FOB Report

SERDP|SustainableForwardOperatingBases
May2010 i

StrategicEnvironmental
ResearchandDevelopment
Program(SERDP)
SustainableForward
OperatingBases
May21,2010


May2010 ii

Executive Summary
CurrentUnitedStatesmilitarycontingencyoperationsunderscoreaneedformoresustainableforward
operatingbases(FOBs).FOBshavebeenvitalinsupportingtheexpeditionaryandcampaigncapabilities
oftheU.S.military,butbuildingandsustainingFOBshaveincurredsignificantcostsintermsofboth
dollarsspentandliveslost.
ThisreportwaspreparedfortheStrategicEnvironmentalResearchandDevelopmentProgram(SERDP)
andattemptstocharacterizecurrentFOBdesignandoperationsasafirststeptowardsdevelopingmore
sustainableFOBs(asummarycharacterizationisprovidedinAppendixA).Itisintendedasanoverview
toguideinitialdiscussionsandassistSERDPinidentifyingpotentialresearchinvestments.Thescopeof
thisreportislimitedtoasurveyofprimaryFOBsustainabilityconcernsandincludesdiscussionofFOB
types,elementsofplanningandsustainment,forceprotection,food,water,wastewater,fueland
power,andsolidwaste.Detailedanalysesandresearchrecommendationsarereservedforfuturestudy.
FOBscanvarydependingonsize,mission,duration,typeofunitsupported,areaofoperations,andthe
availability/sophisticationofhostnationinfrastructure.FOBscanrangefromaustere,platoonsized
basesonthetacticaledgetodivisionsizedenduringbases.Theamountofmaterielrequiredandrateof
wastegeneratedwilldifferbetweendifferentFOBtypes,butthefundamentalproblemsremainthe
same.Byreducingtheamountofsupportmaterielneeded,designingmoresustainableFOBswillhavea
directimpactonlogisticscosts,potentialcasualties,andU.S.combatforceeffectiveness.
ImprovingthesustainabilityofFOBswillrequireextensivecoordinationamongmultiplepartiesand
carefulnavigationofcomplextradeoffs.Giventherelevanceofthesubject,teamsacrossthefederal
government,theDepartmentofDefense,andthemilitaryServiceshavestartedinitiativestodesign
moresustainableFOBs.Whilesomeinitiativesfocusoncurrentcommercialsolutionsandothers
emphasizelongtermresearch,collaborationandknowledgesharingacrossallpartieswillbecriticalto
developingsolutionsinatimelymanner.


May2010 iii

Table of Contents
Executive Summary 2
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Relevance 1
1.3 Definitions 1
1.4 Approach 2
2 Forward Operating Bases 3
2.1 Role of FOBs 3
2.2 Types of FOBs 4
3 Planning Process 6
3.1 Characteristics of the Process 6
3.2 Process Tradeoffs 7
4 Supply of FOBs 9
4.1 What Needs to be Shipped 9
4.2 Transportation 10
4.3 Containers 11
5 Facilities, Structures, and Construction 13
5.1 Types of Buildings 13
5.2 Types of Structures, Infrastructure 13
5.3 FOB Footprint 15
5.4 Construction 17
5.5 Sets (Force Provider, Harvest Falcon, Harvest Eagle) 17
6 Force Protection 19
6.1 Anti-Personnel / Vehicle Barriers 19
6.2 Other Force Protection Measures 20
7 Food 21
7.1 Rations 21
7.2 Requirements 22
7.3 Distribution 22
7.4 Structures 23
8 Water and Wastewater 24
8.1 Water Consumption 24
8.2 Water Source and Treatment 25
8.3 Wastewater Source and Quantity 27


May2010 iv

8.4 Wastewater Treatment 28
9 Fuel, Power, and Energy 30
9.1 General Statistics 30
9.2 Distribution and Cost 31
9.3 FOB Fuel Usage 32
9.4 Power and Electricity Generation 34
9.5 Individual Soldier 35
10 Solid Waste 36
10.1 Select Sources of Solid Waste 36
10.2 Characterization Studies 37
10.3 Treatment and Disposal 39
11 Going Forward 41
11.1 Key Findings 41
11.2 Areas of Potential Future Research 42
11.3 Parallel Research 43
11.4 Next Steps 44
Acronyms 46
Appendix A Summary FOB Characterization 48
Appendix B U.S. Army Field Manual 3-34 Standards 53
Appendix C U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Standards 59
Appendix D Red Book Standards 61
Appendix E USACE General Land Use Planning Factors 64
Appendix F Life Support Area Planning Factors 65
Appendix G Construction Estimates - USACE 67
Appendix H Rations 68
Appendix I USAREUR Contingency Menu 69
Appendix J Class I Distribution Iraq and Afghanistan 70
Appendix K FOB Fuel Consumption 71
Appendix L Tactical Quiet Generators 73
Appendix M Harvest Falcon Energy & Fuel Demand 74
Appendix N Sources 76


May2010 v

List of Figures
Figure1.KSpanStructure 15
Figure2.HESCO 20
Figure3.ClassIDistribution 23
Figure4.BottledWater 27
Figure5.FullyBurdenedCostofFuel 32
Figure6.FuelConsumption 33
Figure7.MREandUGRH&SPackaging 37
List of Tables
Table1.FOBTypes 4
Table2.MilitaryClassesofSupply 10
Table3.TransportationInformation 11
Table4.Tents 14
Table5.FOBPlanningFactors 16
Table6.ConstructionEfforts 17
Table7.WaterConsumptionPlanningFactors 25
Table8.Responsibilities 31
Table9.CharacterizationStudies 38
Table10.2003,2006Study 39
Table11.SolidWasteManagementExample 40


May2010 1

1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
NobliswastaskedbytheStrategicEnvironmentalResearchandDevelopmentProgram(SERDP)to
identifyandcharacterizethelogisticalcomponentsandpracticesrequiredtodevelop,build,andsustain
ForwardOperatingBases(FOBs).Thissnapshotofcurrentoperationalrequirementscanthenbeused
bySERDPtoidentifyandexploreadditionalresearchopportunitiesinsustainableFOBdesign.
Thispaperwillprovideabriefreviewof:
1. FOBtypes(role,differencesbasedonsize,mission,Service,areaofoperation,andduration)
2. FOBconstructionplanningprocess
3. Supplyconsiderations
4. StructuresandfacilitiesatFOBs
5. Quantity,composition,andcurrentoperationalpracticesassociatedwithfood,waterand
wastewater,energy/power/fuel,andsolidwastestreams
6. Nextstepsandparallelresearchefforts
1.2 Relevance
ThesustainabilityofourFOBsinIraq,Afghanistan,andaroundtheworldhasneverbeenamore
relevantissue.Recenttroopsurgesandextendedoperationsinmultipletheatersunderscorethe
urgencyforimprovedFOBsustainabilitytoreducecosts,logisticsupport,forceexposure,andcasualties.
Withoutrenewablepower,asMajorGeneralRichardZilmersaidinanoftquotedremark,U.S.forces
willremainunnecessarilyexposedandwillcontinuetoaccruepreventableseriousandgrave
casualties.
1
Dr.AshCarter,theUnderSecretaryofDefenseforAcquisition,Technology,andLogistics,has
commentedthatprotectinglargefuelconvoysimposesahugeburdenoncombatforcesand
reducingthefueldemandwouldmovethedepartmentmoretowardsanefficientforcestructureby
enablingmorecombatforcessupportedbyfewerlogisticsassets,reducingoperatingcosts,and
mitigatingbudgeteffectscausedbyfuelpricevolatility.
2
FOBsustainabilityissuesextendfarbeyondeffortstoconsolidateforcesandbasesinIraqandshiftthe
focustoAfghanistan.Boththechallengeswefacetodayandthebenefitsfrombridgingthegaptomore
sustainableFOBswillextendtofutureconflictsandlocations.
1.3 Definitions
WeusethetermForwardOperatingBase(FOB)toincludeallrelevantServiceuniqueandU.S.Central
Command(CENTCOM)designationsforfacilitiesinsupportofexpeditionaryorcontingencyoperations,
including:forwardoperatingbase,contingencyoperationbase,mainoperationsbase,camp,combat
outpost,patrolbase,basecomplex,tacticalbase,logisticsbase,logisticssupportarea,intermediate
stagingbase,firebase,andenduringbase.
Differencesinprocessandcharacterizationofinput/outputstreamsthataredependentonthesize/type
ofFOBwillbeidentifiedandaddressedinthefollowingsections.


May2010 2

1.4 Approach
Aspartoftheresearchprocesstodevelopthispaper,Noblisconductedinterviewswithrepresentatives
throughoutthefederalgovernmentandU.S.military,performedanextensiveliteraturereviewon
doctrine,guidance,privateandpublicsectorresearch,anecdotalfirstpersonaccounts,andpublic
articles,andattendedconferences,symposiums,andworkshopsonenergy,sustainability,andthe
correspondingimpactonthemilitary.Althoughnotwithinthescopeofthisparticulareffort,Noblisalso
brieflyassessedareasofpotentialresearchthatwarrantadditionalconsideration.
ThoughthepurposeofthispaperistoprovideanoverviewofFOBs,keypointsarehighlighted
throughoutandmayprovideabasisforcontinuedresearch.Identificationofbestpractices,
recommendedapproaches,sustainabilityprinciples,andspecificresearchtoaddressFOBdesignand
operationswillrequiremoredetailedanalysesandfuturestudy.


May2010 3

2 Forward Operating Bases
Highlights
FOBsarecriticaltotheU.S.expeditionarywarfightingstrategy
EstablishingandsustainingFOBsrequiresignificantlogisticalsupport
FOBscanvarywidelyinsophistication,dependingonsize,supportrequirement,hostnation
infrastructure,thenatureoftheoperation(contingency,enduring),andanticipatedduration
(temporary,semipermanent,permanent)
ImplicationsforFutureResearch
Solutionsmustbegeographyneutral.Solutionscanbeinspiredbyneedinoneregion,suchas
sprayfoamingtentsforinsulationinIraqorAfghanistan,buttheebbandflowofsoldiersin
IraqandAfghanistansuggestthatsolutionsshouldnotberelevantforonlyonegeography
type.Plannersmustanticipatethenextcontingencyoperation.
Solutionsmustbemodular,flexible,scaleable,andadaptableforthespectrumofFOBtypes,
fromaustere,platoonsizedbasestofull,divisionsizedmainbases.
2.1 Role of FOBs
AlthoughthetotaltallyandspecificlocationofFOBsareunavailabletothepublic,reportscurrently
placethetotalnumberofU.S.andcoalitionFOBs(aswehavedefinedthetermabove)atapproximately
400inAfghanistanand300inIraq.
3
AlthoughthecurrentplanistoconsolidatetheFOBsinIraqinto
anywherefrom1450enduringbasesfollowingtheAugust31,2010deadlinetoremoveU.S.combat
forcesfromIraq,the400basesinAfghanistanrepresentsasignificantincreasesinceCENTCOM
announcedthattherewere100basesinAfghanistaninNovember2008.
4
Thisbuildingboomisdirectly
correlatedwiththeamountofmoneyspentonbaseconstruction,withreportsindicating$3bworthof
workcurrentlyinAfghanistanand$3.2binIraq,asignificantincreaseoverthe$4.5bspentbytheU.S.
ArmyCorpsofEngineers(USACE)between2002and2008.
5
ThesenumbersrepresenthowintegralFOBshavebecometotheU.S.expeditionarywarfighting
strategy.Simplydefined,theFOBisanevolvingmilitaryfacilitythatsupportsthemilitaryoperationsof
adeployedunitandprovidesnecessarysupportandservicesforsustainedoperations,withaparticular
focusonsupportingexpeditionarycapabilities(theabilitytodeploycombinedarmsforcesintoany
operationalenvironmentandoperateeffectivelyuponarrival)andcampaigncapabilities(theabilityto
sustainoperationsaslongasnecessarytoconcludeoperationssuccessfully).
6
FOBshavebecomethe
hallmarkofU.S.contingencyoperationsandposebothdistinctadvantagesandchallengestothe
participantsinU.S.contingencyoperations:
Totheoperators,FOBsarecriticalinwagingasymmetricwarfare.AsoneArmycaptain
described,colocatinginpopulationcentersenabledustodenytheenemyaccesstothelocal
population,influenceandassistthelocalgovernment,providesecurity,andtotrainthelocal
policeandarmyunitstoprovidetheirownunaidedsecurity.Overthecourseofnearlyayear,
theplatoonleadershipdevelopedstrongrelationshipswithlocalsthatallowedtheleadershipto
maintainaconstantreadonthepopulationandinsurgents,providingthechainofcommand
withbottomupintelligencefortheplanningofmissions.
7
Tothesoldier,FOBshelpreducethepsychologicaltollofwarfareastheygivesoldiersan
unprecedentedadvantageofgainingarespitefromconstantdanger,minimizethewearing
effectsofhungerandfatigue,andreducetheisolationofcombat.
8


Tothelogistician,FOBsquicklybecomethefocusofamassivelogisticaleffortasbuildingand
sustainingFOBsinremoteareasnecessitatehugeexpendituresofresources.
9
Whileoffering
benefits,colocatingU.S.forceswiththeindigenouspopulationalsocreateseasiertargetsfor
enemyfireandaddstothecostofprotectingsupplylinesandconvoys.
2.2 Types of FOBs
AlthoughwehavedefinedFOBsbroadlytoencompassallcontingencybases,FOBscandiffergreatly
basedonmissiontype,duration,size,role,AreaofOperation(AOR),hostnationinfrastructure,Service,
andunitssupportedfromanaustere,platoonsizedbaseonthetacticaledgetodivisionsized
enduringbasesthatsellflatscreentelevisionsfromtheirPostExchange(PX).Table1,FOBTypes,
illustrateshowU.S.militarydoctrineusesdifferentduration,size,andbasetypedistinctionsin
classifyingtypesofFOBsandbasecamps.Authorizedbuildings,typeofamenities,andofparticular
relevanceforthispapertheenergy,fuel,water,andwastetreatmentstandardsforaFOBwilldepend
ontheseclassifications.Additionalinformationonhowfacilitystandardscandifferisprovidedin
AppendicesAthroughD.AppendixAprovidesthesummarycharacterizationofcurrentFOBs.Appendix
BprovidesasnapshotoffacilitystandardsbasedonU.S.ArmyFieldManual(FM)334.AppendixC
providesanoverviewofUSACEcontingencyconstructionstandards.AppendixDprovidesacomparison
ofauthorizedfacilitiesatFOBs,MainBaseCamps,andOutpostsaccordingtotheUnitedStatesArmy,
Europe(USAREUR)BaseCampFacilitiesStandards(commonlyreferredtoastheRedBook)..
10
Table1.FOBTypes
ByDuration
ByBaseType
BySize
USArmyCorpsofEngineers Contingency Enduring
Organic Initial Temporary Semipermanent Permanent
<90days <6months <24months
ArmyFM334 Initial Temporary Semipermanent
<6months 624months 210years
USAREUR Initial Temporary Semipermanent
"RedBook" <6months 624months 225years
USCENTCOM Contingency Permanent
"SandBook" Expeditionary Initial Temporary
ForwardOperatingBase MainOperationsBase EnduringBase
PlatoonCompany BattalionBrigade Division
Generally,adivisionhas10,000to20,000soldiers,abrigade2,000to5,000soldiers,aregiment2,000to
3,000soldiers,abattalion300to1,000soldiers,acompany70to250soldiers,andaplatoon25to60
soldiers.
May2010 4


May2010 5

AbriefsnapshotofthedifferencesbetweenFOBs:
10,000soldiersstationedat12basecampsintheBalkansaspartofOperationJointEndeavor(starting
in1995);moststationedatEagleBase(1,260)inBosniaandCampBondsteel(3,950)inKosovo.
FOBsoftenaustere,withnolivingquarters,latrines,ordininghalls
11
CampLeatherneck(Afghanistan)(U.S.MarineCorps,orUSMC)wasa460acresiteofdunesand
moondust,nowa6,000membercamp,with4,000Marinesand2,000contractors
12
FOBSalerno(Afghanistan):300acres
FOBPacesetter(Iraq):austerebasewithnofacilities
FOBAltimur(Afghanistan)lookslikefortifiedgravelpitonabarrenslope,surroundedbytwotiered
sacksofdirtandrazorwire
13
AlAsad(Iraq)includes20,000peoplelivingon18squaremiles,withaninternalbussystem,481
megawatt(MW)generators,32MWofcontinuouspowerdemand,1.1mgallonsofwater/daydemand,
1.2mgallonsofwater/daysupply,9waterwells,ReverseOsmosisWaterPurificationUnit(ROWPU),
watertreatmentfacilitiestreating60gallons/person/day,6,771facilities,and193spotgenerators
14
CampBalad(Iraq)has2powerplants,2watertreatmentplants(producing1.9mgallonsofwater/day),
aplantthatprovides7mbottles/moofdrinkingwater,2firestations,agym,healthclinic,restaurants
FOBHit(Iraq):norunningwater,justtents.OnlyMealsReadytoEat(MREs)andburninghumanwaste
FOBDanger(Iraq)hasairconditionedpalaces, FOBSpeicher(Iraq)hasaBurgerKingandadayspa,
FOBAnaconda(Iraq)hasaswimmingpool,butFOBBrassfieldMora(Iraq)isntanywhereasniceas
theotherFOBs.ItsPXsellsmostlysodaandshavingcream.ItsmesshallservesMREsforlunch.
15
Allinall,FOBNaray(Afghanistan)isnowhometoabout500AmericanandAfghansoldiers,about
onethirdofwhomareoutatanyonetimemanningtheOPsandoutpostsforweekslongspells.And
therearenohotA'satthosesites;none.I'vespentsometimeatone.JustMREs,threetimesaday.And
noflushtoilets,nohotshowers,orbathingatall,unlessoneisnearastreamorwatersource.Andno
realelectricity,exceptasmallgenerator,noairconditioning,notents,and,heavenforbid,nointernet.
AllofwhichcanbefoundatFOBNaray.Sure,theflushtoiletsareallthewayontheothersideofthe
camp,unlessyou'recountingthecoupleofouthouseburnshittersonthenorthside.Andtheshowers
tooaren'tnextdoor;theyareinaconexthatisalong,anklestrainingriverrockwalkawayacross
camp.Thereisairconditioningandheatinthewinter,butthelongtentsarepacked,30to40cotsor
moreeach,withpersonalspacelessthananarm'sreach.Asfortheinternet,exceptforthestaff
workingtheTOC(withinternetattheirfingertips,that'sthebenefitofbeingstaff),thereareexactly
threecomputershookedupinasmallconex,there'sa30minutelimit,andthere'salwaysalineof
guyswaiting.Still,it'sbetterthantheguysupintheoutpostshaveit,withonlytheirdreamsto
communicatebackhometolovedones.
16
Toaddtothecomplexity,FOBsnaturallyevolveovertimeasmissionschangeinscopeandduration.
OperationJointEndeavorinBosnia(19951996),forexample,wasintendedtobeatemporary
occupation(anditwaspresentedtohostnationsassuch),sotentcampsweresetupquicklyto
establishapresenceandkeeptroopsshelteredandoutofthemud.
17
Asistypicalofanexpeditionary
campaign,however,itsoonbecameobviousthatpeacekeepingwouldrequirealongercommitment,
leadingtothereplacementofmilitaryissuetentswithSoutheastAsiahuts(SEAhut),16x32footwood
frametentsmodifiedbyametalroof,extendedrafters,andscreenedinareas.
18
Insubsequent
missions,suchasinKosovofollowingNATOOperationAlliedForce(1999),baseplannersdirectlyused
SEAhuts.
19


