2014

Fraternal Tradition
CONVERSATIONS
JOSHUA TEE
Tee 1

Introduction
College fraternities are a social institution found on campuses across the nation. At their best,
fraternities strive to be a guiding organization working towards assisting impressionable young men in
the development of maturity, intelligence, and ethos for some form of success in their careers and later
years. Under this veneer of moral sensibility any cursory investigation will find rampant underage
drinking and various debased and misogynistic behaviors. The role of a fraternity was originally as a
brotherhood with scholarly intentions, social organizations that recruited for literary and philosophical
talent. As such, membership was usually confined to the wealthy white male educated elite, developing
secret traditions and rituals that now date back decades. College is usually seen as a place of radical
change, an institution of rapid political and social revolution. The modern fraternity is less exclusive than
it was previously, but given the problems many fraternities have on campus, the existence of the
modern fraternity system is called into question. At the University of Cincinnati, a large number of
students take part in both the weekend ribaldry and social benefits the fraternities offer. The merits and
detriments of the local Greek system thus merit examination.
Criticism
Fraternities are traditionally considered sites of alcohol abuse, hazing, and sexual assault, arising
from a culture of anti-intellectualism and misogyny. These activities no doubt occur on other locations
around campuses and in other college organizations, but on many campuses fraternities are repeat
offenders for these behaviors.
Alcohol abuse is an endemic problem with many fraternities. The fact that alcohol abuse is
harmful physically and mentally is not controversial. It is well known that binge drinking in college is
Tee 2

associated with lower grades and class attendance, along with the myriad physical health effects and
increased risk of injury or death by fall from heights or automobile.
1

One of the most comprehensive studies done on drinking habits for college age students is the
Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol study, conducted at four year colleges nationwide
between 1992 and 2006. This study examined various aspects of drinking behavior at these colleges.
Particularly interesting is the correlation between drinking and fraternity and sorority life. Membership
in a fraternity is associated with first year students taking up binge drinking in college.
2
It was found that
the heaviest drinking took place at bars, off campus parties, and fraternity parties, with fraternity parties
the sites of the heaviest drinking out of the three.
3
Out of those under 21, fraternity members are more
likely to possess fake IDs.
4

Students in U.S. college fraternities and sororities have generally been thought to be heavy
drinkers. Studies are now examining this perception and confirming that fraternity and sorority
members do drink greater amounts of alcohol, and more frequently, than anyone else on
campus. Students affiliated with campus Greek societies, whether full members or pledges,
should be considered a high-risk population for alcohol abuse and its consequences, including
poor academic performance, unprotected sexual activity, fighting, serious injury, and rape.

-National Association of Student Personnel Administrators, 2009
5

One of the many traditions fraternities have is the concept of pledging, where prospective
brothers are subjected to a period where the customs and values of the fraternity are ostensibly imbued
before the pledges are formally initiated as brothers. This innocent process has been somewhat tainted
by the concept of hazing, where elder brothers mercilessly subject the pledges to myriad acts testing the
limits of sadistic imagination. These activities range from beatings, considerable alcohol consumption,

1
Overview of Alcohol Consumption National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
2
Wechsler, H., & Nelson, (2008). What We Have Learned From the Harvard School of Public Health College
Alcohol Study Harvard School of Public Health
3
Ibid
4
Wechsler, H., Kuh, G., & Davenport, (2009). Fraternities, Sororities and Binge Drinking: Results from a National
Study of American Colleges. NASPA Journal Vol. 46, 395-416
5
Fraternity and Sorority (2013). NASPA: Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education
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psychological traumatization, forced confinement, to other more esoteric inflictions. Since 2005, there
have been 60 fraternity related deaths, many of them freshmen pledges during the pledging process.
6

