Power Electronics Applications to High Frequency

Induction Heating Equipments

Amar Singh Choudhary , Entry No. 2013EEP2327
M Tech I
st
Year (PEEMD), Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT DELHI


Abstract Solid-state devices have reached a matured level for
obtaining high frequency power supply from power frequency
AC Supply for high frequency induction heating equipments.
This paper deals with converters configurations, principle of
operation, their suitability and selection for specific applications
involving high frequency induction heating. A list of 50 research
publications on power electronic applications for high frequency
induction heating is also given for a quick reference.

1. INTRODUCTION
Induction heating involves the basic principle of transformer.
Here the induction coil acts as a primary and the workpiece
will act as short circuited secondary. Thereby the eddy
currents induced in workpiece due to alternating flux
produced by primary induction coil will cause heating of work
piece due to resistance of it. Here the induction coil can be
represented by a equivalent inductor and the workpiece by
equivalent resistance in series or parallel with the coil
inductance. The heat produced in work piece is directly
proportional to frequency of source feeding power to
induction coil. The basic topology involved in induction
heating for cooking is shown in fig. 1 With significant
advances of power semiconductor devices and electronic
control device technologies, the voltage-fed or the current-fed
resonant inverters using new power semiconductor devices
such as MOSFETs, IGBTs, MCTS, SITs/B-SITs are used in
high frequency induction heating equipments.



The electromagnetic induction heating appliances
include the following advantages.

a) High power: Since the heating coil has no need of getting
hot directly for the purpose of heating the load, very high
power density, large heating surface and high temperature
heating are achieved by introducing high-frequency IH
principle.
b) Flexibility of heating distribution: The distribution of
power density to the pan or vessel can be easily changed
with the coil configuration including local heating.
c) Controllabihty: A response of load temperature is
extremely high because of the power supply with high-
frequency inverter regulation strategy.
d) High efficiency: Heat is directly generated in the pan or
vessel as the load and there is basically no consumption of
energy in the heat conduction. This causes the sufficient
reduction of the running cost and the energy saving
effectiveness.
e) High safety and high reliability: The household user can
utilize cooking appliance in safety because there is little
fear of burning as compared with a gas heater or the other
conventional

The three converter configurations involved in induction
heating are : as shown in fig. 2(a) and 2(b), are
a) Voltage source, series-resonant inverters
b) Current source parallel-resonant inverter
c) Cycloconverters (AC-AC converter)

The Cycloconverter based induction heating is not extensively
used as it has very high device count and other related
problems. So here in this paper the discussion will be around
first two most commonly used topology as shown in fig. 2(a)
and 2(b). The resonant capacitor is used to supply a
sinusoidal current to the induction coil and to compensate for
the poor power factor due to the coil inductance.



The series-resonant inverter needs an output transformer for
matching the output power to the load. Since the transformer's
secondary winding must carry high current and additional real
power loss is introduced therefore the system overall
efficiency is reduced. The transformer is later omitted in the
series and parallel resonant inverter, also known as LLC
resonant inverter.
The various application such induction heating cooking
melting, forging etc involving above two configurations for
High frequency induction heating with their circuit
configurations and brief description is detailed in subsequent
sections.


II VARIOUS RESONANT INVERTER TOPOLOGIES
USED IN INDUCTION HEATING

1) SINGLE SWITCH ZVS AND ZCS BASED
TOPOLOGIES:
The trend to use induction heating in low power application
like cooking etc where the requirement of high switching
frequency and to reduce size and weight and to suppress EMI
led to the development of switch configurations providing
zero-current-switching (ZCS) or zero-voltage-switching
(ZVS). As a result of having zero current (voltage) during
turn-on and turn-off in ZCS (ZVS), the switching power loss
is greatly reduced. The L-C resonant circuit is built around the
semiconductor switch to ensure ZCS or ZVS.




2) VOLTAGE SOURCE, SERIES-RESONANT HALF
BRIDGE BASED TOPOLOGIES

Series resonant inverters are the optimum topology for low to
medium frequency (1-100 kHz) applications like melting,
forging and low frequency hardening.



3) VOLTAGE SOURCE, SERIES-RESONANT FULL
BRIDGE BASED TOPOLOGIES



4) CURRENT SOURCE, PARALLEL-RESONANT FULL
BRIDGE BASED TOPOLOGIES
Current-fed inverters are the common inverters used for
induction heating applications . a current-fed inverter is the
best topology to drive a parallel resonant load because of its
output square current waveform. The square current wave fed
to the load has high-frequency components, which see a low
impedance flowing into a parallel resonant circuit . The
inverter has a low component count compared to a voltage-fed
inverter topology. Also current-fed inverter achieves inherent
short-circuit protection provided by the large smoothing choke
to restrict the rise of current. This type of inverter has
superior no-load performance when the work coil is not
loaded (no work-piece inside the coil) because the furnace
draws reduced power. Current fed Parallel resonant inverters
are better adapted to extremely high frequencies (up to 600
kHz) in applications like high frequency hardening and tube
welding which require very high frequencies.


III. CONTROL METHODOLOGIES OF
VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTERS

A high-frequency voltage-source inverter has no ability to
control the output power by itself, so that the output power of
such an inverter has to be controlled by adjusting the dc input
voltage. A thyristor bridge rectifier having a dc capacitor and
reactor has been conventionally used as a variable dc-voltage
power supply. This causes some problems in size and cost.
In order to overcome the problems of the thyristor bridge
rectifier, the following power control schemes are being used
with the focus on the use of a diode bridge rectifier as a dc
power supply:
1. frequency control
2. pulse-width-modulation
3. phase-shift control
4. duty control
These power control schemes, however, may result in an
increase of switching losses and electromagnetic noises
because it is impossible for switching devices to be always
turned on and off at zero current.


IV.CONCLUSIONS
The various resonant inverter topology used for high
frequency induction heating is presented. It is observed that
the topology involving single switch ZVS and ZCS are used
where cost is important factor. The voltage source series
resonant inverter topology is used in applications upto
frequency range of 1-100 kHZ. Current fed Parallel resonant
inverters are better adapted to extremely high frequencies (up
to 600 kHz) in applications like high frequency hardening and
tube welding which require very high frequencies.
.
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