May2010 6

3 Planning Process
Thefirstelementofthesustainabilityequationistounderstandthebasicplanningprocess
involvedinestablishingFOBs
Highlights
Planningprocesscharacterizedbydecentralizedmanagementofdetails;extensive
coordinationrequiredacrossadisparatesetofparties
Norepositoryofbestpracticesorconsistentdoctrine,standards
Nosystematic,robustprocessfordevelopingandimplementingsustainablesolutions
Processcharacterizedbytradeoffs,butmissionsuccesstakestoppriority
Solutionsmusthavecommanderbuyinfromthebeginning
Solutionsmusttakeintoaccountrelevantconcernsfromallparties
Solutionsmustaccountforoperationalandpoliticalreality
Solutionsmustnotobstructbutenablemissionsuccess
Solutionsmustnotjeopardizesoldierhealth,safety,ormorale
SolutionsmustnothindertimelyFOBdevelopment
AreasofPotentialFutureResearch
Developstrategyroadmaptowardsgreatersustainabilitywiththefollowingsteps:1)fully
utilizeallmateriel,2)reducedemand,3)minimizewastethroughreuseofmateriel,and4)
reusegeneratedwaste
Developdecisionsupporttoolthatincorporatessustainablebestpractices
Whilethemajorityofthispaperwillfocusonthetangiblequantitiesoffuel,water,andmateriel
consumedandwasteproducedatFOBs,itisimportanttounderstandtheplanningprocessinvolvedin
locating,designing,andconstructingaFOB.Therearethreeprimaryreasonswhytheplanningprocessis
afactorinenhancingthesustainabilityofFOBdesign:1)decisionsmadeinplanningdirectlyimpactthe
commoditiesrequiredtobuildandsustaintheFOB,2)understandingtheplanningprocessintroduces
theparticipantsthatmustbeinvolvedindesigningmoresustainableFOBs,and3)thetradeoffsof
currentFOBdesignwillremainrelevantinimprovingsustainability.
3.1 Characteristics of the Process
DecentralizedAuthority
WithFOBs,thecommandersintentguidesthebasicparametersofthebaselocation,size,combat
elements,intendeddurationofusebutthedetailsarehandledbydecentralizedorlocalcommand
authority.ThoseinvolveduseguidancefromCENTCOMsSandBook,RedBook,andindividualmanuals
fromtheirrespectiveServices,butthereisnocentralrepositoryofbestpracticesandnoonepointof
authoritywithaholisticperspectiveontheprocess.AlthoughtheRedBookhasbeeninexistencefor
sometime,theSandBookwasonlydevelopedrecently,andevenwithitsimplementation,mostsoldiers
inIraqandAfghanistanforthemostpartcontinuedtotreatitmoreasageneralguidethanstrict
doctrine.Withtheemphasisonachievingthemilitarymission,implementingbestpracticesin
sustainableFOBdesigninevitablytakeslesserpriority.


May2010 7

ExtensiveCoordinationRequired
Theplanningprocessrequiresextensivecoordinationacrossadisparatesetofparties.
20
Aftertheater
command/headquartersidentifiesaneedforaFOB,plannersusevarioustools(e.g.,Theater
ConstructionManagementSystem,theNavysAdvancedBaseFunctionalComponentsPlanningand
ProgrammingSystem)todesignthefacilities.Thefuturetenants,thesupportedunit,willrefinetheplan
andengineerswillstartconstruction,oftenrelyingheavilyoncontractorsupport.
21
Throughoutthe
process,theparticipantsmustassesstheterrain,evaluatesupplyroutesforconstruction,and
coordinateairandgroundtransportationcontacts.Commandersandtheirteamsmustevaluateland
andsupplydropzoneswhileengineersevaluatesoilconditionsandforceprotection,contingencyreal
estateteamslegallysecuretheland(coordinatingwithhostnationrepresentativesifnecessary),and
logistics/engineersgeneratethesupplyrequestforitemsneededimmediatelytobegintheconstruction
process(e.g.,concertinawire,HESCOs,lumber,plywood,sandbags,tents,powergenerators,MREs,
bottledwater,fuel).Teamsmightincludeorganiccombatengineeringunits,Armyconstruction
battalions,USACE,U.S.ArmyPrimePower(249
th
EngineerBattalion),U.S.ArmyForceProvider(643
rd
QuartermasterCompany),UnitedStatesNavyConstructionBattalions(Seabees),andUnitedStatesAir
Force(USAF)809
th
ExpeditionaryRedHorseSquadronandPrimeBaseEngineerEmergencyForce
(PRIMEBEEF)Squadron.
22
3.2 Process Tradeoffs

Allpartiesinvolvedhavedistinctconcerns,andalloftheseconcernsmustbetakenintoaccountwhen
designing(oroptimizing)FOBs.Theseconcerns,oftendivergent,resultinaplanningprocessthatis
characterizedbytradeoffs.Theseincludetheneedtobalance:
1. TheextensiveprocessofbuildingaFOB(effectivelydesigningacity,completewithutilities)
withmanystakeholdersagainsttheneedtohaveaFOBbuiltquickly.
23
2. Sustainability,environmentalstewardship,andhostnationrelationsagainstthedemandsof
militaryoperations,theimperativetoprotectsoldiers,andmissionrequirements
3. Theoptimum,sustainablesolutionagainstpoliticalnecessityandoperationalreality(e.g.,the
useoflocalcontractors,handingoutbottledwatertoIraqicivilians)

Theresultofbalancingthesetradeoffsisaniterativeprocesscharacterizedbyadaptationand
compromiseateverystep.IndesigningFOBs,forexample,youeitherbuildaFOBfromscratchand
designithowyouwant,amoretimeconsumingprocessthatmitigatesfuturerisk,orelsemakedo
withwhatyouhave,whichemphasizesspeedattheexpenseofrisk.
24
FOBconstruction,another
soldierwrites,wasdrivenbyimmediatenecessity.FOBforceprotectionbecameaphasedoperation:
firstwebuiltwhatwethoughtneededtobebuilt.Secondweassessedwhatthereactiontheenemyhad
toourfortifications.Third,wedevelopedcontrolsbasedontheenemyreaction.
25
AnArmy
representativeplanningprocessinvolvesthefollowingsteps:
Preliminaryplanning
o Someteamswillutilizeabasecampplanningboard
26
o DetermineprimaryFOBmission,duration
Locationselection


May2010 8

o Conductextensivereconnaissance
o Determinewhethertoutilizeexistinggovernmentbuildings/hutsorbuildFOBsfrom
scratch;movingintoexistingbuildingswouldrequirelessresources,butcouldexpose
soldierstoquestionableinfrastructureandpotentialhealthproblems
27
o FOBplanningoftenrequiresatleastamonthbeforeconstruction
28
Landuseplanning
Facilityrequirementsdevelopment
Generalsiteplanning
Designguide,programming,andconstruction
Maintainandupdateplans
Cleanup,closure,andarchive


May2010 9

4 Supply of FOBs
Thesecondelementinthesustainabilityequationistoevaluateopportunitiestooptimizesupply
strategyandexecutionindesigningsustainableFOBs
Highlights
ThemajorityofmaterielneededtobuildandsustainFOBsisbroughtintotheater
RedesignofsupplystrategycancontributetomoresustainableFOBs
Transportationchallengesdifferbasedongeography(e.g.,Iraqv.Afghanistan)
ShippingcontainerscanberedesignedforgreateruseatFOBs
Solutionsmustadheretocurrentinfrastructureandtransportationrequirements
Designmaterielsupplychainstrategytoenhancesustainability
DesignshippingcontainersforuseasFOBstructures,forceprotection.Developothercreative
usesforpackagingmaterial/pallets.
Thefundamentalconsiderationinforwarddeploymentislogistics.Logisticshasbeenaprimary
determinantofcampaignsuccessthroughouthistory.Today,logisticsrequireshalfofallDepartmentof
Defense(DoD)personnelandconsumesathirdofitsbudget.
29
AsGeneralJamesT.Conway,theUSMC
Commandant,explained,theU.S.supplylinesinAfghanistanrepresentanoperationalvulnerability
and,asaresult,wearegettinghit;wearelosingMarines.
30
Thissectionexamines:1)whatitems
needtobeshippedtoaFOB,2)howmaterielistransported,and3)thecontainerizationoflogisticsand
facilities.
4.1 What Needs to be Shipped
ThemajorityofallmaterielneededtobuildandsustainaFOBisbroughtintothetheaterofwarrather
thansourcedlocally,evenifresupplyrequiresextensivetime(upto45daysfromsourcetoenduserin
Afghanistan).
31
Aperspectiveonthevolumeofmaterielneededfollows:
1. A30vehicleinitialconvoywasrequiredtomakeoneFOBadequateforlivinganddefendable
inAfghanistan;subsequentlyneededanother20trucksofsupplies,8fueltrucks,and2trucks
carryingaBobcatandaSmallEmplacementExcavator(SEE)
32
2. Inadditiontonormallogisticspackages,the411
th
EngineerBrigadesentmorethan300
containersoflumber,concertinawire,andelectricalpartstoFOBHammer(Iraq)
33
3. A600soldierFOBrequiresaconvoyof22trucksperdaytosupplythebasewithfuelorwater
andtotruckawaywastewaterandsolidwaste
34

Anyreductionintheamountofmaterielneededtobeshippedhasadirectimpactonthelogisticscosts
andpotentialcasualtiesfromconvoyprotection.Notonlydoesthisunderscoreaneedtoconsider
multiplepurposesforeachitemshippedinordertomaximizeitsrelativecontributiontotheFOB,buta
redesignordevelopmentofnewstrategytominimizethelogisticstailcancontributetotheoverall
sustainabilityofFOBs.


Theelementsofglobaldistributionhaveevolvedintocommoditybasedsupplychainsalignedto
militaryclassesofsupply,areflectionofashiftinDoDsupportphilosophyawayfromthetraditional
stockbasedlogisticsystemtoaleaner,justintimedistributionbasedsystemthathasreducedthe
traditionalsafetynetofredundantmaterielstocks.
35
Table2,MilitaryClassesofSupply,liststhe
classesofsupply.
Table2.MilitaryClassesofSupply
36
Eachclassofmaterielhasanindividualsupplyanddistributionprocess,severalofwhichwewillexplore
ingreaterdetailinlatersectionsofthispaper.
4.2 Transportation
HowmaterielistransportedalsohasanimpactonFOBsustainability,asanynewsystemorsolutionstill
hastobetransportableusingcurrentvehicleplatformsandfitwithintheconfinesofexisting
transportationinfrastructureandcurrentoperationalpractices.
May2010 10


InIraq,wherethelandisrelativelyflat,theprimarymethodofsupplyandresupplyhasbeenthetruck
convoy,usuallywithheavycontractorsupport.AsofNovember2007,80convoyswerecontinuously
travelingbetweenKuwaitandIraq(with70%transportingfuelorwater),exposingacriticalvulnerability
toImprovisedExplosiveDevices(IEDs)astheytransportedsuppliesfromsurroundingnations.
37
ThelogisticsofsupplyinAfghanistan,however,posesadifferentchallenge.Witharoadnetworkmuch,
muchthinnerthaninIraq,fewerairports,andageographycomprisedmostlyofmountainsoutsidethe
desertsofHelmondprovince,theU.S.militaryinAfghanistanhasremainedheavilydependenton
suppliestravelingthelong,windy,anddangerousroadsoronresupplybyair.
38
Bothmethodshave
oftenbeenunreliableinthemountainpasses.The20footjingletrucksusedinconvoysinAfghanistan
flippedoverinthemountainsatsucharatethatcommandershaveresortedtousingdumptrucks
instead,andonafewoccasionsheavyairdrops,[ContainerDeliverySystems](CDS)bundles,convoys,
slingloads,andCH47palletsallfailedwhengettingmaterialtobuildBhutsinAfghanistan.
39
Table3,TransportationInformation,providesasummaryofthecapacityofvarioustransportation
methods.Forreference,aForceProvidermodule(Section5.5describesForceProvideringreaterdetail)
fora600personbasewouldrequire54sortiesbyC130,24sortiesbyC141,12sortiesbyC17,or9
sortiesbyC5.
40
Table3.TransportationInformation
41
4.3 Containers
Manyclassesofsupply,asshowninTable2,MilitaryClassesofSupply,arebroughtintothetheaterin
containers.Ifusedproperly,thesecontainerscanbeconvertedfromwastethatmustbedisposedof
intosomethinguseful,evenpotentiallyreplacingothermaterielthatmustbebroughtintotheater.
May2010 11


May2010 12

AccordingtoU.S.ArmyFM5565,thetypesofcontainersinclude:
IntervalSlingableUnit(ISU)
CertifiedforhelicopterairliftandAirMobilityCommand(AMC)aircraft.463Lpalletcompatible
andhasa10,000poundcapacity.Basemeasures108x88andwithheightsrangingfrom60
90.
42
463Lpalletshavebasedimensionsof108x88andcanholditems8feettall.
Milvancontainers
20x8x8;41,300poundcapacity,3,500poundemptyweight
Commercialshippingcontainers
Quadcon:Quadconsmeasure82x57x96.AccordingtoFM5565,itisalockable,
weatherproof,reusable,prefabricatedcontainerwithacargocapacityof8,000pounds.The
Quadconhasastructuralsteelweldedframe.Itstopsidesanddoorpanelsaremadeofplywood
coatedwithaplasticlaminate.Theflooris[constructed]ofhighdensityplywoodcoveredon
bothsideswithsheetsteel.FourQuadconscoupledtogetherhavethesamedimensionsasa
standard20footISO[InternationalOrganizationforStandardization]container.
TheU.S.militaryincreasinglyreliesonmodularsets,likeForceProvider,thatcanbedeployedinaset
numberofcontainers.
43
Thecontainersthemselves,however,shouldbeputtogooduse;some
commandersinIraqandAfghanistanhaveaskedtheircontractorstoturnshippingcontainersinto
offices,kitchens,andbathrooms.
44
OnekeytoasustainableFOBwillbetofullyutilizeeverythingthat
enterstheFOB,regardlessofitsoriginaldesign,intent,orpurpose.Thestepstogreatersustainability
fullyutilizingallmaterielataFOB,reducingdemand/consumption,minimizingwastethroughreuseof
materiel,andreusinggeneratedwastewillgreatlycontributetolowercostsandreducedcasualties.


