absorbent is
regenerated by heating and desorption.
2 Removal of o"&gen and 3itrogen
$xygen and in part also nitrogen in the biogas is a sign that air has been sucked in. This occurs
2uite often in landfills where the gas is collected through permeable tubes by applying a slight
underpressure. <ow concentrations of oxygen is not a problem. Higher concentration however
bear a risk of explosion. Biogas with a methane content of =9 3" the rest being predominantly
carbon dioxide" is explosive in concentrations between = and )% 3 in air.
$xygen and nitrogen can be removed by membranes or low temperature DS5 however" removal
is expensive. Dreventing the introduction of air by carefully monitoring the oxygen concentration
is far cheaper and more reliable than gas treatment.
Comparison between se'ected parameters %or
common upgrading processes
Methods
(arameters
+igh
pressure
water
scrubbing
!hemical
absorption
(ressure
swing
absorption
Membrane
separation
!r&ogenic
Kas Dre Cleaning
4e2uirement
3o Mes Mes Mes Mes
(orking
Dressure
4/15 Bar ) Bar B J bar #J bar 9 bar
+ethane <oss 16 , 7 )#% 3 )#@ 3 )9 # )* 3 )#%3
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3 purity attained
of upgraded
Biogas
42/48 7 8pto @@ 3 @* # @@ 3 8pto @9 3 8pto @@ 3
Heat
re2uirement
/ 4e2uired # # #
$perating Cost
9ow
+oderate +oderate <ow High
&nitial Cost 9ow +oderate +oderate +oderate High
Drocess Handling :as& Complex 1asy 1asy Complex

Conc'usions
Selection of the appropriate process for a particular application depends on the scale of
operation" composition of the gas to be treated" degree of purity re2uired" capital cost and the
need for C$% recovery.
High pressure water scrubbing is the cheapest option.
DS5 and membrane separation waste streams are easily dealt with. The other techni2ues
have waste streams which need more advanced waste treatment.
+embrane separation and high pressure water scrubbing are the easiest processes to
operate. 7o catalysts or chemicals are needed.
Cryogenic separation works at very low temperatures and high pressures which re2uires
an operator and safety restrictions have to be set making it and expensive techni2ue.
0verall- high pressure water scrubbing is most effective; low cost price- high purit&
and &ield- onl& one waste stream needs treatment and it is a continuous process'
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References
)! http:00www.seai.ie04enewables0Bioenergy0BiogasNupgradingNandNutilisationN&15NBioen
ergyN4eport.pdf
%! http:00www.valorgas.soton.ac.uk0DubNdocs06elhiN5ugN%9).0Biogas3%9Oehicle
3%9.0biogas3%9upgrading/#)..pdf
.! http:00wellowgate.co.uk0biogas0Scrubbing.pdf

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