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Buddhism initially spread throughout India following King Ashoka's conversion in the 3rd century BCE. This led to several Buddhist councils being held to codify the teachings. The First Council established the Dharma and Vinaya, while later councils dealt with disputes between schools and canons. Over time, various schools like Mahayana and Vajrayana emerged, changing the Buddhist landscape in India, until it eventually declined there by the 12th century CE.
Buddhism initially spread throughout India following King Ashoka's conversion in the 3rd century BCE. This led to several Buddhist councils being held to codify the teachings. The First Council established the Dharma and Vinaya, while later councils dealt with disputes between schools and canons. Over time, various schools like Mahayana and Vajrayana emerged, changing the Buddhist landscape in India, until it eventually declined there by the 12th century CE.
Buddhism initially spread throughout India following King Ashoka's conversion in the 3rd century BCE. This led to several Buddhist councils being held to codify the teachings. The First Council established the Dharma and Vinaya, while later councils dealt with disputes between schools and canons. Over time, various schools like Mahayana and Vajrayana emerged, changing the Buddhist landscape in India, until it eventually declined there by the 12th century CE.
Pease note that !arious Buddhist s"hoos may differ in detais of Buddhist history# Initiay$ Buddhism remained one of the many sma se"ts in India# The main %rea&throu'h "ame (hen )in' Aso&a *"a# +,-.+/+ B0E1 "on!erted to Buddhism# He did not ma&e it a state rei'ion$ %ut su22orted a ethi"a rei'ions# He or'anised the s2readin' of Buddhism throu'hout India$ %ut aso %eyond3 most im2ortanty to Shri Lan&a# This o""urred after the Third 0oun"i# THE BUDDHIST 0OUN0ILS The First 0oun"i Three months after the Buddha4s Maha2arinir!ana *2assin' a(ay1$ his immediate dis"i2es "on!ened a "oun"i at Ra5a'aha# Maha )assa2a$ the most res2e"ted and senior mon&$ 2resided at the 0oun"i# T(o !ery im2ortant 2ersonaities (ho s2e"iaised in the t(o areas of the tea"hin's6 . The Dharma6 Ananda$ the "osest "onstant "om2anion and dis"i2e of the Buddha for +7 years# Endo(ed (ith a remar&a%e memory$ Ananda (as a%e to re"ite (hat (as s2o&en %y the Buddha# . The 8inaya6 U2ai remem%ered a the 8inaya rues# Ony these t(o se"tions . the Dharma and the 8inaya . (ere re"ited at the First 0oun"i *no mention (as made of the A%hidharma yet1# Thou'h there (ere no differen"es of o2inion on the Dharma there (as some dis"ussion a%out the 8inaya rues# Before the Buddha4s Parinir!anana$ he had tod Ananda that if the San'ha (ished to amend or modify some minor rues$ they "oud do so# But Ananda for'ot to as& the Buddha (hat the minor rues (ere# As the mem%ers of the 0oun"i (ere una%e to a'ree as to (hat "onstituted the minor rues$ Maha )assa2a finay rued that no dis"i2inary rue aid do(n %y the Buddha shoud %e "han'ed$ and no ne( ones shoud %e introdu"ed# No intrinsi" reason (as 'i!en# Maha )assa2a