May2010 13

5 Facilities, Structures, and Construction
Thethirdelementinthesustainabilityequationistounderstandandoptimizefacilitydesign,
engineering,andconstructiontoenhanceFOBsustainability
Highlights
DependingonthesizeandsophisticationoftheFOB,aFOBcanhaveawidevarietyof
differenttypesofbuildings
Theleastcostlyconstructionmethodutilizesexistinginfrastructureasmuchaspossible
Tentsaresimpletotransportandusebutarenotenergyefficient
ThecostofbuildingmaterialshouldfactorintoFOBdesignplanning
FOBsets,suchastheForceProvidermodules,haveplayedagrowingroleinstandardizingand
simplifyingfieldconstruction
Designanddeployrealtimeenergydemandmanagement/smartgridsystems
Designandbuildmoreenergyefficientstructures.Adoptefficiencybestpracticesinselecting
constructionmaterialused,lightingtechnology,windowtechnology,layout.Consider
integrationofrenewableenergygeneration(e.g.,thinfilmsolar)withstructures
Identifystateofartsolutionstoimprovetheenergyefficiencyofstructures.Sprayfoam
insulationisagoodstartingpoint,butitalsopreventsreuse
Designconstructionmaterialsupplychaintoenhancesustainability
Improvecurrentbasesets,likeU.S.ArmyForceProviderandUSAFHarvestFalconand
HarvestEagle
5.1 Types of Buildings
AtypicalArmyFOBmayincludesomeorallofthefollowingelements:lifesupportareas,toilet/shower
facilities,headquartersfacilities,logisticalsupportfacilities,diningfacilities,finance/personnelsupport,
postalfacilities,laundrycollectionanddistributionpoint,aviationfacilities,communicationfacilities,
medicalfacilities,motorpoolfacilities,fuelstoragefacilities,hazardouswastecollectionfacilities,
ammunitionsupplypoints,trainingfacilities,PX,moralewelfarerecreation(MWR)facilities,and
detaineeholdingareas.
45
TallilAirForceBase(nowtransferredbacktoIraqicontrol),forexample,wasoriginallybuiltfor3,000
soldiersandhad22barracks,32headquartersbuildings,3diningfacilities,7warehouses,7
maintenancefacilities,and29othersupportbuildingssuchasafirehouse,jail,andmosque.Utilities
includedwastewatertreatmentplants,watertreatmentplant,andanelectricalgenerationplant.
46
FOB
Salernohadagym,withexercisemachinesandbigscreenTVs,laundry,offices,hospital,morgue,anda
church.
47
OtherFOBshadvariationsofsimilarfacilitiesandequipment.
48
5.2 Types of Structures, Infrastructure

Preexistingstructures
TheleastcostlyandefficientmannerofFOBconstructionutilizesexistingstructurestothegreatest
extentpossible.
49
AnUSACEstudystatesthatcurrentconstructionofbuildingsintheatertakestoo
long,coststoomuch,andtiesupcriticaltransportationresources.
50
Inresponse,somecommanders


haveusedmudandstrawbuildingsbuiltoverpackeddirtfloorsandtoppedwiththatchedwooden
roofsforoffices,maintenancebuildings,andclinicsinAfghanistanandIraq.
51
Tents
Tentsarethehousingstandardforthefirstsoldiersinthefieldduringanexpeditionarycampaign.As
shownintheTable4,Tents,GeneralPurpose(GP)tentsandTentExtendableModularPersonnel
(Temper)tentscanvaryinsize.Tempertentsincludeanaluminumframewithvinylpolyesterduckcloth
thatisfire,mildew,andwaterresistant.MediumGPtentscanhouse12peopleandbeerectedby4
peoplein1hour,whilelargeGPtentshold22peopleeachandcanbeerectedby6peoplein1.5hours.
Table4.Tents
52

Usingtentspresentsinevitabletradeoffs.Tentsarerelativelylightweight,donotincursubstantial
transportationcosts,canbeerectedquickly,andcouldtheoreticallybereusedinafutureconflict.Trying
toheat20cotsleepingtentsorcooltentsin120degreeIraqisummers,however,createsqualityoflife
issuesandisatremendousdrainonenergy,power,andfuel.
53
Oneproposedsolutiontoreducethe
energycostsofheating/coolingtentshasbeentosprayinsulatingfoamonthetentsurface,butthat
solutioneffectivelyturnsatemporarytentintoapermanentfacility.AnotherareaofcurrentFOB
sustainabilityresearchhasbeeninevaluatingtheprospectsofattachingsolarpanelstotentstomitigate
theprodigiousfuelrequirementsofmanagingtentclimate.
Preengineeredmetalorfabricbuildings
Preengineeredbuildingsareusuallyusedformaintenancefacilities,astheyrequirelimitedinternal
supportcolumnsandarerelativelyeasytoconstruct.Navyestimatessuggestthat1012peoplecould
assemblethe10,000squarefeetKSpanstructureinaday(seeFigure1,KSpanStructure).
54
May2010 14


Figure1.KSpanStructure
55
AccordingtotheArmy,asteelbasedbuildingrequireshalfasmuchmaterial,halftheconstruction
time,lessthanaquarterthecargospace,andis60%cheaperthanwoodbuildings.
56
Otherpre
engineeredbuildingsincludetensionfabricbuildings,suchastheUniversalFabricStructures/clamshell
structures.
Modularbuildings,trailerunits,assembledprefabricatedbuildings,ormanufacturedbuildings
ThiscategoryincludestrailersandotherContainerizedHousingUnits(CHU),whichareshipping
containersprefabricatedintolivingquarters,offices,andothertypesoffacilities.Atypicaloffice
shippingcontainer,forexample,hassixinternetconnections,shelves,andadesk.Suchpre
fabricated/manufacturedbuildingsoffercostsavings,speed(aseverythingispremade),qualitycontrol,
andeaseofexpansionandrelocation.
57
Constructingwood,steel,orConcreteMasonryUnit(CMU)framedandsupportedbuildings
Asdescribedearlier,onsiteconstructionallowsforflexibilityofdesign,butitcanbecostly,time
consuming,andrequirelargequantitiesofClassIVsuppliesluxuriesincontingencyoperations.
58
CMU
examplesincludeBhutsandSEAhuts.Botharewoodenstructures,withBhutsmadeofplywoodand
holdingupto8people,andSEAhutsconstructedofwoodwithasheetvinylfloor,5/8inchgypsum
wallsandceiling,flatlatexpaint,metalroof,precastconcretepilings,paintedexterior.
59
Thereare5
SEAhutsinaDavidsonconfiguration,foratotalof2,944squarefeetofenclosedspace.
Roads
Buildingroadsrequiressubstantialmaterial.TheRedBookrequiresasphaltroads,concreteturning
pads,andgravelsecondaryroads,butgravelisoftendifficulttoprocure.
60
Procuringthe100,000cubic
metersofgravelforFOBHammer,forexample,requiredmoretimethanoriginallyscheduled.
61
Furniture
Approvedfurnitureforasoldierincludesonebed,onemattress(singlefoamrubberwithnonplastic
shell),aonefootlocker,nailboardsonwallsoflivingareas,andlocallybuiltshelvesmadeofplywood.
62
5.3 FOB Footprint

ThegeographicalfootprintofanFOBcanvaryfromencompassingafewacrestoafewhundredacresto
over11,000acres(18squaremiles)forAlAsad(includingrunways).
May2010 15


AsshownintheTable5,FOBPlanningFactors,U.S.ArmyFM334suggestsrealestateacreageranging
from16to350acresforbasecampsfor500to10,000soldiers,respectively.Troophousingwouldrange
from0.91acresto18acresacrossthespectrum.SeeSection9fordetailedpowerrequirements.
Table5.FOBPlanningFactors
63
AppendixEprovidesUSACEplanningfactors,whichdifferfromthoseinFM334.AppendixFprovides
theplanningfactorsfortroophousing,withtypicalSEAhutandTempertentconfigurations.Page14of
theRedBookalsoprovidesadditionalinformationregardingspecificFOBbuildingsquarefootage.
May2010 16


5.4 Construction
May2010 17

65
s
moredetailedestimateofconstructioneffortrequirementsforeach
omponentofa500manFOB.
Table6.ConstructionEfforts
66
ClassIVsuppliesincludeallconstructionrawmaterialandfortification/barrieritemssuchaslumber,
wire,andsandbags.
64
DefenseLogisticsAgency(DLA)isthewholesalematerielmanagerandexecutes
throughDefenseSupplyCenterPhiladelphia(DSCP),withrawmaterialprocuredasneeded(although
plywoodandlumberisexpensiveinintheatermarkets)andwithaheavyemphasisonvendor
support.
Table6,ConstructionEfforts,providestheestimatedconstructioneffortassociatedwithFOBsofvariou
sizes,andAppendixGprovidesa
c
5.5 Sets (Force Provider, Harvest Falcon, Harvest Eagle)

Asdiscussedearlier,FOBplanningisoftenanexerciseinexpediencyandadaptation.Inordertomakeit
easiertohaveuniformstandardsforallFOBs,theArmycreatedtheArmyForceProvider(FP)concep
FPwasdevelopedasastandardizedhousingsetthatcouldbedroppedintotheaterwitheverything
neededtobuildabasecampfor550people.FPwasalsodesignedtoworkinconjunctionwiththeAFs
HarvestFalconandHarvestEaglesetsforjointbaseoperation
t.
s.AccordingtoCongressionaltestimony,
availableFPmoduleshavebeendeployed.
67
r
Bwater,energy,andwasteusagewillbedescribedingreaterdetailinlater
AirfieldResources(BEAR)program,withitsHarvestFalcon(HF)andHarvestEagle(HE)components,is
alloftheArmys
ForceProvider
AFPmoduleincludestentswithHVAC,commandandcontrol,showers,powergeneration,dining
facility,medical,MWR,waterandfuelstorage,andwastewatercollection.WithFP,aFOBcanbe
operationalin14daysusing50people.ThebasicFPhousingunitsareTempertents,whichinclude
showers,latrines,andkitchen/diningfacilities.AsdescribedinSection5.2,astandardTempertent
(32x20,or640sqft)iscomprisedof48x20Tempertentsections,canbeerectedby4peoplein2
hours,andcanhouse12people.Whenfullyoperational,1brigadesizedmodulecanserve1,500meals
perdayfrom8containerizedkitchens,provide3showersperweekpersoldierfromsixshowerunits,
andprovide20gallonsofwaterperdaypersoldierthroughfour20,000galloncollapsiblewatertanks
and33,000gallonROWPUs.
68
AsingleFPmodulefor550peopleispackagedin103Tricons(see
Section4.3,withthreetriconsequivalenttofourquadcons),five20feetISOcontainers,and27traile
mountedgenerators.FO
sections.
HarvestFalcon,Eagle
Abarebaseiscomprisedofausablerunway,taxiareas,andpotablewater.TheBasicExpeditionary


May2010 18

le
nce,airfieldlighting,power,
69
a550
g8C130
70
ciatedwithHFandHEmodules.HFisdeployedusing15C130
orties,usingthe463Lpalletsystem.
theAirForceequivalentoftheArmyFPprogram.BothHFandHEaredesignedtobeC130transportab
andtogetheraddresstransportation,housing,messing,aircraftmaintena
water,sewage,heating,cooling,medical,andcivilengineeringneeds.
TheHarvestEagleplatformincludesahousekeepingandutilitysupportsetcapableofsupporting
manAFFOB.WithallrelevantHEcomponents,includinghousing,generators,kitchens,showers,
laundryunits,latrines,aHEmoduleincludes75,000unitsofsupply,weighs323tons,requires44,000
cubicfeetoftransportationvolume,ispackagedin135ISUcontainers,andisdeployedusin
sortieswiththe463Lpalletsystem.TheHEutilizesboththemediumandlargeGPtents.
TheHarvestFalconplatformcansupport1,100peopleeachandincludeshousekeeping,industrial
operations,initialandfollowonflightlinesets.Housekeepingincludesbilletingwithheating,cooling,
kitchen,showers,latrines,andgenerators.TheHFalsoprovideswater,sewage,andelectricalservices.
HFusesastandardMobileElectricPower(MEP)12generator.Section9.4providesadditional
informationontheenergyusageasso
s


May2010 19

6 Force Protection
Thefourthelementinthesustainabilityequationistooptimizethesustainabilityofforce
protectionmeasuresbyuseofstandardandnonstandardconstructionandsupplymaterials
Highlights
SuccessfulforceprotectionisvitaltothesurvivalofaFOB
Usingindigenousmaterialandorganic,creativesolutionsiskeytoamoresustainableFOB
Designanddevelopnewforceprotectiontechnologiesthatarelighter,stronger,madeoflocal
material,andeasiertobuild
ForceprotectionisanessentialelementofFOBdesign,especiallygiventheneedforcommandersto
placeFOBsnearthelocalpopulace.Forceprotectionmeasuresincludeantipersonnelbarriers,anti
vehicularbarriers,structureprotection,observationposts,entrycontrolpoints,andtacticaloperations
centers.TraditionalforceprotectionrequiresasignificantamountofClassIVsupplies,andusing
indigenous,organic,andcreativesolutionsiskeytoamoresustainableFOB.Asthe3
rd
InfantryDivision
discovered,thelackofClassIVmaterialsinBaghdadforcedthedivisiontousewhateverwasavailable
forimmediateforceprotection,includingvehicles,Iraqibarbedwire,rubble,andearthenberms.
71
MoredetailedinformationbeyondwhatispresentedhereisavailabletheJointForwardOperations
Base(JFOB)ForceProtectionHandbook.
6.1 Anti-Personnel / Vehicle Barriers
Antipersonnelbarriersaremostlychainlinkedandmetalfencesorconcrete/CMUwalls.AtBalad
(Iraq),forexample,forceprotectionwasameshfence,withobservationtowersupgradedfromwooden
toconcrete.
72
Evenatriplestrandconcertinafence,however,canbetimeconsuming.A100acreFOB
wouldrequire254manhoursjusttofencewithconcertina.
Antivehiclebarriersareusuallyrigidbarriersorsometypeoftemporarywall.Typicalmethodsinclude:
Concretebarriers(Jersey,Alaska,Texas,Bitberg)
NewJerseybarriersare9longx33.5highandweigh400600poundsperlinearfoot.Aheavy
expandedmobilitytacticaltruckwithacranecouldtransportandplace10atatime.Theseare
apparentlyinshortsupply.
73
Texasbarriers(BremerWalls)are12highandAlaskabarriers20
high.OnefactoryinIraqwasreportedlyproducing50tonsofconcreteadaytofillU.S.military
contractsproducingblastwallsupto18highandweighing2tonseach.
74
Concreteorsandfilledoildrums
OneFOBused55gallonoildrumsfilledwithrocksasbarrierswhentheyranoutofHESCOs
inIraq,thenusedthedrumslaterforfuelreservoirsorsupportsfor8pickets.
75
Concretebollardsorplanters
Steelorsteelreinforcedconcreteposts
Sandorwaterfilledplasticvehiclebarriers
Earthfilledbarriers(HESCObastions,metalrevetments)
SeeSection6.2fordetailsregardingHESCObarriers.


6.2 Other Force Protection Measures
Otherforceprotectionmeasuresinclude:
Sandbags
Astandardsandbagis4x8x16andrequires0.3cubicfeetofsand;100bagswouldrequire30
cubicfeet(1.1cubicyards)ofsand.Twelvesandbagsproduceawall1highby4long.Although
fillingsandbagsisatimeandmanpowerintensiveeffort,manyFOBsincludingFOBBrassfield
MoraandCampVictoryuseawaistorchesthighwallofsandbagsforperimeterprotection
outsidetentsandportapotties.
76

HESCOBastionConcertainer
HESCOsareprefabricated,collapsiblewiremeshproductslinedwithgeotextilefabricsand
filledwithdirttoformbarriers.MostHESCOsusedinIraqareeitherMil1(4.5x3.5x32)orMil2
(2x2x4)(seeFigure2,HESCO,forpictureofaHESCO).CompanysizedFOBsneeded,on
average,100HESCOsfortheperimeter,gates,andserpentines,butthedifficultywasboth
deliveringtheHESCOsandobtainingsufficientmaterialtofilltheminanurbanenvironment.
77
ApalletofsevenMil1unitsweighs2,332pounds,anddelivering1,000metersofMil7HESCOs
requiredseven20ftjingletruckloads.AFOBcommanderinAfghanistanspent$25,000ona
frontendloadertofill1,000metersofHESCOs(2weeks),whileotherFOBsusedworkerswith
shovels($16,000,2weeks)tofillthesameamount.
78

Watchtower(woodorconcrete)
FOBDangerhadtallconcretewatchtowershungwithcamouflagenetsanda15footblast
wallwithcoilsofconcertinawireontop.
79

Other
Otherforceprotectionmeasuresincludedusingtheexistingregimesflowerpotsorstorm
waterpiping(6meterslongx1.5metersindiameter).
80

Figure2.HESCO
81
May2010 20


May2010 21

7 Food
Thefifthelementinthesustainabilityequationistooptimizefood(ClassISubsistence)sourcing
anddeliveryandtominimizepowerconsumptionandwastegeneration
Highlights
Rationsaredeliveredtothetacticaledge.Preparationofcertaintypesofrationsrequires
energy/powerforcookingand/orrefrigeration.
Rationsareasourceofsolidandhumanwaste
Designsupplychaintoreduceneedfortransportationwithoutriskingsoldiersafety
Designrationstoreducepackagingwaste(e.g.,biodegradablepackaging)
Designmoreenergyefficientfieldkitchens
Designprocesstoconvertwaste(includinggrease)tofuel,power,andenergy
Redesigningfood(ClassISubsistence)inputandoutputstreamswillbecriticaltodevelopingamore
sustainableFOB.ClassIitems,rangingfrommilitaryrationstocommercialfooditems,mustbefirst
procuredanddeliveredtothetacticaledge.Foodpreparation,dependingonthetypeofration,willalso
potentiallyrequireenergyforcookingandrefrigeration(ForceProviderusesthree60kilowatt(KW)
generatorsforkitchen,dining,sanitation,andrefrigeration).
82
Finally,ClassIitemsareasourceofboth
solidandhumanwaste(7590%ofthesolidwasteinabasecampcomesfromfoodandpackaging).
83
7.1 Rations
ARations
ARationsaremealspreparedusingfresh,refrigerated,orfrozenfoods.Asaresult,theyareservedin
diningfacilities,preparedinthefieldusingfieldkitchens,orpreparedatafixedfacilityanddelivered
intothetheater.ARationsrequirefoodpreparationpersonnelandequipment,plusrefrigerationforthe
perishablefoods.ARationsincludetheUnitizedGroupRation(UGR)AOption(UGRA),whichincludes
allcomponentsfora50personmeal(1,450calories/meal)inoneUGRAmodule.Onepallethas12
modules(600meals),andeachmoduleweighs86.7poundsandis4.03cubicfeet.
84
BRations
BRationsaremealsservedusingcannedorpreservedingredients.BRationscanbepreparedinfield
kitchensandservedinthefieldwithoutrefrigerationorfreezerfacilities.BRationsincludeUGRB
Option(UGRB),whichalsoprovide50meals(1,300calories/meal)permodule.Eachpalletwillhave8
modules(400meals).
85
UGRExpress
UGRExpress(UGRE)isacompact,selfcontainedmodulethatprovidesacomplete,hotmealfor18
warfighterswithnoneedforequipmentorpersonnel.Eachmealisequivalentto1,300calories.
86
Meals,ReadytoEat
Meals,ReadytoEathavebeenstaplerationsforcontingencyoperations.MREsconsistofafullmeal
(1,250calories)inabag,packagedincasesof12MREseach(eachcaseweighs22pounds).Apallethas
24Acasesand24Bcases(differentmenus),foratotalof576mealsat1,098pounds/pallet.
87