Many of these pledging deaths involve the consumption of alcohol. There is no national legislation
against hazing, but it is illegal in many states of the US with varying severities of punishment. Most
national organizations expressly forbid hazing but the phenomena appears to be widespread though ill
reported in the musty confines of supervision lax fraternity homes.
Another oft criticized aspect of the modern fraternity is the prevalence of sexual assault on
women in fraternity homes. It is difficult to measure the scope of such incidents as many are not
reported, but it is estimated that around 2% of women on campus are victims of completed or
attempted rape.
7
Factors that increase risk of sexual assault for women are membership in a sorority
and frequently attending fraternity parties.
8
Binge drinking is often a causation for incapacitated sexual
assault, and the frequency of binge drinking at fraternity housing perhaps contributes to this correlation.
One of the more nebulous qualities of fraternities comes in the lack of diversity in the members.
Fraternities are often organized with specific criteria for members, at times by race and/or religion.
Most have now been opened in the modern era to prospective members, but the effects of former
policy are still felt. Fraternity or sorority membership has a negative effect on openness to cultural
diversity after the first year of college.
9
In addition to this, there is the obvious fact that most social
fraternities are closed to women, resulting in the overcompensation in masculinity often found in all
male organizations.
Modern fraternities are often national organizations that devote considerable effort towards
creating risk management policies and taking out insurance policies for often exorbitant prices to cover

6
Sigma Alpha Epsilon Deaths (2013, 12 30). Bloomberg
7
Measuring Frequency (2008, 10 1). National Institute of Justice
8
Ibid
9
Wechsler, H., Kuh, G., & Davenport, (2009)
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the settlements of lawsuits for various reasons ranging from property destruction to unintended injury.
The following was said by a prominent lawyer involved in a multitude of lawsuits against fraternities.
(Fraternities are) Part of an industry that has tremendous risk and a tremendous history of rape,
serious injury, and death, and the vast majority share common risk-management policies that
are fundamentally flawed. Most of them are awash in alcohol. And most if not all of them are
bereft of any meaningful adult supervision.
-Douglas Fierberg, 2013
10

Under freedom of association there is no method for any institution, government or university,
to legally ban a fraternity from existence, as citizens have the right to associate with their peers.
However, there are a variety of methods to regulate and limit the extent of a fraternitys ability to host
parties, obtain housing, attain official recognition, conduct activities on campus, etc. Of note is the
ability of universities to mandate non-membership in a fraternity as a condition of studying at a
university. Students do not have any right to attend a particular university, so this measure is in effect a
legal method of banning membership in fraternities among a student population. For the most part,
colleges that have taken steps to radically reduce the presence of fraternities and/or sororities on
campus have been smaller liberal arts institutions with strong academic traditions.
11

Fraternities originally came about as institutions in the 1800s with symbols and rituals along
with literary elements of oratory and recitation.
12
Academic institutions during this era were
characterized by a strict curricula of Latin and Greek with restrictions on sleeping schedules. These
oppressive conditions gave rise to the secret societies marked with Greek letters that we now know as
fraternities, a form of rebellion through secrecy. The era of colleges extensively controlling the actions
of their students has ceased for most institutions in the modern educational system. Critics of
fraternities contend that this system of Greek student organizations has grown out of its intellectual

10
Flanagan, C. (2014, 2 19). The Dark Power of Fraternities The Atlantic
11
Kaake, A. (2012, 10 17). The Place of Fraternities The Amherst Student
12
Flanagan, C. (2014, 2 19).
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roots into a culture prone to alcohol abuse, hazing, and sexual assault, purporting that the need for such
organizations operating bereft of administrative supervision is minimal.
Support
Advocates for fraternities point toward the benefits the Greek system offers to young men, the
mentorship and leadership experience that shape men for the rest of their lives. Most modern
fraternities are organized into national organizations that have a national assembly with chapters placed
at various campuses. These chapters are connected by the rituals and secrets of each fraternity,
ostensibly birthing a community of brothers devoted to the singular purpose of a rewarding life through
scholarship, honor, morality, and other such virtues. These are typically condensed into a creed that is
memorized by all the brothers, such as that of Alpha Tau Omega below.
To bind men together in a brotherhood based upon eternal and immutable principles, with a
bond as strong as right itself and as lasting as humanity; to know no North, no South, no East, no
West, but to know man as man, to teach that true men the world over should stand together
and contend for supremacy of good over evil; to teach, not politics, but morals; to foster, not
partisanship, but the recognition of true merit wherever found; to have no narrower limits
within which to work together for the elevation of man than the outlines of the world: these
were the thoughts and hopes uppermost in the minds of the founders of the Alpha Tau Omega
Fraternity.
-Alpha Tau Omega Creed
13