did say one thin'$ ho(e!er6 9If (e "han'ed the rues$ 2eo2e (i say that 8en# :autama4s dis"i2es "han'ed the rues e!en %efore his funera fire has "eased %urnin'#9 At the 0oun"i$ the Dharma (as di!ided into !arious 2arts and ea"h 2art (as assi'ned to an Eder and his 2u2is to "ommit to memory# The Dharma (as then 2assed on from tea"her to 2u2i oray# The Dharma (as re"ited daiy %y 'rou2s of 2eo2e (ho re'uary "ross."he"&ed (ith ea"h other to ensure that no omissions or additions (ere made# The Se"ond 0oun"i A""ordin' to the Thera!adin s"hoo *Rahua1$ a%out one hundred years after the Buddha4s 2assin' a(ay$ the Se"ond 0oun"i (as hed to dis"uss some 8inaya rues$ and no "ontro!ersy a%out the Dharma (as re2orted# The orthodo; mon&s *Stha!ari!ada1 said that nothin' shoud %e "han'ed$ (hie the others insisted on modifyin' some rues# Finay$ a 'rou2 of mon&s eft the 0oun"i and formed the Mahasan'hi&a . the :reat 0ommunity# *The Mahasan'hi&a shoud not to %e "onfused (ith Mahayana#1 A""ordin' to another !ersion *S&iton1$ the Se"ond 0oun"i may ha!e had t(o 2arts6 initiay in 8aisai$ some <- years after the Buddha$ and =- years after that$ a meetin' in Patai2utra$ (here Mahade!a maintained fi!e theses on the Arhat# The a"tua s2it may ha!e o""urred at Patai2utra$ not 8aisai o!er detais of the 8inaya# In the non.Thera!adin !ersion of e!ents$ the Mahasan'ha foo(ed the ori'ina !inaya and the Stha!ira!ada *the Eders1 (anted "han'es# >hat e;a"ty ha22ened is uni&ey to %e e!er re!eaed$ %ut the first s2it in the San'ha (as a fa"t# The Third 0oun"i Durin' the rei'n of Em2eror Aso&a in the /rd 0entury B0E$ the Third 0oun"i (as hed to dis"uss the differen"es of o2inion amon' the %hi&&hus of different se"ts# At this 0oun"i differen"es of o2inion (ere not "onfined to the 8inaya$ %ut aso "on"erned the Dharma# The President of the 0oun"i$ Mo''ai2utta Tissa$ "om2ied a %oo& "aed the )atha!atthu (hi"h refuted the hereti"a$ fase !ie(s and theories hed %y some se"ts o""urrin' at the time# The tea"hin' a22ro!ed and a""e2ted %y this 0oun"i %e"ame &no(n as Stha!iras or Thera!ada$ 9Tea"hin' of the Eders9# The A%hidhamma Pita&a (as in"uded at this 0oun"i# After the Third 0oun"i$ )in' Aso&a sent missionaries to Sri Lan&a$ )anara$ )arnata&a$ )ashmir$ Himaaya re'ion$ Burma$ e!en no(adays Af'hanistan# Aso&a4s son$ 8en# Mahinda$ %rou'ht the Tri2ita&a to Sri Lan&a$ aon' (ith the "ommentaries that (ere re"ited at the Third 0oun"i# These tea"hin's ater %e"ame &no(n as the 9Pai."anon9# The Fourth 0oun"i The Fourth Buddhist 0oun"i (as hed under the aus2i"es of )in' )anis&a at ?aandhar or in )ashmir around @-- 0E$ (here =AA mon&s of the Sar!asti!adin s"hoo "om2ied a ne( "anon# This "oun"i (as ne!er re"o'nised %y the Thera!ada s"hoo# The Fifth 0oun"i *Burma1 The 7th Buddhist 0oun"i (as hed from @B<B to @B,@ in Mandaay$ Burma (here the te;t of the Pai 0anon (as re!ised and ins"ri%ed on ,+A mar%e sa%s# The Si;th 0oun"i *Burma1 The <th Buddhist 0oun"i (as hed at Ran'oon$ Burma in @A7=.