May2010 22

FirstStrikeRation
TheFirstStrikeRation(FSR)isacompactrationusedduringthefirst72hoursofconflict.EachFSRis
sufficientfoodforonesoldierfor24hours(2,900calories),andeachcasehas9meals.7casesis
thereforesufficientfoodfor63soldiersfor24hours.At3.2pounds,oneFSRisalsohalftheweightof3
traditionalMREs.Thenetweightforacaseis29pounds,andatapproximately50casestoapallet,the
netweightofapalletis1,442poundsandincludes45024hourmeals,or1,350equivalentMREs.
88
UGRHeatandServe
UGRHeatandServe(UGRH&S)isdesignedforwhereverthereareoperationalfoodservicefacilities
duringcontingencyoperations.EachUGRH&Smoduleprovidesallcomponentsfora50personmeal,
unitizedinto3boxes.2modules(100meals)occupyonetierofa4tieredpallet,soonepallethas8
modules(or400meals).Eachmoduleaverages133poundsfordinner,sothetotalpalletweightis1,068
poundsonaverage.AppendixHprovidesrepresentativeweightanddimensionalcharacteristics.
89
7.2 Requirements
ThebasicsubsistencerequirementsarebasedonServicespecificfeedingplansdesignedtosupportthe
operationalandtacticalneedsofthecommander.
90
TogetherwithDSCP,theServicesthendevelopthe
ClassIrequirementsforthetheater,withconsideredfactorsincludinganticipatedmissions,operational
conditions,geographiclocations,unitsize,historicalusagedata,availabilityoffoodservicepersonnel
andequipment,andsupportingfoodservicefacilities,storage,andtransportationassets.
91
Asaresult,
soldiersatamoreestablished,largerFOBcanenjoyhotmealswhilesoldiersatamoreaustereFOBeat
MREsthreetimesaday.AppendixIprovidesanexampleofaUSAREURcontingencymenu.
7.3 Distribution
Ingeneral,theServicesdesignthedistributionchannelsforClassISubsistence,whichinturn
determinestheClassIinventoryheldintheater.
92
Accordingtojointdoctrine,operationalrations
(MREs,UGRs)areonlystockedinlimitedquantitiesmanagedbyDSCPatDLAdepotsandcontracted
storagesitesbasedoncontingencyrequirements.
93
ThemajorityofClassIitemsfordininghallsfor
diningfacilitiesaresuppliedprimarilybyprimevendorswhoperformtheprocurement,stocking,
requisitionprocessing,andphysicaldistributionfunctionspreviouslycarriedoutbytheDoD.
94
ClassA
rations(includingfreshmeat,fruits,andvegetables)arenotnormallystocked,withproduceprocuredas
aDirectVendorDelivery(DVD)itemfromCONUS/OCONUSsourcesandmarketreadyitems(e.g.,
bakedgoods,dairy)procuredlocallybytheservice,operationalelements,orDSCP.
95
Inpractice,
however,doctrinemustbeweighedagainstthecostandsafetyofprocuringfoodlocally.InIraq,for
example,allsubsistenceitemsweretruckedinfromoutsidethecountry,withnolocalsourcing.
AstheFigure3,ClassIDistribution,illustrates,thephysicaldistributionofClassIitems,otherthansome
operationalrations,ismostlyacommercialfunctionthroughprimevendors.AppendixJprovidessample
distributionprocessesforIraqandAfghanistan.AccordingtooneUSMCstudy,7trucksin2convoysper
weekdeliveredUGREs,MREs,andUGRH&SstoFOBsinAfghanistan.
96


Figure3.ClassIDistribution
97
7.4 Structures
TheimpactofsubsistenceonFOBsustainabilityalsodependsonthefuelandenergyrequirementsof
preparingfood.Fieldfacilitiesinclude:
AssaultKitchens
Kitchen,CompanyLevelFieldFeedingEnhanced(KCLFFE)produces150250meals/day.
98
MobileKitchenTrailer
Introducedinthe1970storeplacetheM1948messtent;stilltheprimaryArmyfieldkitchen.
Produces250350meals/day.
99
ContainerizedKitchen
Combinationofexistingmilitarystandardkitchenequipmentandcommercialcomponents
integratedintoanexpandable8footby8footby20footcontainer.Towedbya5toncargo
truck.Includesgenerator,environmentalcontrols,andrefrigeratedstorage.Provides550800
meals/day.
100
May2010 23


May2010 24

8 Water and Wastewater
Thesixthelementinthesustainabilityequationistooptimizewateracquisition,treatment,and
wastewaterdisposal
Highlights
Wateriscriticaltoexpeditionarycampaignsuccess
Waterconsumptionandwastewatergenerationplanningfactorsvarydependingon
geography,doctrine,Service,andcommand;reflectstheflexibilityrequiredindeveloping
sustainableFOBs
Watercanbeprocuredfromhostnationinfrastructure(reservoirs,irrigationsystems,
municipalsources,andswimmingpools),wells,naturalsurfacesources,andbottledwater
AlthoughofficiallythesourceoflastresortaccordingtoU.S.militarydoctrine,bottledwateris
theprincipalsourceofdrinkingwateratmanyFOBsthroughoutAfghanistanandIraq.Not
onlyisdeliveringbottledwaterexpensiveanddangerous,buttheplasticbottlesalsobecome
majorsourcesofsolidwaste
WastewatertreatmentmethodsvarydependingonsizeandsophisticationoftheFOB
Burningwaste,onedisposalmethodataustereFOBs,canbehazardoustosoldiers
Identifywaystohelppromotesustainablebehavior(e.g.,lessbottledwateruse,conservation)
Developmoreefficient,effective,andlessenergyintensivewaterpurifiersthatproduce
tastelesswaterbothlargescaleandportable
DevelopstrategytoexpeditethecertificationofdrinkingwaterstandardsatFOBs
Developstrategytoreducebottledwaterconsumption
Designmoresustainablewastewatertreatmentsolutions
Designprocess/technologytoreusewastewater
Waterisparamounttoexpeditionarysuccess.Byfarthelargestshipmentsofsuppliestothetactical
edgeinAfghanistanandIraqhavebeentodeliverwaterandfuel,withanemphasisonwater.Supplying
FOBswithwaterandremovingwastewaterarebothsignificantchallenges,butalsorepresentsignificant
opportunitiestotackleaprimaryobstacletomoresustainableFOBs.Thissectionwilladdress1)the
amountofwaterrequiredatFOBs,2)currentpracticesrelatedtosourcingwater,3)thequantityof
wastewatergeneratedatFOBs,and4)currentpracticesrelatedtowastewaterdisposal.
8.1 Water Consumption
Waterisusedfordrinking,foodpreparation,laundering,centralizedhygiene,ForceProvider,andina
varietyofbuildings/structures.
101
Drinking,hygiene,andfoodpreparationrequirepotablewater.
102
Waterconsumptionfactorsvarydependingonthesource.Afewexamples:
Table5,FOBPlanningFactors,providesestimatesbasedonArmydoctrine.Abasecampwould
require12,500potablegallonsofwaterdaily(g/w/d)for500soldiers,37,500g/w/dfor1,500
soldiers,75,000g/w/dfor3,000soldiers,and250,000g/w/dfor10,000soldiers.Thatis
equivalentto25g/w/dpersoldier.
103
Table7,WaterConsumptionPlanningFactors,providesArmygeneralpotableandnonpotable
waterplanningfactors.Includingthelineitemsindividual,camp,sewage,andgarbage
totals16,500g/w/dfora500manFOB,or33g/w/dpersoldier.
104


Table7.WaterConsumptionPlanningFactors
105
USAREUR(BlueBook)doctrinedictates60gallonsofpotablewaterdailypersoldier.
106
ForceProviderestimatesthat,fora550manFOB,latrineswillrequire2,700g/w/d,laundry
5,200g/w/d,showers11,000g/w/d,andfood1,925g/w/d.Together,the20,825g/w/dresults
ina38g/w/destimatepersoldier.
107
Abrigadesizedclusterneeds66,000g/w/d.A3,000manbrigadewouldthereforeimply22
g/w/dpersoldier.
108
AlAsadrequired1.1milliong/w/dandgenerated1.2milliong/w/d.
109
With20,000troops,that
demandimpliesa55g/w/dpersoldierestimate.
Personalaccountshaveplacedconsumptionratesat2liters/soldier/hourduringamission,or
around12litersorapproximately3gallonspersoldierperday(whichmostlymatchesthe
Armyestimatesforindividualconsumption).
110
Typicalhomesconsume59.3g/w/dperperson,withtoilets(20.1g/w/dperperson),laundry
(15g/w/dperperson),shower(13.3g/w/dperperson),andfaucets(10.9g/w/dperperson).
111
Otherdatapoints:estimatesrangefrom9to109g/w/dpersoldierinthefield,andtheArmy
consumes18.5milliong/w/d.
112
8.2 Water Source and Treatment

WaterforFOBscanbeobtainedinthreeprimaryways:
1. Useexisting,HostNation(HN)waterdistributioninfrastructure
2. Distill,purify,ortreatwaterfromwellsorsurfacesources(rivers,lakes)
3. TruckpotableorbottledwaterintotheFOB
May2010 25


May2010 26

,
ing,
118
Establisheddoctrinecallsforfirstevaluatinghostnationsourcestoseeifthewatermeetspurityand
quantityrequirements,thentodigwellsoruseROWPUs,TacticalWaterPurificationSystems(TWPS)or
LightWeightPurifiers(LWP)totreatnonpotable,intheaterwatersources,andthenonlyfinallyifstill
necessarytoresorttotruckingpotablewaterorbottledwatertotheFOB.
113
Howwaterisactuallyobtained,however,willdependonthesize,mission,andlocationoftheFOB.At
moreestablishedandlargerFOBs,watercanbemoreeasilyobtainedfromexistingwellsorcurrent
infrastructure,whereasinmoreausterelocations,theprimarysourcesofwaterarewellsandbottled
watertruckedinfromoutsidethetheater.AtFOBHammer,awatersourcewasfound,soitwasno
longernecessarytotruckitin.
114
AtDoaChina,conditionsareprimitive:thereisnorunningwater,
otherthananelectricpumpwhichrunswaterfromthedeepwell,connectedtoahose.
115
ExistingInfrastructure
Themostefficientandsuccessfulsourcesofwaterduringdeploymentoftenarethehostnation
supportsystems,includingreservoirs,[existing]manmadewells,firehydrantsystems,irrigation
systems,waterplants,watertowers,quarries,andswimmingpools.
116
DuringOperationIraqi
Freedom(OIF),the3
rd
ArmoredCalvaryRegimenttappedintoAlAsadsfirehydrants,filleda400,000
gallonpool,andthenused4ROWPUstocreate50,00070,000g/w/d.
117
Usingexistinginfrastructure
however,createspotentialpoliticalandhealthliabilities(unreliablechlorineresidual,leakyplumb
lessstringentwaterstandards).
WellsandNaturalSources
DiggingwellsandpurifyingwaterfromnaturalsourcesarealternativestotappingintoexistingHN
infrastructure.RedHorse,forexample,drilledwellsatFOBSharanathatpumped165,000g/w/d,while
canalwaterwasrunthroughROWPUsandthenbottledonsiteatBalad.
119
Studieshaveexplored
potentiallyobtainingwaterfromwatervapor,rain,wastewater,urine,perspiration,andcondensation
ofwatervaporinexhaust.
120
BottledWater
Althoughofficiallythesourceoflastresort,bottledwaterhasbecomeastandardsourceofwaterfor
FOBsofallsizes.Whiletherearebenefitstousingbottledwaterastheprimarywatersource,thereare
alsosignificantcost,supply,andwasteproblemsassociatedwithusingbottledwater.
First,thebenefitsofusingbottledwater:
Thereremainsapsychologicalimpressionthatbottledwaterissaferandcleaner,although
bacteriacanflourishinplasticbottlesinOIF/OperationEnduringFreedom(OEF)theaterheat
Easytopackandcarryonmissions
Moreconvenienttouse,nowashingrequired(aswithCamelBaksandothersimilarproducts)
Easilyaccessible,withstackedpalletsthroughoutaFOB
Buildspoliticalcapitalassoldiershandbottledwatertociviliansduringhumanitarianmissions
Theconsequencesofusingbottledwater:
Costly.Estimatesrangefrom$4.78to$15.30toover$50.00pergallontodeliverwatertothe
tacticaledge.
121
Hugesupplyrequirement.Technically,bottledwaterfollowstheClassIdistributionnetwork.A
USMCEnergyAssessmentteamfoundthatabattalionsizedFOBhad,onaweeklybasis,14


trucksdeliveringwaterand2trucksdeliveringfuel.
122
AstheUSMCCommandantsaid,
Eightyalmost90percentofwhatwedeliveronadailybasistodayinAfghanistaniseither
waterorfuel.AndIdontknowhowmanytimesIveseenthese40foottruckshaulingwater,
drivingacrossthebridgeandtherivertogettowheretheyregoing.IhopeImakeapointto
youinthat.Werecarryingwaterhundredsofmilestogettowhereourtroopsare.Bytheway,
itdoesnttasteverygoodafterspendingyouknow,sortofsemiboiledin130degreeheat.
But,nevertheless,weknowitspure;weknowitsclean.Andwerepayingexorbitantpricesfor
thatkindofdelivery.And,again,Ijusthavetothinkthatwecandobetter.
123

Figure4.BottledWater
124
Significantsourceofsolidwaste.Soldiershavedescribedfinishinghalfabottle,tossingtherest,
andpickingupanewbottlefromthemountainofbottledwater.Wasteisgeneratedeven
beforethebottledwatergetstotheFOB,asthebottledwaterhastobeshippedinshrink
wrappedpallets.Halfofallthebottledwatercontainersarethendiscardedbecausetheshrink
wraptears,andthenanotherthirdarediscardedbecauseofshelflifeandexpirationissues.The
lastsectioninthisreportwillbededicatedtoevaluatingsolidwasteatFOBs.
125
8.3 Wastewater Source and Quantity

FM81015categorizeswasteinto5groups:general(includingsolid)waste,hazardouswaste,medical
waste,medicalwaste,humanwaste,andwastewater.
126
Thissectionwilladdressthelasttwohuman
wasteandwastewater.Theseincludegraywater,includingwaterwithlowlevelsofmicrobial
contamination(andthereforetheeasiesttotreatandreuse)fromlaundries,washracks,andshowers,
andblackwaterfromFOBtoiletfacilities.
127
Aswithwaterconsumption,estimatescanvary:
ForceProvider,fora600manbase,generates5,200gallonsofgraywaterperday(g/gw/d)from
itscontainerizedbatchlaundrysystem,11,000g/gw/dfromitscontainerizedshowersystem,
and1,375g/gw/dfromitsfoodservicefacility.Thattotalsto17,575g/gw/d(29.3g/gw/dper
May2010 27


May2010 28

person),whichisslightlydifferentthanotherstudieswith19,000g/gw/d(32.0g/gw/dper
person).
128
FPalsogeneratesanestimated3,465gallonsofblackwaterperday(g/bw/d),or
approximately5.8g/bw/d.
129
Together,theseestimatessuggestapproximately21,000to
22,500gallonsofwastewatergeneratedeachday(g/ww/d),or3537g/ww/dperperson.
RedBookestimatesthateachFPsizedFOBwillgenerate30,000g/ww/d(50g/ww/dper
person),andanotherstudyputsFPwastewatergenerationat20,000g/ww/d(33g/ww/dper
person).
130
Otherestimateshaverangesfrom1.544g/ww/dperperson,andFM334hassewage
estimatesof8,750gallons/dayfora500manbase(17.5g/dperperson),26,250g/dfora1,500
manbase,52,500g/dfora3,000manbase,and175,000g/dfora10,000manbase.
131
Onaverage,15%ofallwastewaterisblackwater,withgraywaterasthebalance
8.4 Wastewater Treatment
MeasuresusedtohandlewastewaterwilldifferaccordingtoFOBpopulation,generalstandards,
contractorservices,andlocation.Asageneralrule,thesmallerandmoreausteretheFOB,themore
primitivethemethodsemployedformanagingwastewater.
132
AsFOBsmatureandtakeonamore
enduringrole,however,methodswillevolveaswell,withmorerudimentarysystemsgivingwayto
chemicallatrines,storage/septictanks,andultimatelytoconventionaltreatmentsystems.Camp
BondsteelinKosovo,forexample,firstutilizedtruckcollectionofwaste(anddisposalinapit),thenbuilt
afourcellaeratedlagoon,andthenbuiltaconventionalwastewatertreatmentplant.
133
Burnoutlatrines
Usingburnoutlatrinesisperhapsthemostrudimentaryfieldsanitationmethodandoftenstandard
operatingprocedureatFOBsonthetacticaledge.Anoildrumiscutinhalfandawoodenseataddedto
thetop.Vehiclefuelisthenaddedtothehumanwasteintheoildrumandsetonfire.Whileburnout
latrinesareeasilyconstructed,haveaminimalgeographicfootprint,andminimizetheremainingwaste,
theyareunsafe,generatequalityoflifeissuesforsoldiers,createsairpollution,wastesfuel,and
requiresseparatefacilitiesforliquidwaste(urinalpipes,orpisstubes).
Chemicallatrines(PortaJohns)
Theseselfcontainedtoiletsrequireminimalconstructioneffortandcanbelocatedanywhere,butmost
requirecontractorstoserviceandthewastemustberemovedtoasanitarylandfillsite.These
considerationsrequirethattheFOBberelativelymoreestablished,withsufficientmanpowertomanage
theinandoutflowofcontractorsservicingthechemicallatrines.
Seweragelagoons
Theselagoonscanbeusedtotreatanddisposeofblackandgraywater,avoidingtheneedfor
contractorstoremovewaste.Sincetheyshouldbebuiltawayfromhousingtoavoidwindor
groundwatercontamination,seweragelagoonsrequirethattheFOBbelargeenoughtoaccommodate
boththelagoonandabufferzone.Theselagoonscanalsoberestorationproblemsinthefuture.
Septicsystemandleachfields
Thesesystemsalsoallowforblackandgraywaterdisposal,butrequirebothsignificantamountsofland
andadistributionsystem;theyarebettersuitedformoreestablishedFOBs.
Wastewatertreatmentfacility


