1. Single-processor system(p.7-8.

183)
Theres one main CPU capable of executing a general-purpose instruction set, including instructions
from user processes.
Only one process can run at a time; any others must wait until the CPU is free and can be
rescheduled.

CPU
2. Program counter(p.24)
A program counter is a type of register that is found in the CPU of a computer system. The purpose of
the counter is to provide the temporary housing for the next instruction that is to be executed in a
string of instructions.

3. Cache(p.27)
A cache is a storage system to store something temporarily. A cache where a copy of the most
recently accessed data and adjacent (most likely to be accessed) data is stored for fast access.
CPU
CPU CPU Cache
CPU CPU Cache
,CPU ,
4. Distributed system(p.30-31)
A distributed system is a collection of physically separate, possibly heterogeneous, computer systems
that are networked to provide the users with access to the various resources that the system
maintains.
I.

II.

5. Client-server computing(p.35)
Client/server computing provides the seamless integration of personal computers with host systems.
Client/server computing generally refers to a computing model where two or more computers
interact in such a way that one provides services to the other.
Client/server computing has two basic components, a client and a server. The client requests a service
to be performed. This service might be to run an application, query a data base, print a document, or
even perform a backup or recovery procedure.

6. Virtual machine(p.76)
The fundamental idea is to abstract the hardware of a single computer(the CPU, memory, disk drives,
network interface cards, and so forth) into several different execution environments, thereby creating
the illusion that each separate execution environment is running its own private computer.

7. Multithreaded programing(p.156)
Multithreading is the ability of a program or an operating system process to manage its use by more
than one user at a time and to even manage multiple requests by the same user without having to
have multiple copies of the programming running in the computer. Each user request for a program or
system service (and here a user can also be another program) is kept track of as a thread with a
separate identity. As programs work on behalf of the initial request for that thread and are
interrupted by other requests, the status of work on behalf of that thread is kept track of until the
work is completed.
thread thread CPU
CPU