@A7<# CTo2 of Pa'e FROM +-- B0E TO THE PRESENT Prior to the Third 0oun"i$ se!era s"hoos de!eo2ed from the Stha!ari!adin6 8asi2utriyaDPud'aa!adinDSammitiya *three names for the same s"hoo1$ Sar!asti!adin and 8i%a5ya!adin# Later on$ the 8i%ha5ya!adin s"hoo (as di!ided into the Mahisasi&a and the Thera!ada# The Sar!asti!adin de!eo2ed ater su%.s"hoos &no(n as 8ai%asi&a and Sautranti&a# The Sar!asti!adin s"hoo is im2ortant in that it formed the %asis for the ater de!eo2ment of Mahayana# >ith the "on!ersion of )in' Aso&a$ Buddhism suddeny %e"ame a main rei'ion in India3 it had %een 5ust one of the many se"ts %efore him# After the death of Aso&a$ there foo(ed a 2eriod of 2erse"ution under Pusyamitra Sun'a *@B/. @=, B0E1# The se"ond roya 2atron for Buddhism (as )anis&a *@st to +nd "entury1# Under his aus2i"es$ the Fourth 0oun"i (as hed# Le'end re2orts that Na'ar5una *"a#@7-.+7- 0E1 (as the 2erson 2reordained %y Buddha to re"o!er and e;2i"ate the Perfe"tion of >isdom te;ts# The first of these te;ts (as the 4Perfe"tion of >isdom in B$--- Lines4# After one of his e"tures$ some na'as a22roa"hed him and tod him of the te;ts hidden in their &in'dom$ and so Na'ar5una tra!eed there and returned (ith the sutras to India# He is "redited (ith foundin' the Madhyama&a *Midde >ay1 s"hoo of Buddhist2hioso2hy$ (hi"h em2hasiEed the "entraity of the do"trine of em2tiness# Na'ar5una4s 2hioso2hy is usuay "onne"ted to the emer'en"e of Mahayana around this time$ (hi"h meant a "ear distin"tion into the t(o main s"hoos of Buddhism# A22ro;imatey t(o "enturies after Na'ar5una$ a ne( Mahayana s"hoo arose in India$ (hi"h is "ommony &no(n as theFo'a"hara *Fo'i" Pra"ti"e S"hoo1# The main s"ri2tura sour"e for this s"hoo is the Sutra E;2ainin' the Thou'ht *Samdhinirmo"hana.sutra1$ (hi"h "onsists of a series of Guestions 2ut to the Buddha %y a 'rou2 of %odhisatt!as# The name 9Fo'i" Pra"ti"e S"hoo9 may ha!e %een deri!ed from an im2ortant treatise %y Asan'a *"a# /@-./A-1 entited the Le!es of Fo'i" Pra"ti"e *Fo'a"hara.%humi1# Aon' (ith his %rother 8asu%andhu *"a# /+-.=--1$ Asan'a is "redited (ith foundin' this s"hoo and de!eo2in' its "entra do"trines# Fo'a"hara em2hasiEes the im2ortan"e of meditati!e 2ra"ti"e$ and se!era 2assa'es in Fo'a"hara te;ts indi"ate that the founders of the s"hoo 2er"ei!ed other Mahayana Buddhists as %ein' o!ery "on"erned (ith diae"ti"a de%ate (hie ne'e"tin' meditation# The Fo'a"hara s"hoo is "ommony referred to in Ti%et as 9Mind Ony9 *sems tsam3 Sans&rit6 "hitta.matra1 %e"ause of an idea found in some Fo'a"hara te;ts that a the 2henomena of the (ord are 9"o'nition.ony9 *!i5na2ti.matra1$ im2yin' that e!erythin' (e 2er"ei!e is "onditioned %y "ons"iousness# From around the =th "ent 0E$ 8a5rayana *Tantrayana1 Buddhism started to de!eo2 in India as 2art of the Mahayana tradition# In addition to the de!eo2ments in 2hioso2hy$ a ne( trend in 2ra"ti"e de!eo2ed in India$ (hi"h (as (ritten do(n in te;ts "aed tantras# These te;ts 2ur2orted to ha!e %een s2o&en %y the histori"a Buddha *or sometimes %y other Buddhas1$ and (hie they in"or2orated the traditiona Mahayana idea of the %odhisatt!a (ho see&s %uddhahood for the %enefit of a %ein's$ they aso 2ro2osed some radi"ay ne( 2ra"ti"es and 2aradi'ms# The "entra 2ra"ti"es of tantra in"ude !isuaiEations intended to foster "o'niti!e reorientation$ the use of 2rayers *mantra1 to Buddhas that are intended to fa"iitate the transformation of the meditator into a fuy eni'htened Buddha$ and often ea%orate rituas# In the 7th "ent 0E$ a Buddhist monasti" uni!ersity (as founded at Naanda$ India# This uni!ersity (oud %e"ome the ar'est and most infuentia Buddhist "enter for many "enturies to "ome# 0handra&irti *"a# 77-.