May2010 29

Wastewatertreatmentplantsareontheoppositesideofthespectrumfromburnoutlatrines,andare
thereforeusedinsomeoftherelativelylargerFOBs.Thereisalimitedabilitytoconstructandoperate
wastewatertreatmentplantsduringcontingencyoperations,however,andnotalltheatersofwar
provideeasyaccesstoaHNmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplant.Theyarealsoexpensiveandare
cappedbydesigncapacity.EagleBaseinBosniaoriginallyhada500personcapacitywastewater
treatmentplant,buthadtobuildanew$1millionplantwhen3,000U.S.troopsarrived.
134
Conservation/reclamation
Adeployableandeasytousewaterreclamationstation,whichtransformswastewaterintoreusable
waterwithinthebase,wouldimprovethebaseenvironment,security,soldiershealth,stewardshipof
foreignlandsandconcurrentlyreducecostandfreshwaterdemandfromoffbasesources.
135


May2010 30

9 Fuel, Power, and Energy
TheseventhelementinthesustainabilityequationistominimizefuelandenergydemandatFOBs
Highlights
FuelconsumptionhasgrownsubstantiallysincetheVietnamWar,aconsequenceof
technologyandincreasingcomplexity
FueldistributionfacesIEDattacksinIraqandimpassableterraininAfghanistan
Thefullyburdenedcostoffuelcanrangetohundredsofdollarspergallonofdeliveredfuel
FOBfuelusageestimatesvary,dependingonthesizeandprimarymissionoftheFOB
Supportoperationsareasignificantsourceofbattlefieldfueldemand
ProblemsatFOBs:inefficientgenerators,excessgeneration,inefficientbuildings
Batteriesrepresentasignificantconstraintonindividualfightingcapability
Designmoreenergyefficientbuildingsthatrequirelesselectricity
Designenergysupply/demandmanagementsoftware;rungeneratorstomeetsupply
Ensurecompatibilitybetweengeneratorsandappliances
Developtrainingstrategy/curriculumforinterconnectedpowersystems
Designefficient,nextgenerationpowergenerators
DesignrenewableenergygeneratorsspecificallyforFOBs
Designmethodstoproduceandusealternativefuels
Reducebatteryweightforindividualsoldiers
Designsupplystrategytostreamlinefueldistribution
Designfuelrecyclingprogram
Fuelisofparamountconcerntodeployedtroops.Bulkfuelispropulsionfuelfortheaircraft,ships,and
vehiclesthatsustainthewarfightingcapabilityonthetacticaledgeandwhatrunstheHeating,
Ventilating,andAirConditioning(HVAC)systemsthatcoolthetentsinhotIraqisummers.
136
Butthe
importanceoffuelandenergyisovershadowedbythecostsincurredwhiletransportingfuel,withthe
costspaidforindollarsandlives.Evenbatteriesarealiteralburdenontheshouldersofoursoldiers.
Thissectionwillprovideasnapshotoffuelandenergydistributionandconsumptionintheater,atFOBs,
andattheindividualsoldierlevel.TheprincipalsupplyclassevaluatedwillbeClassIIImateriel.
9.1 General Statistics
Somegeneralstatisticshighlightthegrowingdependenceonfueltosustainwar.Asof2007,fuel
consumptionwasat22gallonspersoldierperdayforOEFandOIF,whichrepresenteda175%increase
inpercapitaconsumptionsinceVietnam.
137
Muchofthatgrowthhasbeenfueledbymilitary
technologyandincreasingcomplexity.AMarineinfantrybattalion,forexample,had55armored
Humveesin2008,comparedto32canvasHumveesin2001.
138
Thatsamebattalionhad1,220radiosets
in2008,comparedto175in2001.
139
InFY2006,theU.S.Armyused412milliongallonsofjet
fuel/mobilityfuel($940million),59milliongallonsofdiesel($123million),20milliongallonsofgasoline
($45million),and330,000gallonsofbiodiesel($775,000).
140
By2008,theDoDwassupplying68million
gallonsoffuelpermonthtojustsupportOEFandOIF,orover2milliongallonsperday.
141


9.2 Distribution and Cost
Theoveralldistribution/supplychainforfuelisfairlystraightforward.TheJointPetroleumOfficeforthe
theaterlevelcommandsetsthefuelconsumptionandprimaryplanningrequirementsbasedoncurrent
andfutureoperations.DLAisthematerielmanager,andtheDefenseEnergySupportCenter(DESC)
arrangesthecontractsandprocuresthefuelfrommilitaryorcommercialsourcesasclosetothe
customeraspossible.
142
DESCthencoordinateswithU.S.TransportationCommand(USTRANSCOM)or
otherwisearrangestransportofthefueloutsidethejointoperatingareabyexistingHNassets,pipeline,
oceantankers,barges,trucks,orrail.
143
Oncefuelisdeliveredtoahubintheater,DESChandsoff
responsibilitytotheServiceelementstodistributethefueltoFOBsonthetacticaledge.
Table8.Responsibilities
144
Inpractice,however,fueldistributionisfarlessstraightforwardastheU.S.militarymustbalancesafety
anddiversificationofsourceswithspeedandcost.FuelisdeliveredtoIraqthroughKuwait,Jordan,and
TurkeyandtoAfghanistanthroughthenorthernCentralAsianstatesandPakistan.InIraq,thelongfuel
convoyshavebeenthetargetsofsignificantIEDattacks.InAfghanistan,bringingfuelbythenorthern
routesinvolvesshippingrefinedoilproductsthousandsofmilesbyrail,truck,barge,orpipelinefrom
TurkmenistanorAzerbaijan.
145
AfterthefuelarrivesattheAfghanborderafter10days,thefuelis
loadedontotrucksfortheadditional24daysittakestoreachthemilitarysfuelhubs.
146
Eventhen,the
militaryisconfrontedbyahostofchallengesincludingmountainousterrainwithinadequateor
nonexistentroadnetworks,harshweatherinthewintermonthsandinsurgentactivity,thereby
requiringtheoccasionalcostlyairdrop.InAfghanistan,onecommanderfirstreceived5gallonfuelcans
onCH47pallets,then50gallondrums,andfinallyinstalled20,000gallonfuelblivetsonsiteandused
locallycontractedfueltruckstofillthemwith56monthsworthoffuelbeforewinter.
147
Theconceptofincorporatingthefullyburdenedcostoffuelintomilitarycalculationshasbeena
contentiousissue,withdisagreementsonwhattoincludeandhowtocalculatethecomponentpieces.
May2010 31


Asaresult,theestimatesofdeliveringfueltothetacticaledgevarysignificantlydependingonthe
source.TheUSMCEnergyAssessmentteamcalculatedthecontractordeliveredfueltoCamp
LeatherneckinAfghanistanat$6.39pergallon,and$11.70pergallontodeliverthefueltothetactical
edge(FOBDwyer,50kilometersfromCampLeatherneck).
148
AnearlierestimateputsFY02standard
DESCfuelpriceat$1.34pergallon,atruecostofUSAFtankerdeliveredfuelat$17.50pergallon,and
hundredsofdollarspergallonforArmyforcesdeepinthebattlespace.
149
ADoDestimatebySteve
SiegelpresentedinaDeloittereportspansthegap,withthefullyburdenedcostoffuelestimatedtobe
$45pergallon(seeFigure5,FullyBurdenedCostofFuel).
150

Figure5.FullyBurdenedCostofFuel
151

9.3 FOB Fuel Usage
FuelusageatFOBswillvarywithsize,location,andmission.FOBswithanaviationcomponentwill
obviouslyconsumemorefuelthanonewithoutaviation.FOBsatthetacticaledge,wherethereisless
energyandelectricitydemand,consumelessfuelthanamainbasewithTVsandHVACsystems.
152
Fuel
consumptionestimatesinclude:
GeneralWald:FOBsconsume300g/d,althoughwithoutknowingwhatsizetheFOBis,this
estimateseemstobeonthelowerendincomparisontotheotherestimates.
153
GeneralConway:U.S.Armybrigade(3,5004,000soldiers)needs10,000gallonsdaily(2.52.8
g/d/soldier).CampLemonier,Djibouti,inanenergyauditin2006had2,500soldiersand
averaged10,000gallonsofdieselperday(4g/d/soldier).
154
InJune2008,thathadincreasedto
333,191gallonsforbasesupport,whichequatesto11,106gallons/day,or4.4g/d/soldier.
May2010 32


Armydoctrine(FM334)requires3,200barrelsofdieselstoragefora10,000manbase,witha
stockobjectiveof8days.3,200barrelsisequalto134,400gallons,soover8days,thatimplies
16,800g/d,or1.7g/d/person.
155
CampLeatherneckrequired36,740gallons/day(3.7g/d/soldier,assuming~10,000troopsat
Leatherneck),ofwhich15,431gallons(42%)wereforgenerators;HVACrequired7,406
gallons/day.
156
Jugroom,aplatoonsizedFOBinAfghanistan,requiredonly25g/dofJP8witha3KWmaxload
(or1g/d/soldierfora25manbase).
157
AnotherplatoonsizedFOBinAfghanistanused50g/d,
or12g/d/soldier.
158
GeneralConway:15,000manUSMCexpeditionarybrigadewithanaviationcomponentto
consume500,000g/dinattackplans(33g/d/soldier).
159
73%ofthat,however,wasforaviation
andonly17%tologisticians(85,000g/d),or5.6g/d/soldier.
160
ForceProviderfor600soldiersrequires20,000gallonsforevery3days,or11g/d/soldier.
161
AnotherFPestimatehad3FPmodulesconsuming6,700g/d,or3.72g/d/soldier.
Abasefor1,100peopleusingHFhousekeeping,industrialoperations,andinitialandfollowon
flightlinesetswillconsume4,880g/d,or146,400gallonsinamonth(4.4g/d/soldier).
162
AppendixMprovidesanoverviewastudyofHFenergyandfueldemand.
FuelUseDistribution
TheallocationoffuelusedfordifferentpurposesreflectsthemissionandlocationoftheFOB.For
MarineExpeditionaryBrigade(MEB)A,fueluseinAugust2009was46%foraviation,32%forpower
generation,and22%other.
163
AtCOBAdder,78%ofthe1,602,013gallonsoffuelconsumedinJune
2008wasforbasesupport,whileonly13%ofthe7,072,136gallonsconsumedatBagramAirField
duringthesametimewasforbasesupport.
164
ForAirForceHFsets,environmentalcontrolaccountsfor
59%oftheenergyrequirementfora1,100manbase.
165

Figure6.FuelConsumption
166
May2010 33


May2010 34

169
remaining
rgydemandequatestoapproximately0.5
171
.8
ntinuous,notpeak).
173
100sethasapeakdemandof3,878KW,or3.5KW/soldier.
174
cantdemandplacedongeneratorstopowersystems
196generatorsrunningat30%capacityand
175
fthe
generatorswouldntalwaysworkwiththecommercial
emstheyhadtoprocure.
176
moreestablishedFOBs,the
Atthesmallest,mostaustereFOBs,therearenogenerators.
AppendixKprovidesfuelconsumptiondetailsforCampLemonier,QWestAirBase,CampArifjan,
COBAdder,andBagramAirField.
9.4 Power and Electricity Generation
AtmanyFOBs,supportoperationstopowertheequipment,systems,andinfrastructurerepresenta
significantsourceofbattlefieldfueldemand,withthewaterheaterforafieldkitchenrequiringmore
fuelthantheAH64DApacheattackhelicopter.
167
With1/3oftheArmystotalwartimefuelusedfor
runningelectricgenerators,reducingelectricityandenergydemandatFOBscanresultinsignificantfuel
savings.
168
Withnoexistingemphasisonenergyefficiencyatmostforwardlocations,insulating9
millionsqftoftemporarystructuressaved77,000to180,000g/d,equivalentto13to26truckloadsof
fuel.
AmountofPowerNeeded
Estimatesofenergydemand,asalways,varydependingonthesize,location,andmissionoftheFOB:
AFPmodulerequires1.1MWofcontinuouspowerorabout2KW/soldier.
170
Iflatrines(38
KW),laundry(100KW),showers(55KW),andfood(120KW)total313KW,thenthe
787KW,ifusedentirelyforelectricitygeneration,is72%ofthetotalFOBdemand.
AtCampLeatherneck,5MWofaverageene
KW/soldier,assuming10,000soldiers.
AplatoonsizedFOB,runningsatelliteinternetsystems,lights,computers,andbattery
chargers,requiresan[average]totalof20KW,whichfor2550soldiers,equals0.5to0
KW/soldier.Thisexcludesheatingandcooling,whichisasignificantdemandsource.
172
ArmyDoctrinehasanestimateof0.320.36KW/soldier(mostlikelyco
AHF1,
TheProblems
TherearethreesignificantproblemswithhowelectricityisgeneratedatFOBs.
FOBstructuresareinefficient,withsignifi
toheatorcooltentswithnoinsulation.
ThesupplyofpowergeneratedfarexceedsdemandatmostFOBs.AtCampLeatherneck,the5
MWofdemandismetby19MWofcapacity,with
consuming15,431gallonsoffuelperday.
Thegeneratorsandappliancesareinefficient.Onecommandercomplainedthatonly50%o
heatersworked,withanothercommandermentionedthataslittleas3%ofthegenerators
availablewererunningsincethemilitary
HVACsyst
SourceofPower
Justaswastewatertreatmentmethodsaremoresophisticatedatlargerand
sourceofelectricityandpoweratFOBsfollowthesameevolutionarypath.


May2010 35

00.
185
AtaustereFOBswithsomeenergydemand,therearedistributedgenerators.
177
Distributed
generatorsshouldnotbeloadedatlessthan50%,accordingtodoctrine.
178
AsthebattlefieldsolidifiesandtheAOmatures,theconsolidationofsmallunitpowersystems
isdesirable.SmallFOBsshouldconstructcentralpowerplantscapableofsupporting125%of
campmaximumdemandload.
179
AstheFOBsgetlarger,thereisagreaterneedforcentralized,contractedpowerplantswith
interconnecteddistributionsystems.AtBalad,forexample,theAirForcehadageneratorfarm
withseveral40ftMilvansholdingCaterpillar12cylindergeneratorsthatranondiesel.
180
Finally,FOBscantapintotheHNcommercialutilitygrid,withalltheramificationsofpotential
politicalliabilityandinfrastructureweaknesses.
TypesofGenerators
Thefollowingpresentsseveraldifferenttypesofmilitarygenerators.Despitetheseeminglyexhaustive
listofgeneratorsavailable,however,OEF/OIFsawaconsiderablerelianceoncommercialgenerators.
DeployablePowerGenerationandDistributionSystems(DPGDS)
DPGDSmeanttoreplacethe750KWsets,asDPGDSunitsare25%lighter,15%morefuel
efficient,andaremorereliable.
181
PowerUnit(PU)theMEP810AorBModelhastwo
Caterpillar460KWsetscapableofdelivering920KWat4,160volts(v),and50/60hertz(HZ).
MEP810AcanbetransportedviaC130.
MobileElectricPower/PrimePower
MEPgeneratorsrangefrom0.5KWto920KW,includingthe750KWMEP012APrimePower
Units.TheMEP012Aweighs25,000pounds,measures241x96x101,andconsumes55gallons
offuelperhour.Usesliquidcooled,turbochargedV12diesel(CumminsKTA38).TheMEP208A
isalsoa750KWgenerator,andtheAirForcealsousestheMEP805(30KW,3006lbs,2.43
gallons/hr),806(60KW,4063lbs,4.51g/hr),and807(100KW,6100lbs,7.85g/hr).
182
MultiUnit
Multiunit4.5MWElectroMotiveDivision(EMD)plants3generatorseachcapableof
producing1.5MWat4,160VACat60Hertz
TacticalQuietGenerators(TQG)
Beganbeingfieldedin1993andnowprovides82%ofArmytacticalpowerneeds.Developedfor
greatermobility,survivability,andreducedacousticsignatures.AppendixLprovidesalistof
TQGmodeltypes.
AdvancedMediumSizeMobilePowerSources(AMMPS)
A3KWTQGweighs325pounds,buteventhenmaybeoverpoweredfortheload,soanew
generationofgeneratorswillbedevelopedandfieldedinthenearfuture.
183
9.5 Individual Soldier

NotonlyisenergydemandaburdenforFOBs,buttheweightsofbatteriesrequiredinthefightposesan
effectivenessandqualityoflifeconstraintdirectlyonoursoldiers.Onestudy,forexample,estimates
that1520%ofasoldiers7090poundpackisbatteries.
184
Anotherstudyfindsthatasoldiermust
oftenchangebatteries23timesduringa1218hourmission,meaningthatarifleplatoons5day
missioncanrequire889batteriestotaling160poundsatanestimatedcostof$13,0


May2010 36

10 Solid Waste
Theeighthelementinthesustainabilityequationistominimizegenerationandoptimizedisposal
ofsolidwaste
Highlights
Accumulationofsolidwastecanbecomeanenvironmental,health,andpoliticalliability
Plasticwaterbottles,wood,andfoodpackagingarethreesignificantsourcesofwaste.The
woodfromcontainersandpalletsshouldbereusedattheFOBinsomeothercapacity
Solidwastegenerationratesdifferdependingonthecharacterizationstudyinquestion
Thereisahierarchyofsolidwastedisposalmethods,fromburningwastetohiringcontractors
tohaulwastefromtheFOB.BurningisprevalentinAfghanistan.
Designmoresustainableandsaferdisposaltechnologies/practices
Developrecyclingprogram;identifyopportunitiestoreusesolidwaste
Designmoreefficientandreliableincinerators
Developsafetreatmentmethodforashgeneratedafterburning
ManagingsolidwasteatFOBshasalwaysplaguedmilitarycommanders.Attherateatwhichsolidwaste
isaccumulated,itcanlimitwarfightingeffectivenessorbecomeanenvironmental,health,andpolitical
liability.Thissectionwill1)describesomeoftheprimarysourcesofsolidwaste,2)provideanoverview
ofseveralcharacterizationstudiesthathavebeenpreparedtodate,and3)highlightprincipalpractices
relatedtothetreatmentanddisposalofsolidwaste.
10.1 Select Sources of Solid Waste
AsignificantportionofaFOBssolidwastestreamiscomprisedofpackagingmaterials(cardboard,
paper,plastic)andfoodwaste.
186
Packagingforsmallarmsammunition(SAA)isalsoasignificantsource
ofwastesinceOEFandOIFareSAAdriven.
Plastic
Asdescribedearlier,bottledwaterhasbecomeastandardsourceofdrinkingwaterduringcontingency
operations.SomeFOBsreceivebottledwaterdeliveriesthroughstandardClassIdistributionchannels,
whileothersbottlepurifiedwateronsite.Regardlessofsource,theamountofbottledwaterconsumed
posesasignificantchallenge.EagleBase,forexample,generatesthesametypesofwasteasasmall
community,withtheexceptionofanextraordinarylargevolumeofplasticwaterbottles.Notonlywas
thecostsufficienttopromptatransitiontousingalocalwatersource,buttheplasticwaterbottleswere
problematicduetothesheervolumeandtothenoxiousfumestheycreatewhenburnedinanair
curtaindestructor,astandarddisposalmethod.
187
Wood
Wood,too,isasignificantsourceofsolidwaste.WhenthesolidwastestreamatFOBsiscomparedto
municipalwaste,themostobviousdifferenceisthemuchlargerpercentageofwoodinbasecamp
waste.Virtuallyeverythingthatisshippedtoabasecamparrivesonwoodenpalletsorinwoodencrates
andboxes.
188
AswiththediscussionregardingcontainerizationinSection4.3,woodwasteisanother
potentialareaofresearchinidentifyingopportunities,ifnottocurtailtheincomingstream,thentoat
leastmaximizetheuseofwoodforotherconstructivepurposesattheFOB.


