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Assignment 1 Assignment 1 Document Transcript
* 1. ASSIGNMENT NO # 01 ELECTROMECHNICAL SYSTEM IIM. ARSLAN SIDDIQUE
ROLL NO: S-3215 CLASS: BEEE 11(A)
* 2. QUESTION NO 1:Synchronous Generator Construction RotorTypes?The
rotor of a synchronous machine is a large electromagnet. The
magnetic poles can beeither salient (sticking out of rotor surface)
or non-salient construction.Salient Pole type rotor: The term
salient meansProtrudingorSticking outand a salient pole is a
magnetic polethat sticks out from the surface of the rotor. Salient
pole rotor is normally used for four ormore pole rotors because
rotor is subjected to changing magnetic field and Poles arelaminated
to reduce eddy current lossesThis type of rotor is used for slow
speed machines which have large diameters and smallaxial lengths.The
pole are made of thick steel laminations riveted together and
attached to a rotor by adovetail joint. The overhang of the pole
gives mechanical support to the field coil.In most of the
alternators, where the oscillation or the hunting effect is very
high, the damperwinding in the pole faces is provided. The copper
bars short circuited at both ends are placedin the specially holes.
The relative velocity of the damping winding with respect to main
fieldwill be zero when the speed is steady but as soon as it departs
from the synchronous speedthere will be relative motion between the
damper winding and the main field. This willinduce current in them.
This induced current will exert a torque in such a way as to bring
thealternator to operate at synchronous speed.The Pole face is so
shaped that the radial gap length increases from the pole centre to
poletips. This makes the flux distribution over the armature uniform
uniform to generatesinusoidal waveform of e.m.f.
* 3. Salient pole rotors are used in application with speeds from 100
to 1500rpm. They arealternative known as "projected pole" type of
rotors. The poles mounted on the rotor aremade of laminations made
of steel. The poles are connected to the rotor shaft by means
ofdovetail joints. Each pole has a pole shoe around which the
winding is wound. The salientpole rotor is generally used in
applications where the prime mover is a hydel turbine or acombustion
engine which have low or medium speeds. Salient pole rotors usually
containdamper windings to prevent rotor oscillations during operation.
* 4. Advantages and Disadvantages: They have large diameter and
short axial length. The pole shoe covers about 2/3rd of pole
pitch. Poles are laminated to reduce eddy current losses. These
employed with hydraulic turbines or diesel engines. The speed is 100
to 375 r.p.m. large in diameter small in axial length Where flux
density is high so lows speed alternators are used for generating
electrical energy. Arrangement of large pole such to max 64
These type pole rotors are used in hydro-generatorNon-salient pole
rotor:Non-salient pole rotor is a magnetic pole constructed flush
with the surface of rotor. Non-salient pole rotor consists of two or
four pole rotor.
* 5. It is used for stream turbine-driven alternator i.e.
turbo-alternators, which run at very highspeeds. The rotor consists
of a smooth solid forged steel cylinder, having a number of
slotsmilled out at intervals along the outer periphery (and parallel
to the shaft) foraccommodating field's coils. Such rotors are
designed mostly for 2-pole (or 4-pole) turbogenerators running at
3600 r.p.m.The central polar area is surrounded by the field
windings placed in slots. The field coils areso arranged around
these polar areas that flux density is maximum on the polar central
lineand gradually falls away on either side. It should be noted that
in this case, poles are non-salient i.e. they do not project out
from the surface of the rotor. To avoid excessiveperipheral
velocity, such rotors have very small diameters (about 1 meter or
so). Hence,turbo-generators are characterized by small diameters and
very long axial (or rotor) length.The cylindrical construction of
the rotor gives better balance and quieter-operation and alsoless
winding losses.Advantages and Disadvantages: The winding loss is
reduced. The noise produced is also less. These rotors have
higher axial length. These rotors do not need damper windings.
small in diameter large in axial length Flux density appx. Low
high speed alternator is used generating electrical energy. No
pole field are less appx.=4 so these type pole rotors are used in
turbo-generator
* 6. QUESTION NO 2:EXCITION METHOD FOR SYNCHRONOUSGENERATOR:Two common
approaches are used to supply a DC current to the field circuits on
therotating rotor:1. Supply the DC power from an external DC source
to the rotor by means of slip rings andbrushes. 2. Supply the DC
power from a special DC power source mounted directly on the shaft
ofthe machine.Slip rings are metal rings completely encircling the
shaft of a machine but insulated from it.Graphite-like carbon
brushes connected to DC terminals ride on each slip ring supplying
DCvoltage to field windings.On large generators and motors,
brushless exciters are used. A brushless exciter is a smallAC
generator whose field circuits are mounted on the stator and
armature circuits aremounted on the rotor shaft. The exciter
generator's 3-phase output is rectified to DC by a 3-phase rectifier
(mounted on the shaft) and fed into the main DC field circuit. It is
possible toadjust the field current on the main machine by
controlling the small DC field current of theexciter generator
(located on the stator).A rotor of large synchronous machine with a
brushless exciter mounted on the same Shaft.Many synchronous
generators having brushless exciters also include slip rings and
brushesto provide emergency source of the field DC current.
* 7. A brushless exciter: a low 3-phase current is rectified and used
to supply the field circuit ofthe exciter (located on the stator).
The output of the exciter's armature circuit (on the rotor)is
rectified and used as the field current of the main machine.
* 8. To make the excitation of a generator completely independent of
any external powersource, a small pilot exciter is often added to
the circuit. The pilot exciter is an AC generatorwith a permanent
magnet mounted on the rotor shaft and a 3-phase winding on the
statorproducing the power for the field circuit of the exciter. THE END
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