<--1 (as one of the most infuentia "ommentators of Na'ar5una In the foo(in' "enturies$ a num%er of syn"reti" s"hoos de!eo2ed# They tended to min'e Madhyama&a and Fo'a"hara do"trines# The 'reatest e;am2es of this syn"reti" 2eriod are the 2hioso2hers Shantara&shita *"a# <B-.,=-1 and)amaashia *"a# ,=-.,A-1$ (ho are amon' the ast si'nifi"ant Buddhist 2hioso2hers in India# Foo(in' this ast fo(erin' of Buddhist thou'ht in India$ Buddhism %e'an to de"ine# It %e"ame in"reasin'y a tradition of eite s"hoar.mon&s (ho studied in 'reat monasti" uni!ersities i&e Naanda and 8i&ramashia in Northern India# Buddhism faied to ada2t to "han'in' so"ia and 2oiti"a "ir"umstan"es$ and a22arenty a"&ed a (ide %ase of su22ort# >hen a series of in!asions %y Tur&ish Musims des"ended on India in the ninth throu'h t(efth "enturies$ after the in!aders had sa"&ed the 'reat north Indian monasti" uni!ersities and &ied many 2rominent mon&s$ Buddhism (as deat a death %o( from (hi"h it ne!er re"o!ered# In @@A/ the Mosems atta"&ed and "onGuered Ma'adha$ the heartand of Buddhism in India$ and (ith the destru"tion of the Buddhist Monasteries$ i&e Naanda *@+--1 in that area Buddhism (as (i2ed out# Ony some sma remnants of Buddhist "ommunities$ i&e in the Himaayan areas$ Buddhism remained ai!e# A2art from the Mosims$ most Indians are Hindu$ and to them Buddhism is a od$ dead %ran"h of Hinduism$ not a se2erate$ inde2endent rei'ion# Durin' the En'ish 0oonia Rue$ there (as a sma resur'en"e of Buddhism in India# In the @BA-4s$ for e;am2e$ Damma2ara of Sri Lan&a founded the Maha%oddhi So"iety$ and Ayoti Daas founded the Buddhist So"iety of South India$ as (e as other unreated Buddhist a"ti!ities in Ben'a and other 2a"es in India# The effe"ts of these a"ti!ites (here o"aiEed$ ne!er s2readin' (idey# In @A7< in the state of Maharashutra$ in the "ity of Na'2ur$ Dr# Am%ed&ar hed a "on!ersion "eremony$ and "on!erted 7--$--- untou"ha%es to Buddhism# One of the underyin' thou'hts of this re.introdu"tion (as to redu"e the infuen"e of the Hindu "aste system in India and its detrimenta infuen"e on 2eo2e of the o(er "astes# The num%er of Buddhists in India in @AB@ *a""ordin' to India :o!t# estimates1 (as =#<7 miion 2eo2e$ and in @AA@$ %e"ame <#/+ miion 2eo2e# A%out B-H of this 2o2uation i!e in the state of Maharashutra$ and in the "ity of Na'2ur3 mainy "onne"ted to Dr# Am%ed&ar4s efforts# In the ast fe( years$ the "oun"iousness of human ri'hts has in"reased in India$ and the num%er of Untou"ha%es "on!ertin' to Buddhism is in"reasin'# Main sour"es6 8en# Dr# ># Rahua4s 9:ems of Buddhist >isdom9 Asian studies$ Buddha Sasana 9A 0on"ise History of Buddhism9 %y Andre( S&iton *>indhorse @AA=1#