Food
Asmentionedearlier,foodrepresents7590%ofthesolidwasteproducedataFOB.
189
Thetwosources
ofthiswasteare1)packagingand2)foodwaste,withtherelativevolumeofthetwosourcesdependent
onthetypeofFOB.AtmoreaustereFOBs,wheretheprimaryfoodsourceistheMRE,rationpackaging
isaprimarysourceoffoodrelatedsolidwaste.Figure7,MREandUGRH&SPackaging,providesan
overviewofthepackagingofMREsandUGRH&Ss.

Figure7.MREandUGRH&SPackaging
190
Asbasecampandsupplyroutesecurityissuesareresolvedtothepointthatservicecontractorscan
servicethebasecamp,theArmyrapidlydirectsaservicecontractortoestablish[DiningFacilitiesAt
Camp](DFACs)thatservethreeArationsperdayandprovidetroopswith24hourmealandbeverage
service.
191
Asaresult,theMRErelatedwastegenerateddiminishesovertime,tobereplacedbya
significantamountofplasticpackagingfromtheDFACsandconsumablewaste.
192
With80%ofaFP
moduleswastecomingfromtheDFACs,theplasticandfoodwastefromFOBsremainsacritical
roadblocktoFOBsustainability.
193
10.2 Characterization Studies

Severalexistingcharacterizationstudiesevaluatedthecompositionandquantityofsolidwastestreams
atFOBs.TheresultsofseveralofthesestudiesarepresentedinTable9,CharacterizationStudies.
May2010 37


Table9.CharacterizationStudies
194

Earlyplanningfactors(Vietnam2000)hadrangedwidely,from1.64lbs/d/soldierfora1998
Navysurveyonboardanaircraftcarrierto85lbs/d/soldierfromaGeorgiaTechstudybasedon
21campsduringOperationJointEndeavor.
195
A1999studyofthePrinceSultanAirbase
calculatedaplanningfactorof28lbs/d/soldier.
196
AccordingtoaFPstudy,earlierstudies
foundpermanent,fixedinstallationsgenerated9lbs/d/soldierofsolidwaste,anoverseasair
basegenerated21.2lb/d/soldier,andafieldartilleryunitgenerated3.12lbs/d/soldier

.
197

p
AstudyofFPmodulesdeterminedthata550manFPmodulegenerated2,500lbsofsolidwaste
perday,or4.1lbs/d/soldier.
198
Anotherstudydeterminedthatthe2,500lbsofsolidwastewas
equivalentto410kgofJP8,orwhenconvertedtoelectricityat25%efficiency,abletoprovide
51KWofcontinuouspower.
199

A1,100manHFbarebasegeneralplanningfactoris4lb/d/soldier(whichcoincidentally
matchesaccountsof80,000lbsofdailywasteatVictoryBase),butastudyevaluatingall
planningfactorsfoundthatamoreappropriateplanningfactorwas10lb/d/soldier.
200

In2003,USAREURdirectedastudyatEagleBasetoevaluatesolidwastegenerationrates.That,
alongwithsimilarotherstudiesatCampBondsteel(Kosovo)andCampBulwark(Bulgaria),
formedthebasisfora2004characterizationstudythatconcludedastandardsolidwaste
generationratetobe15.8lbs/d/soldier.
201
In2006,asecondcharacterizationstudywas
performedforUSAREURatanothercampintheBalkans.Thisdata,publishedina2007report,
suggestedthatthesolidwastestreamwasnow18.2lbs/d/soldier.
202
Althoughacomparison
ofthetwostudiesshowsamarkeddecreaseinthepercentageofthewastestreamthatisscra
wood,othercomponentshadunfortunatelycompensatedforthedifference.
203

May2010 38


Table10.2003,2006Study
204
10.3 Treatment and Disposal

FOBsgeneratealotofsolidwaste.
205
Themethodsofmanagingthatwastemirrorthespectrumof
wastewatertreatmentandpowergenerationoptionsbetweensmall,austereFOBsandlarger,more
establishedFOBs.Inearly,expeditionaryphasesofacontingencyoperation,solidwastemanagement
hasaverylowpriority.Fieldexpedientmeasuresofopendumping,burying,andlimitedburningofsolid
wastearestandardpracticeofArmyunitsonthemove,andthesepracticescontinueintheinitialbase
campphasesuntilthelocalthreatlevelislowenoughtoallowunitstoaddresssolidwastemanagement
asageneralhealthandsanitationrequirement.
206
WithDODI4715.5,ManagementofEnvironmental
ComplianceatOverseasInstallations,exemptingmilitarycontingencyoperationsfromstrictlyfollowing
severalenvironmentalrequirements,expediencytakestoppriorityinthesesituations,withwaste
burnedwithdieselfuel,wastewaterdumped,andnoncombustiblewastestacked.
207
OncetheFOBis
moresecure,wastemanagementisthenoftenperformedbycontractors,withtheassociatedcostand
safetyramifications.
208
Table11,SolidWasteManagementExample,providesoneexampleofacamps
wastedisposalprocedures:
May2010 39


Table11.SolidWasteManagementExample
209

Landfills
Buryingsolidwasteinlandfillsbothonandoffsitearetypicalmethodsofdisposingofsolidwaste.Given
thevolumeofsolidwaste,however,onsitelandfillscanquicklyhampertheeffectivenessandforce
protectioncapabilitiesofaFOBandcreateenvironmental,vectorattraction,andqualityoflife
problems.
210
WithdistancestooffsitelandfillsinIraqorAfghanistanoftenreaching60to120miles,
transportingwasteofftheFOBcancost$4.6millionannuallyfora7300manFOB.
211
BurnPits,Incinerators,BurnBoxes,andAirCurtainDestructors
Burningcanbeusedtoreducethevolumeandweightofpaper,plastics,andothercombustibleitems
priortoburyingorlandfilldisposal.CommercialincineratorscanefficientlyreducePetroleum,Oil,and
Lubricants(POL),otherchemicals,DFACwaste,paper,andcardboardtoafractionofitsoriginalmass.
212
Eachmethod,however,alsoincurscosts.Sortingisrequiredbeforeburningtoremoveanyhazardous
items.Burnpits,boxes,andaircurtaindestructorsrequiresignificantamountsofpreciousfueland
wood,andburningwasteemitstoxic,acridsmoke,whichhascausedmilitarypersonneltocomplain
abouteyeandlungirritation.
213
Incineratorscanbeunreliableandexpensivetooperate.
214
Regardlessofthemethod,theresidualfromburningmuststillbeburiedortransportedoutsideth
fordisposal,incurringadditionalcos
eFOB
ts.
HazardousWaste
Hazardouswasteiscollectedin55gallondrumsandtakentoasatelliteaccumulationpoint.
215
May2010 40


May2010 41

11 Going Forward
Thissectionsummarizes1)keyfindings,2)areasofpotentialfutureresearch,3)parallelresearch,and4)
nextsteps.
11.1 Key Findings
Summaryofkeyfindings:
FOBs
FOBsarecriticaltoexpeditionarywarfightingandforwagingasymmetricwarfare
EstablishingandsustainingFOBsrequiresignificantlogisticalsupport
FOBscanvarywidelyinsophistication,dependingonsize,supportrequirement,hostnation
infrastructure,thenatureoftheoperation(contingency,enduring),andanticipatedduration
(temporary,semipermanent,permanent)
Planning
Planningprocesscharacterizedbydecentralizedmanagementofdetails;extensivecoordination
requiredacrossadisparatesetofparties
Norepositoryofbestpracticesorconsistentdoctrine,standards
Nosystematic,robustprocessfordevelopingandimplementingsustainablesolutions
Processcharacterizedbytradeoffs,butmissionsuccesstakestoppriority
Supply
ThemajorityofmaterielneededtobuildandsustainFOBsisbroughtintotheater
RedesignofsupplystrategycancontributetomoresustainableFOBs
Transportationchallengesdifferbasedongeography(e.g.,Iraqv.Afghanistan)
ShippingcontainerscanberedesignedforgreateruseatFOBs
Facilities
DependingonthesizeandsophisticationoftheFOB,aFOBcanhaveawidevarietyofdifferenttypesof
buildings
Theleastcostlyconstructionmethodutilizesexistinginfrastructureasmuchaspossible
Tentsaresimpletotransportandusebutconsumesignificantfueltoheat/cool
CostofbuildingmaterialshouldfactorintoFOBdesignplanning
FOBsets,suchastheForceProvidermodules,haveplayedagrowingroleinstandardizingand
simplifyingfieldconstruction
ForceProtection
SuccessfulforceprotectionisvitaltothesurvivalofaFOB
Usingindigenousmaterialandorganic,creativesolutionsiskeytoamoresustainableFOB
Food
Rationsaredeliveredtothetacticaledge.Preparationofcertaintypesofrationsrequiresenergy/power
forcookingand/orrefrigeration.
Rationsareasourceofsolidandhumanwaste
Water&Wastewater
Wateriscriticaltoexpeditionarycampaignsuccess
Waterconsumptionandwastewatergenerationplanningfactorsvarydependingongeography,
doctrine,Service,andcommand;reflectstheflexibilityrequiredindevelopingsustainableFOBs
Watercanbeprocuredfromhostnationinfrastructure(reservoirs,irrigationsystems,municipal


May2010 42

sources,andswimmingpools),wells,naturalsurfacesources,andbottledwater
AlthoughofficiallythesourceoflastresortaccordingtoU.S.militarydoctrine,bottledwateristhe
principalsourceofdrinkingwateratmanyFOBsthroughoutAfghanistanandIraq.Notonlyisdelivering
bottledwaterexpensiveanddangerous,buttheplasticbottlesalsobecomemajorsourcesofsolid
waste
WastewatertreatmentmethodsvarydependingonsizeandsophisticationoftheFOB
Burningwaste,onedisposalmethodataustereFOBs,canbehazardoustosoldiers
Fuel,Energy,Power
FuelconsumptionhasgrownsubstantiallysincetheVietnamWar,aconsequenceoftechnologyand
increasingcomplexity
FueldistributionfacesIEDattacksinIraqandimpassableterraininAfghanistan
Thefullyburdenedcostoffuelcanrangetohundredsofdollarspergallonofdeliveredfuel
FOBfuelusageestimatesvary,dependingonthesizeandprimarymissionoftheFOB
Supportoperationsareasignificantsourceofbattlefieldfueldemand
ProblemsatFOBs:inefficientgenerators,excessgeneration,inefficientbuildings
Batteriesrepresentasignificantconstraintonindividualfightingcapability
SolidWaste
Accumulationofsolidwastecanbecomeanenvironmental,health,andpoliticalliability
Plasticwaterbottles,wood,andfoodpackagingarethreesignificantsourcesofwaste.Thewoodfrom
containersandpalletsshouldbereusedattheFOBinsomeothercapacity
Solidwastegenerationratesdifferdependingonthecharacterizationstudyinquestion
Thereisahierarchyofsolidwastedisposalmethods,fromburningwastetohiringcontractorstohaul
wastefromtheFOB.BurningisprevalentinAfghanistan.
11.2 Areas of Potential Future Research

Summaryofareasofpotentialfutureresearchandsolutionparameters:
ImplicationsforSustainability/SolutionParameters
Solutionsmustbegeographyneutral.Solutionscanbeinspiredbyneedinoneregion,suchasspray
foamingtentsforinsulationinIraqorAfghanistan,buttheebbandflowofsoldiersinIraqand
Afghanistansuggestthatsolutionsshouldnotberelevantforonlyonegeographytype.Anticipatethe
nextcontingencyoperation.
Solutionsmustbemodular,flexible,scaleable,andadaptableforthespectrumofFOBtypes,from
austere,platoonsizedbasestofull,divisionsizedmainbases.
Solutionsmusthavecommanderbuyinfromthebeginning
Solutionsmusttakeintoaccountrelevantconcernsfromallparties
Solutionsmustaccountforoperationalandpoliticalreality
Solutionsmustnotobstructbutenablemissionsuccess
Solutionsmustnotjeopardizesoldierhealth,safety,ormorale
SolutionsmustnothindertimelyFOBdevelopment
Solutionsmustadheretocurrentinfrastructureandtransportationrequirements
Developstrategyroadmaptowardsgreatersustainabilitywiththefollowingsteps:1)fullyutilizeall
materiel,2)reducedemand,3)minimizewastethroughreuseofmateriel,and4)reusegenerated
waste
Developdecisionsupporttoolthatincorporatessustainablebestpractices
Designmaterielsupplychainstrategytoenhancesustainability


May2010 43

DesignshippingcontainersforuseasFOBstructures,forceprotection.Developothercreativeusesfor
packagingmaterial/pallets.
Designanddeployrealtimeenergydemandmanagement/smartgridsystems
Designandbuildmoreenergyefficientstructures.Adoptefficiencybestpracticesinselecting
constructionmaterialused,lightingtechnology,windowtechnology,layout.Considerintegrationof
renewableenergygeneration(e.g.,thinfilmsolar)withstructures
Identifystateofartsolutionstoimprovetheenergyefficiencyofstructures.Sprayfoaminsulationisa
goodstartingpoint,butitalsopreventsreuse
Designconstructionmaterialsupplychaintoenhancesustainability
Improvecurrentbasesets,likeUSArmyForceProviderandUSAFHarvestFalconandHarvestEagle
Designanddevelopnewforceprotectiontechnologiesthatarelighter,stronger,madeoflocalmaterial,
andeasiertobuild
Designsupplychaintoreduceneedfortransportationwithoutriskingsoldiersafety
Designrationstoreducepackagingwaste(e.g.,biodegradablepackaging)
Designmoreenergyefficientfieldkitchens
Designprocesstoconvertwaste(includinggrease)tofuel
Identifywaystohelppromotesustainablebehavior(e.g.,lessbottledwateruse,conservation)
Developmoreefficient,effective,andlessenergyintensivewaterpurifiersthatproducetastelesswater
bothlargescaleandportable
DevelopstrategytoexpeditethecertificationofdrinkingwaterstandardsatFOBs
Developstrategytoreducebottledwaterconsumption
Designmoresustainablewastewatertreatmentsolutions
Designprocess/technologytoreusewastewater
Designmoreenergyefficientbuildingsthatrequirelesselectricity
Designenergysupply/demandmanagementsoftware;rungeneratorstomeetsupply
Ensurecompatibilitybetweengeneratorsandappliances
Developtrainingstrategy/curriculumforinterconnectedpowersystems
Designefficient,nextgenerationpowergenerators
DesignrenewableenergygeneratorsspecificallyforFOBs
Designmethodstoproduceandusealternativefuels
Reducebatteryweightforindividualsoldiers
Designsupplystrategytostreamlinefueldistribution
Designfuelrecyclingprogram
Designmoresustainableandsaferdisposaltechnologies/practices
Developrecyclingprogram;identifyopportunitiestoreusesolidwaste
Designmoreefficientandreliableincinerators
Developsafetreatmentmethodforashgeneratedafterburning
11.3 Parallel Research

Throughoutthefederalgovernment,agenciesandmilitaryServiceshavebegunearnestlypursuing
parallelpathstowardssustainability.Someorganizationshaveprioritizedidentifyingimmediate
solutionswhileothershaveemphasizedclosingthegapwithfutureresearch.Sincenoonesolutionwill
suffice,thefollowingprovidesanabbreviatedlistofseveralothercurrentresearchinitiativeswithinthe
federalgovernmenttopromotesustainableFOBs.Collaboration,communication,knowledgesharing
willbekeytodevelopingsolutionsinatimelyandcomprehensivemanner.


Organi zati on Ini ti ati ves
DepartmentofDefense
PowerSuretyTaskForce Eski mosprayfoami nsul ati on;currentl yusedi nIraq
Transportabl eHybri dEl ectri cPowerSystems(testedatFt.Irwi n)
NetZeroPl usJoi ntCapabi l i tyTechnol ogyDemonstrati on
Monol i thi cDome(testedatFt.Irwi n)
Tacti cal GarbagetoEnergyRefi nery(testedi nIraq)
Hybri dEl ectri cPowerStati on(tobetestedi nKuwai t)
ProjectManagerMobi l eEl ectri cPower Devel opi ngmorefuel effi ci entgenerators(AMMPS)
Devel opmentofcentral powergenerati onsystem
Hybri dIntel l i gentPower(smartgri d)
Services
Ai rForce Bui l trenewabl eenergytentci ty(Tyndal l AFB)
Mari neCorps Devel opi ngDepl oyabl eRenewabl eEnergyAl ternati veModul e
CreatedUSMCExpedi ti onaryEnergyOffi ce
Devel opi ngExperi mental FOBatQuanti cototestsustai nabl eproducts
Army(USACE) Engi neerResearchandDevel opmentCenter(ERDC)/
CenterfortheAdvancementofSustai nabi l i tyInnovati ons(CASI)workshops
Devel opi ngprocesstoturnti resi ntoenergyandotherproducts
DemonstrateWastetoFuel pl ants
SponsoredCurrentandFutureBaseCampSustai nabi l i tyworkshop(2007)
Army(Nati ckSol di erSystemsCenter) SponsoredExpedi ti onaryBaseCampworkshop(2009)
Navy Demonstrati onoffuel cel l systemstoprovi deportabl epower
Navy(Offi ceofNaval Research) Sustai nabi l i tyi nl ogi sti cs
ArmyResearch,Devel opment,and
Engi neeri ngCommand(RDECOM)/Army
ResearchLaboratory(ARL)
Sourcesofotherproposedresearch:NatickExpeditionaryBasingWorkshop,ARLSustainableBase
Workshop(http://www.ncsu.edu/kenan/ncsi/aro_base.html),USACEERDC/CASISustainable,Full
SpectrumContingencyOperationsGapAssessment,andDefenseManagement:DODNeedstoIncrease
AttentiononFuelDemandManagementatForwardDeployedLocations,GAO,February2009.
11.4 Next Steps
Eachoftheprevioussectionsdeservesadditionalanalysistofullyidentifythegapsincurrentresearch
thatSERDPcanhelpbridge.TheNoblisteamdidnotdifferentiatepotentialfutureresearchintoshort
termandlongtermresearchneeds,butthereisasignificantneedforcreative,outoftheboxlongterm
research.TheoriginalwhitepapersubmittedbyNoblisinAugust2009envisionedafourpartprocess:
1. DefineresourcerequirementsandwastegenerationatFOBs
2. Assesscurrentpracticesandoperations
3. Identifygapsinthescience,technology,andenergy/wastemanagementandproposeRTD&E
andbestpracticestobridgethosegaps
4. Recommendapproachestoacceleratetheadoptionandimplementationofsustainable
technologiesandpractices
Thispaperwasdesignedtoaddressthefirsttwoparts,withthesecondhalfadetailedexaminationof
futureresearchopportunitiesforSERDPtofollowcompletionofthisFOBcharacterizationstudy.
SubjecttoadditionalguidancefromSERDP,Noblisproposestocompletethesecondhalfoftheoriginal
proposedscopeofwork.
May2010 44


May2010 45

Appendices


May2010 46

Acronyms
AMC AirMobilityCommand
AMMPS AdvancedMediumSizedMobilePowerSources
AOR AreaofResponsibility
ARL ArmyResearchLaboratory
BEAR BasicExpeditionaryAirfieldResources
CASI CenterfortheAdvancementofSustainabilityInnovations
CDS ContainerDeliverySystems
CENTCOM U.S.CentralCommand
CHU ContainerizedHousingUnit
CMU ConcreteMasonryUnit
DESC DefenseEnergySupportCenter
DFAC DiningFacility
DLA DefenseLogisticsAgency
DoD DepartmentofDefense
DPGDS DeployablePowerGenerationandDistributionSystem
DRMS DefenseReutilization&MarketingService
DSCP DefenseSupplyCenterPhiladelphia
DVD DirectVendorDelivery
EMD ElectromotiveDivision
ERDC EngineerResearchandDevelopmentCenter
FM FieldManual
FOB ForwardOperatingBase
FP ForceProvider(U.S.Army)
FSR FirstStrikeRation
g/bw/d Gallonsofblackwaterperday
g/gw/d Gallonsofgraywaterperday
g/w/d Gallonsofwaterperday
g/ww/d Gallonsofwastewaterperday
GP GeneralPurposetents
HE HarvestEagle(U.S.AirForce)
HF HarvestFalcon(U.S.AirForce)
HN Hostnation
HVAC Heating,Ventilation,andAirConditioning
HZ Hertz
IED ImprovisedExplosiveDevice
ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization


May2010 47

ISU IntervalSlingableUnit
KCLFFE Kitchen,CompanyLevelFieldFeedingEnhanced
KW Kilowatt
LWP LightWeightPurifier
MEB MarineExpeditionaryBattalion
MEP MobileElectricPower
MRE Meals,ReadytoEat
MW Megawatt
MWR Morale,Welfare,Recreation
OEF OperationEnduringFreedom
OIF OperationIraqiFreedom
POL Petroleum,Oils,Lubricants
PRIMEBEEF PrimeBaseEngineerEmergencyForceSquadron
PU PrimeUnit
PX PostExchange
RDECOM U.S.ArmyResearch,Development,andEngineeringCommand
ROWPU ReverseOsmosisWaterPurificationUnit
SAA SmallArmsAmmunition
SEAHut SoutheastAsiahut
Seabees UnitedStatesNavyConstructionBattalions
SEE SmallEmplacementExcavator
SERDP StrategicEnvironmentalResearchandDevelopmentProgram
TEMPER TentExtendableModularPersonneltents
TQG TacticalQuietGenerator
TWPS TacticalWaterPurificationSystem
UGRA UnitizedGroupRationAOption
UGRB UnitizedGroupRationBOption
UGRE UnitizedGroupRationExpress
UGRH&S UnitizedGroupRationHeat&Serve
USACE U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers
USAF U.S.AirForce
USAREUR U.S.Army,Europe
USTRANSCOM U.S.TransportationCommand
V Volt


May2010 48

Appendix A Summary FOB Characterization
Source:Multiplesources
FOBtacticalbase(50)
FOBtacticalbase
(500)
FOBmainoperations
base(1,500)
Enduringmain
operationsbase
(10,000)
General
Typeof
FOB
216
Small,platoonsized
FOBdesignedfor
tacticaloperationsand
colocationwithin
populationcenters.
Providessecure
locationwithonly
enoughlogistics
capacitytosupport
thecamp.
Companyorbattalion
sizedFOBdesignedfor
largertactical
operationsormissions
withalongerduration.
Providessecure
locationwithonly
enoughlogistics
capacitytosupport
thecamp.
Regimentorbrigade
sizedFOBfunctioning
asamainoperations
base.Hassufficiently
robustinfrastructure
tosupportawide
varietyofmissionsand
canincludeservice
membersupport
facilities.Military
training,civilaffairs
missions,andeventhe
capacitytosupport
civilianpolitical
functionsandNGO
activitiesmaybe
included.
DivisionsizedFOB
functioningasan
enduring,semi
permanentmain
operationsbase.Has
relatively
sophisticated
infrastructurecapable
ofsupporting
sustainedoperations.
Size
(#oftroops
supported)
50 500 1,500 10,000
Footprint
217
2acres 16acres 51acres 350acres
Location Austere
Limitedhostnation
infrastructure
Example:Afghanistan
Austere
Limitedhostnation
infrastructure
Example:Afghanistan
Sophisticated
Somehostnation
infrastructure
Example:Iraq
Sophisticated
Somehostnation
infrastructure
Example:Iraq
Mission
duration
Organic
Lessthan90days
Initial
Lessthan6months
Temporary
Lessthan2years
Enduring(Semi
Permanent)
Lessthan10years


May2010 49

FOBtacticalbase(50)
FOBtacticalbase
(500)
FOBmainoperations
base(1,500)
Enduringmain
operationsbase
(10,000)
General
Construction
standards
(Source:
USACE)
218
Organicconstruction
istypicalofwhat
wouldbefoundina
tacticalassemblyarea.
Organicstandard
constructionissetup
onanexpedientbasis
withnoexternal
engineersupport,
usingunitorganic
equipmentand
systemsorHN
resources.Intended
foruseupto90days,
itmaybeusedforup
tosixmonths.
Characterizedby
minimumfacilities
thatrequireminimal
engineereffortand
simplifiedmaterial
transportand
availability,initial
standardconstruction
isintendedfor
immediateuseby
unitsuponarrivalin
theaterforuptosix
months.Theprimary
differencebetween
organicandinitial
standardsisthe
applicationof
engineereffortto
improveliving
conditionsabovewhat
theunitisableto
accomplishonitsown.
Characterizedby
somewhatminimal
facilities,temporary
standardconstruction
isintendedtoincrease
efficiencyof
operationsforuse
extendingto24
months,butmayfulfill
enduringphase
standardsandextend
to5years.Itprovides
forsustained
operationsandmay
replaceinitial
standardinsome
caseswheremission
requirementsdictate
andrequire
replacementduring
thecourseof
extendedoperations.
Itrequiresextensive
engineersupportand
mayinvolvenew
construction,rather
thanlimiting
operationstotents
andexistingfacilities.
Thestandard
construction
standardsatthese
FOBsreflectalife
expectancyofmore
thantwo,butless
thanten,years.The
typesofstructures
usedwilldependon
duration.This
standardmaybeused
initiallyaftercarefully
consideringthe
politicalsituation,
cost,qualityoflife,
andothercriteria.
Sitework
219
Nonetominimalsite
work;maximizeduse
ofexistingfacilities
Clearingandgrading
forfacilitiesincluding
drainage,revetments
ofPOL,ammostorage,
andairfieldparking.
Engineeredsiteprep,
includingpaved
surfaces,building
foundations,and
concretefloorslabs
Engineeredsite
preparation
Construction
220
18,264manhours
*
120,502manhours 240,070manhours 800,233manhours

*
Dataextrapolatedfor50manFOB


May2010 50

FOBtacticalbase(50)
FOBtacticalbase
(500)
FOBmainoperations
base(1,500)
Enduringmain
operationsbase
(10,000)
Facilities
Available
facilities
221
Housing,basiclatrines
andsepticsystems,
minimaloffices,
minimaldining
facilities,gravelroads,
minimalmedical
facilities,post
exchange,fitness
center,minimalMWR
facilities
Housing,basiclatrines
andsepticsystems,
offices,diningfacilities
maybeoperatedby
contractors,roads,
medicalfacilities,
postexchange,fit
centers,MWR
facilities,
finance/postal/legal
maybeoffered,
warehouses,laundry,
maintenance
ness
Housing,latrinesand
septicsystems,
laundry,offices,dining
facilitiesoperatedby
contractors,roads,
warehouses,finance
andpostalservices,
aviation,medical
facilities,post
exchange,athletic
fields,MWRfacilities
Housing,latrinesand
septicsystems,
laundry,offices,dining
facilitiesoperatedby
contractors,roads,
warehouses,finance
andpostalservices,
aviation,medical
facilities,post
exchange,athletic
fields,MWRfacilities
Housing
standard
222
Preexisting
structures
Tents(TierIno
floor,nonpermanent)
Preexisting
structures
Tents(TierII,III
woodenfloors,lights,
polesupported,
electricaloutlets)
Couldinclude
prefabricatedhousing
(trailers)andlimited
newconstruction
Tents(TierIII wood
floor,2/3woodwalls)
Woodframe
structures,SEAHuts
Modularbuildings
Containers
Woodframe
structures,SEAHuts
Modularbuildings
Containers
Prefabricated
buildings
Masonry,steel
buildings
Housing
223
,
3,980squarefeet 39,800squarefeet 119,400squarefeet 796,000squarefeet

Dining
facility
224
Tents
Assaultkitchens
(KCLFFE)
TierIIIItents
Mobilekitchen
trailer
Containerized
kitchen
TierIIItents
SEAHuts
Masonry,pre
fabricatedbuildings
SEAHuts
Masonry,pre
fabricatedbuildings
MWR
225
LimitedMWRfacilities LimitedMWR
facilities,couldinclude
internetcafs,phone
service,andPXtrailers
(dependingoncamp
sizeandlocation)
Dependingonthe
lengthoftime
personnelmayoccupy
thebase,mayinclude
uptotheaterfacilities,
PX,internetcafs,
longdistancephone
service,ballfields,
gyms,andorganized
recreationevents
Dependingonthe
lengthoftime
personnelmayoccupy
thebase,mayinclude
uptotheaterfacilities,
PX,internetcafs,
longdistancephone
service,ballfields,
gyms,andorganized
recreationevents
20/80officertoenlistedratio,110sqft/officer,72sqft/enlisted


May2010 51

FOBtacticalbase(50)
FOBtacticalbase
(500)
FOBmain
operationsbase
(1,500)
Enduringmain
operationsbase
(10,000)
ForceProtection
Standards Concertinafences,
sandbags,limitedguard
towers,limiteduseof
concretemasonry
Triplestandard
concertinafence,
sandbags,berms,
serpentineforentry
pointcontrol
Triplestandard
concertinafence,
berms,guard
towers,greateruse
ofHESCOs,concrete
barriers
Extensiveforce
protectionmeasures
Food
Rations MREs
UGREs
MREs
UGRH&S
UGRH&S
ARations(UGRA)
UGRH&S
ARations(UGRA)
Water
Quantity
1,750gallons/day 17,500gallons/day 52,500gallons/day 350,000gallons/

day
Source
226
Wells
Bottledwater
Wells
Bottledwater
Surfacewater
(usingROWPUs)
Wells
Bottledwater
Surfacewater
(usingROWPUs)
Treatmentplants
Existing
infrastructure
Wells
Bottledwater
Treatmentplants
Existing
infrastructure
Wastewater
Quantity
(total)
1,750gallons/day 17,500gallons/day 52,500gallons/day 350,000gallons/

day
Graywater 1,487gallons/day 14,875gallons/day 44,625gallons/day 297,500gallons/
day
Blackwater
**
263gallons/day 2,625gallons/day 7,875gallons/day 52,500gallons/day

Treatment
227
Rudimentary
infrastructure/practices:
Unitfieldsanitation
kitsandpitlatrines
Burnoutlatrines
Directdisposal(mostly
ofgraywater)
Limiteduseofleach
fields,lagoons
Pitlatrines
Burnoutlatrines
Chemicallatrines/
contractordisposal
Possiblylagoons,
leachfields
Limitedpossibility
forwastewater
treatmentplants
Rangesfrom
chemicallatrines
andcontractor
disposaltolagoons,
centralsewer
system,and
wastewater
treatmentplants
Mostlikely
wastewater
treatmentplant
Assuming35gallons/person/day
**
Assumingblackwatercomprises15%oftotalwastewatervolume


May2010 52

FOBtacticalbase(50)
FOBtacticalbase
(500)
FOBmainoperations
base(1,500)
Enduringmain
operationsbase
(10,000)
Fuel&
Power

Fuel
usage
250gallons/day 2,500gallons/day 7,500gallons/day 50,000gallons/day

Power
demand
(peak)
50KWorless 500KW 1.5MW 10MW

Sourceof
power
Limitedneedfor
electricity,useofunit
tacticalgenerators
wheneverneeded;
batteries
Distributed
generation.Tactical
militarygenerators,
commercial
generators,upto
ArmyPrimePower
Largergenerators,
bothcommercialand
military.
Consolidationof
generatorstoform
centralizedpower
plants.Limiteduseof
hostnationelectric
grid
Centralized
commercialpower
plantsanduseofhost
nationelectricgrid
SolidWaste
Quantity
500pounds/day 5,000pounds/day 15,000pounds/day 100,000pounds/day

Disposal Burnpits Burnpits
Incinerators
Somelandfilluse
Incinerators
Landfills
Contractorremoval
Limitedrecycling
Incinerators
Landfills
Contractorremoval
Recycling
/composting
Hostnation
treatment
Assuming1kwofpeakdemand/person
Assuming10pounds/person/day


Appendix B U.S. Army Field Manual 3-34 Standards
Source:USArmyFM334
May2010 53


May2010 54


May2010 55


May2010 56


May2010 57


May2010 58


Appendix C U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Standards
Source:USArmyCorpsofEngineers,BaseCampDevelopmentintheTheaterofOperations,January19,2009
May2010 59


May2010 60


Appendix D Red Book Standards
Source:USAREUR,BaseCampFacilitiesStandardsforContingencyOperations(RedBook)
May2010 61


May2010 62


May2010 63


Appendix E USACE General Land Use Planning Factors
May2010 64


Appendix F Life Support Area Planning Factors
Source:USArmyCorpsofEngineers,BaseCampDevelopmentintheTheaterofOperations,January19,2009;
USArmyFM334(imagerevised)
May2010 65


May2010 66


Appendix G Construction Estimates - USACE
May2010 67


Appendix H Rations
Source: CustomerOrderingHandbook&Update,DefenseSupplyCenterPhiladelphia
May2010 68


Appendix I USAREUR Contingency Menu
Source:CaptEdRackauskas,Subsistence,DSCP
May2010 69


Appendix J Class I Distribution Iraq and Afghanistan
Source:CaptEdRackauskas,Subsistence,DSCP
May2010 70


Appendix K FOB Fuel Consumption
Source:DefenseManagement:DODNeedstoIncreaseAttentiononFuelDemandManagementatForward
DeployedLocations,GovernmentAccountabilityOffice(GAO)
May2010 71


May2010 72


Appendix L Tactical Quiet Generators
Source:GlobalSecurity.org
Type Nomenclature Model# Length Width Height Applications
3kWTQG DED,60Hz MEP831A 34.8i n. 27.8i n. 26.5i n. WeaponSystems
DED,400Hz MEP832A Mi ssi l eSystems
CausewaySystems
C4I Systems
5kWTQG 60HzTQG 802A 50.4i n. 31.8i n. 36.2i n. WeaponSystems
400HzTQG 812A Mi ssi l eSystems
CausewaySystems
C4I Systems
LaundryUni ts
C4I Systems
Refri gerati onSystems
Wel l Ki t,Pri nti ngPl ants
Topographi cSupportSystems
C4I Systems
Hospi tal Mai ntenance
BakeryPl ant
ADPSupportSystems
WaterPuri fi cati on
C4I Systems
Avi ati onShopSets
60kWTQG 60HzTQG 806A 86.3i n. 35.3i n 58.2i n. WeaponSystems
EarthSatel l i teTermi nal s
Fi el dHospi tal s/School s
Avi ati onGroundSupport
May2010 73


Appendix M Harvest Falcon Energy & Fuel Demand
Source:RandyL.Boswell,Major,USAF,TheImpactofRenewableEnergySourcesonForwardOperatingBases
May2010 74


May2010 75


May2010 76

Appendix N Sources
Severalsourceswerereviewedinpreparingthisreportbutcouldnotbedirectlycitedduetodistribution
restrictions.Theseinclude:
DeborahCurtinetal,Sustainable,FullSpectrumContingencyOperationsGapAssessment,USArmyCorps
ofEngineersERDC/CERLSR0813,August2008
GaryL.GerdesandAndrewL.Jantzer,BaseCampSolidWasteCharacterizationStudy,USArmyCorpsof
EngineersERDC/CERLTR0624,September2006
USCentralCommand,ConstructionandBaseCampDevelopmentintheUSCENTCOMAreaof
Responsibility(TheSandBook),October18,2004
LTCJohnGreen,JohnHorstmann,USARCENTBaseCampRequirements
Sourcescited:
1
MemofromZilmertothePentagon
2
Deloitte,EnergySecurity:AmericasBestDefense,2009
3
DefenseManagement:DODNeedstoIncreaseAttentiononFuelDemandManagementatForwardDeployed
Locations,GovernmentAccountabilityOffice(GAO),February2009;TomDispatch.com
4
Locations,GovernmentAccountabilityOffice(GAO)
5
Locations,GovernmentAccountabilityOffice(GAO);
TomDispatch.com
6
USArmyCorpsofEngineers,BaseCampDevelopmentintheTheaterofOperations,January19,2009
7
ChrisOBrien,ConstructingaPlatoonFOBinAfghanistan,InfantryMagazine,JanFebruary2008
8
LeonardWong,StephenGerras,CU@TheFOB:HowtheForwardOperatingBaseIsChangingTheLifeOf
CombatSoldiers,USArmyStrategicStudiesInstitute,March2006
9
DavidE.Mosheretal,GreenWarriorsArmyEnvironmentalConsiderationsforContingencyOperationsfrom
PlanningThroughPostConflict,RandArroyoCenter,2008
10
USArmyFieldManual334.400(FM5104),GeneralEngineering,December2008;
USArmyCorpsofEngineers,BaseCampDevelopmentintheTheaterofOperations;
USAREUR,BaseCampFacilitiesStandardsforContingencyOperations(RedBook),February1,2004
11
ErikHolmes,AirmenbuildArmy,MarineFOBsinAfghanistan,AirForceTimes,September6,2009
12
ErikHolmes,AirmenbuildArmy,MarineFOBsinAfghanistan
13
PamelaConstable,FromaFortifiedBase,aDifferentViewofAfghanistan,TheWashingtonPost,March2,
2009
14
ProceedingsfromtheUSMCEnergy&PowerSymposium,NewOrleans,January2527,2010


May2010 77

15
AnnaBadkhen,AnnaBadkhensIraqJournal,SanFranciscoChronicle,2005
16
JimKeller,RocketsandMREs,SoldierofFortune,January2007
17
C.JamesMartel,AnalysisoftheWasteManagementPracticesatBosniaandKosovoBaseCamps,USArmy
CorpsofEngineersERDC/CERLTR036,April2003
18
C.JamesMartel,AnalysisoftheWasteManagementPracticesatBosniaandKosovoBaseCamps
19
20
MichaelP.Carvelli,PlanningaNewFOBinAfghanistan,Engineer:TheProfessionalBulletinforArmy
Engineers,OctDecember2007
21
22
Lt.Col.ThomasJ.SheaIII,BuildingaBaseCamp,Engineer:TheProfessionalBulletinforArmyEngineers,July
September2007
23
USArmyCorpsofEngineers,BaseCampDevelopmentintheTheaterofOperations
24
ChrisOBrien,ConstructingaPlatoonFOBinAfghanistan
25
JasonM.Railsback,ForceProtectionofForwardOperatingBasesinBaghdad,Engineer:TheProfessional
BulletinforArmyEngineers,OctDecember2003
26
ColGarthAnderson,USArmyFacilityEngineerGroup,Presentation:BaseCampDevelopmentIn
Afghanistan,June29,2006
27
DevonRiley,PreventativeMedicineinanUrbanEnvironment
28
29
AmoryB.Lovins,AdvancedDesignIntegrationforRadicallyEfficientExpeditionaryMobility,Proceedings
fromtheUSMCEnergy&PowerSymposium,NewOrleans,January2527,2010
30
GeneralJamesConway,Commandant,USMC,RemarksattheUSMCEnergySummit,August13,2009
31
Lt.Col.ThomasJ.SheaIII,BuildingaBaseCamp;
AlanR.Shaffer,PrincipalDeputyDirector,DefenseResearchandEngineering,TestimonyBeforethe
SubcommitteeOnReadinessOftheHouseArmedServicesCommittee,March3,2009
32
33
Lt.Col.ThomasJ.SheaIII,BuildingaBaseCamp
34
Dr.JianmingWang,ProfessoratMissouriUniversityofScienceandTechnology,September16,2009
35
JointPublications40,JointLogistics,July18,2008
36
JointPublications40,JointLogistics,AppendixB
37
DefenseScienceBoardTaskForce,ReportoftheDefenseScienceBoardTaskForceonDoDEnergyStrategy:
MoreFightLessFuel,OfficeoftheUnderSecretaryofDefenseforAcquisition,Technology,andLogistics,
February2008


May2010 78

38
StevenMufson,WalterPincus,SupplyingTroopsinAfghanistanwithFuelisChallengeforUS,The
WashingtonPost,December15,2009
JasonChudy,RemoteFOBSweeneyAppearsAlmostIdyllic,StarsandStripes,July13,2005
39
ChrisOBrien,ConstructingaPlatoonFOBinAfghanistan;
KristieRichardson,Captain,USArmy,SupplyingForwardOperatingBases,ArmyLogistician:Professional
BulletinofUnitedStatesArmyLogistics,JanuaryFebruary2008
40
GlobalSecurity.Org
41
USArmyFieldManual334.400(FM5104),GeneralEngineering
42
USArmyFieldManual5565,StrategicDeployment,October3,1995,AppendixE
43
TestimonyofBGJeromeJohnson,DirectorofPlans,Operations,andReadiness(G4),USArmy,andKevinT.
Ryan,DirectorofStrategy,Plans,andPolicy(G3),BeforetheHouseArmedServicesCommitteeSubcommittee
onReadinessRegardingArmyPropositionedStocksSupportingtheUnitedStatesArmy,March24,2004
44
45
46
OfficeoftheSpecialInspectorGeneralforIraqReconstruction,TallilMilitaryBase,CampUr,Sustainment
Assessment,April25,2007
47
DouglasWissing,CultivatingAfghanistan:ADayonFOBSalerno,July20,2009
48
JasonChudy,RemoteFOBSweeneyAppearsAlmostIdyllic;ChrisOBrien,ConstructingaPlatoonFOBin
Afghanistan
49
50
RichardM.Marlatt,IntegratedLifeCycleBaseCampSustainment,USArmyCorpsofEngineersERDC
51
JasonChudy,RemoteFOBSweeneyAppearsAlmostIdyllic
52
53
PamelaConstable,FromaFortifiedBase,aDifferentViewofAfghanistan
54
USNavyNonresidentTrainingCourse(NRTC),Steelworker,Volume02,1996
55
USNavyNonresidentTrainingCourse(NRTC),Steelworker,Volume02
56
57
58
USArmyFieldManual334.400(FM5104),GeneralEngineering;
RichardM.Marlatt,IntegratedLifeCycleBaseCampSustainment;ChrisOBrien,ConstructingaPlatoon
FOBinAfghanistan
59
60
USAREUR,BaseCampFacilitiesStandardsforContingencyOperations(RedBook)
61
GlobalSecurity.Org


May2010 79

62
63
64
JointPublications409,JointDoctrineforGlobalDistribution,December14,2001
65
JointPublications409,JointDoctrineforGlobalDistribution
66
67
TestimonyofBGJeromeJohnson
68
GlobalSecurity.Org
69
GlobalSecurity.Org
70
GlobalSecurity.Org
71
JasonM.Railsback,ForceProtectionofForwardOperatingBasesinBaghdad
72
Interviewswithmilitarypersonnel
73
74
BryanFinoki,IntheBusinessofBlastWalls,April5,2008
75
76
DouglasWissing,CultivatingAfghanistan:ADayonFOBSalerno;
AnnaBadkhen,AnnaBadkhensIraqJournal,SanFranciscoChronicle,2005
77
78
79
AnnaBadkhen,AnnaBadkhensIraqJournal
80
81
HescoBastionLTD(www.hesco.com)
82
DonPickard,SmallScaleWastetoEnergyConversionforMilitaryFieldWaste,USArmyNatickSoldierRD&E
Center,May2021,2008
83
DonPickard,SmallScaleWastetoEnergyConversionforMilitaryFieldWaste
84
CustomerOrderingHandbook&Update,DefenseSupplyCenterPhiladelphia,DirectorateofSubsistence,
OperationalRationsDivision,October2008
85
CustomerOrderingHandbook&Update,DefenseSupplyCenterPhiladelphia
86
87
88
89
90
91
92


May2010 80

93
94
95
96
ProceedingsfromtheUSMCEnergy&PowerSymposium,NewOrleans,January2527,2010,USMCEnergy
AssessmentTeam
97
98
CarlosN.Keith,FieldFeedinginthe21stCentury,ArmySustainment,SeptOctober,2001
99
CarlosN.Keith,FieldFeedinginthe21stCentury
100
CarlosN.Keith,FieldFeedinginthe21stCentury
101
JointPublications403,JointBulkPetroleumandWaterDoctrine,May23,2003
102
JointPublications403,JointBulkPetroleumandWaterDoctrine
103
104
106
TheUSAREURBlueBook,BaseCampBaselineStandards
107
108
GlobalSecurity.Org
109
110
111
JayL.Garland,Sustainable,DecentralizedApproachestoWaterUse(BiologicalApproaches),Presentation
forArmyResearchOffice
112
Dr.KurtPreston,KurtJ.Kinnevan,EnvironmentalAspectsofMilitaryCompounds,BaseCamps:The
Environment,SustainabilityLink,OverseasEnvironmentalWorkshop,July2527,2006
113
JointPublications409,JointDoctrineforGlobalDistribution;
Dr.JianmingWang;
RichardJ.Scholzeetal,ProceedingsoftheMilitaryApplicationsforEmergingWaterUseTechnologies
Workshop,USArmyCorpsofEngineersERDC/CERLTR0912,April2009;
USArmyFieldManual334.400(FM5104),GeneralEngineering;
114
Lt.Col.ThomasJ.SheaIII,BuildingaBaseCamp
115
JeffsAfghanDiary:LifeattheFirebase,2007
116
JarredGuthrie,ObtainingandPurifyingWaterinIraq
117
JarredGuthrie,ObtainingandPurifyingWaterinIraq
118
DevonRiley,PreventativeMedicineinanUrbanEnvironment
119


May2010 81

120
RichardJ.Scholzeetal,ProceedingsoftheMilitaryApplicationsforEmergingWaterUseTechnologies
Workshop
121
USMCEnergyAssessmentTeam;
122
USMCEnergyAssessmentTeam
123
GeneralJamesConway,Commandant,USMC,RemarksattheUSMCEnergySummit
124
125
Interviews
126
USArmyFieldManual81015,EmploymentoftheFieldandGeneralHospitals,Tactics,Techniques,and
Procedures,March26,1997
127
JayL.Garland,Sustainable,DecentralizedApproachestoWaterUse(BiologicalApproaches)
128
DonPickard,SmallScaleWastetoEnergyConversionforMilitaryFieldWaste;
ExpeditionaryBasingWorkshop,ModernizingBaseCampsasaSystemofSystems,September2429,2009
(sponsoredbyUSArmyNatick)
129
130
USAREUR,BaseCampFacilitiesStandardsforContingencyOperations(RedBook);
W.H.Ruppertetal,ForceProviderSolidWasteCharacterizationStudy,TechnicalReportNatick/TR04/017,
August2004
131
Dr.KurtPreston,KurtJ.Kinnevan,EnvironmentalAspectsofMilitaryCompounds,BaseCamps:The
Environment,SustainabilityLink;
132
133
134
135
Dr.JianmingWang
136
137
ChrisDorobekandAmyMorris,DailyDebrief,November20,2009NewReport:AlternativeEnergyMethods
KeytoSecuringTroopsonBattlefield(InterviewwithGen.CharlesWald),FederalNewsRadio;
138
139
140
Dr.MarilynM.FreemanandAndyValentine,Overview:ArmyPower&EnergyEffortsandInitiatives,Office
oftheDeputyAssistantoftheArmy,May3,2007


May2010 82

141
142
143
JointPublications403,JointBulkPetroleumandWaterDoctrine;
144
145
StevenMufson,WalterPincus,SupplyingTroopsinAfghanistanwithFuelisChallengeforUS
146
StevenMufson,WalterPincus,SupplyingTroopsinAfghanistanwithFuelisChallengeforUS
147
148
149
RandyL.Boswell,Major,USAF,TheImpactofRenewableEnergySourcesonForwardOperatingBases,April
2007
150
151
152
153
ChrisDorobekandAmyMorris,DailyDebrief,November20,2009NewReport:AlternativeEnergyMethods
KeytoSecuringTroopsonBattlefield(InterviewwithGen.CharlesWald)
154
GeneralJamesConway,Commandant,USMC,RemarksattheUSMCEnergySummit;
Dr.MarilynM.FreemanandAndyValentine,Overview:ArmyPower&EnergyEffortsandInitiatives
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
RandyL.Boswell,Major,USAF,TheImpactofRenewableEnergySourcesonForwardOperatingBases
163
164
165
166


May2010 83

167
MoreFightLessFuel
168
MoreFightLessFuel
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
Interviewwithmilitarypersonnel
177
DouglasWissing,CultivatingAfghanistan:ADayonFOBSalerno
178
179
180
Interviewwithmilitarypersonnel
181
USArmyCorpsofEngineers(http://www.usace.army.mil/PPS/Pages/DPGDS.aspx)
182
GlobalSecurity.Org
183
MoreFightLessFuel
184
MoreFightLessFuel
185
ColGordonD.KuntzandJohnFittipaldi,UseofRenewableEnergyInContingencyOperations,Army
EnvironmentalPolicyInstitute,March2007
186
StephenD.Stouter,etal,ReducingSolidWasteinContingencyOperations,ArmyLogistician,JulyAugust
2006
187
C.JamesMartel,AnalysisoftheWasteManagementPracticesatBosniaandKosovoBaseCamps;
PublicWorksTechnicalBulletin200151,SolidWasteGenerationRatesatArmyBaseCamps,April1,2008
188
GaryL.Gerdesetal,HydrothermalProcessingofBaseCampSolidWastesToAllowOnsiteRecycling,US
ArmyCorpsofEngineersERDC/CERLTR0813,September2008
189
190
191
PublicWorksTechnicalBulletin200151,SolidWasteGenerationRatesatArmyBaseCamps


May2010 84

192
193
W.H.Ruppertetal,ForceProviderSolidWasteCharacterizationStudy;
PublicWorksTechnicalBulletin200151,SolidWasteGenerationRatesatArmyBaseCamps;
USArmyFieldManual425.12(21101),UnitFieldSanitationTeam,January25,2002
194
195
H.N.Conkle,DeployableWasteManagementSystem,AirForceResearchLaboratory
196
H.N.Conkle,DeployableWasteManagementSystem
197
W.H.Ruppertetal,ForceProviderSolidWasteCharacterizationStudy
198
W.H.Ruppertetal,ForceProviderSolidWasteCharacterizationStudy
199
DaveKoch,SolidWasteExploitation,January8,2008
200
H.N.Conkle,DeployableWasteManagementSystem
201
PublicWorksTechnicalBulletin200151,SolidWasteGenerationRatesatArmyBaseCamps,April1,2008;
GaryL.Gerdesetal,HydrothermalProcessingofBaseCampSolidWastesToAllowOnsiteRecycling
202
203
204
205
206
207
StephenD.Stouter,etal,ReducingSolidWasteinContingencyOperations;
Dr.JianmingWang
208
209
210
StephenD.Stouter,etal,ReducingSolidWasteinContingencyOperations
211
GaryL.Gerdesetal,HydrothermalProcessingofBaseCampSolidWastesToAllowOnsiteRecycling;
212
213
StephenD.Stouter,etal,ReducingSolidWasteinContingencyOperations;
214
StephenD.Stouter,etal,ReducingSolidWasteinContingencyOperations
215
216
217
218
219
220


May2010 85

221
USAREUR,BaseCampFacilitiesStandardsforContingencyOperations(RedBook);USArmyCorpsof
Engineers,BaseCampDevelopmentintheTheaterofOperations
222
223
224
225
226
USArmyFieldManual334.400(FM5104),GeneralEngineering;USArmyCorpsofEngineers,BaseCamp
DevelopmentintheTheaterofOperations
227

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SERDP|SustainableForwardOperatingBases

3.2 Process Tradeoffs

5.2 Types of Structures, Infrastructure

5.3 FOB Footprint

5.5 Sets (Force Provider, Harvest Falcon, Harvest Eagle)

8.2 Water Source and Treatment

8.3 Wastewater Source and Quantity

9.5 Individual Soldier

10.2 Characterization Studies

10.3 Treatment and Disposal

11.2 Areas of Potential Future Research

11.3 Parallel Research

120,502manhours 240,070manhours 800,233manhours

3,980squarefeet 39,800squarefeet 119,400squarefeet 796,000squarefeet

1,750gallons/day 17,500gallons/day 52,500gallons/day 350,000gallons/

1,750gallons/day 17,500gallons/day 52,500gallons/day 350,000gallons/

263gallons/day 2,625gallons/day 7,875gallons/day 52,500gallons/day

250gallons/day 2,500gallons/day 7,500gallons/day 50,000gallons/day

50KWorless 500KW 1.5MW 10MW

500pounds/day 5,000pounds/day 15,000pounds/day 100,000pounds/day

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