These values taught by fraternities are indeed desirable and certainly no harm can come about
for an impressionable college student to join an organization seeking to instill a sense of social virtue
and morality. The brotherhood offered by a fraternity can provide a network of connections in the local
and national organization, possibly aiding a member in a later career.
Each chapter of a fraternity contains its own president and cabinet, allowing students to gain
experience in leadership and organization under the mentorship of graduate brothers. In addition, at

13
The Creed of Alpha Tau Omega (2014). Alpha Tau Omega
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many campuses a large number of leadership positions at student led organizations are filled by
members of Greek societies. This leadership is invaluable in career fields after college. A significant
number of US presidents, congressmen, and CEOs have been members of fraternities and cite their
college experiences as a contributing factor for their successes later in life. Of the men and women
comprising the 113
th
Congress of the United States, 39 members of the Senate and 106 congressmen
were involved in Greek societies in their college days.
14
Furthermore, 44% of all presidents have been
members of a fraternity, with a significant percentage of Supreme Court Justices and Fortune 500 CEOs
also marking their roots in fraternities and sororities.
15

Fraternities often raise money for charity through various events, and are a very visible aspect of
campus life through service and social engagement. Of the fraternities and sororities in the North
American Interfraternity Conference, a total of 2.8 million hours of community service and 21.1 million
dollars of charity were contributed for the 2011-2012 academic year.
16
Membership in a social
community that regularly holds events for philanthropy can only be beneficial for the thriving
extracurricular involvement college administrators hold so dear.
Advocates often cite studies showing the academic benefits of fraternities. However, these
effects are not borne out in all studies, and results are mixed on the effect of fraternity membership on
academic achievement.
17
No significant differences were found between fraternity members and
nonmembers in terms of study habits or reported grades in a nationwide survey at 115 institutions in
1993.
18
The benefits of a larger community of peers for academic assistance may outweigh the
detrimental academic effects of increased drinking.

14
Press Room (2014). North American Interfraternity Conference
15
Ibid
16
Ibid
17
Wechsler, H., Kuh, G., & Davenport, (2009)
18
Ibid
Tee 7

Overwhelming evidence is available reporting the alcohol habits of fraternity members, so it can
be assumed that membership increases propensity for binge drinking and its effects.
19
In response most
national fraternities have decried dangerous alcohol habits and enacted strict risk management
regulations that forbid certain behaviors among member chapters, such as the purchase of kegs or the
hosting of open parties. Fraternities often follow a similar set of guidelines regarding alcohol to reduce
risks and financial liability of the national organization, limiting the alcohol supply of fraternity events to
BYOB (bring your own beer) policies or third party vendors. Unfortunately, whether these national
policies are followed is a matter for individual chapters to ponder.
Hazing is specifically prohibited at the national organizations of most fraternities, along with
most university campuses as well. Most fraternities use pledge education to instill the values of the
fraternity into prospective brothers, and the hazing that at times occurs during the pledge process is
carried out at individual chapters against the direction of the national organization. Hazing in Ohio is
illegal and can be pursued as a criminal misdemeanor or through a civil action.
20

Statistics on sexual assault specifically at fraternity houses is sparse due to difficulty gauging the
extent of a crime that often goes unreported or occurs when both parties are in a state of significant
inebriation. Sexual assault may also be a problem endemic to college life in general as well, with women
between the ages of 16 and 24 in college experiencing rape at rates higher than women of the same age
not in college.
21
Obviously sexual assault is illegal in all states though the police and administrative
response to such crimes is at times lax due to a lack of witnesses, memory, and evidence in some

19
Ibid
20
Hazing Laws in Ohio (2005). OHSAA
21
Matchar, E. (2014, 4 18). New Campus Sexual Assault Legislation is Not Enough to Prevent Another Florida State
Scandal The New Republic
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incidents.
22
Anecdotal documentation of incidents is easily available, and national organizations devote
effort to towards education and awareness.
Advocates for fraternities recognize the problems of alcohol use, sexual harassment, and hazing
in fraternities, and cite the resources spent educating brothers on these issues.
23
None of the problems
in fraternities are limited to Greek life, with sports teams and other organizations offending at times as
well. Thus, the Greek community cannot be singled out for a litany of problems found throughout
campuses around the nation. In response to a February article by The Atlantic condemning the fraternity
system, a political organization seeking to further the Greek legislative agenda responded with the
following statement.
We remain trusted partners in higher education nationwide because each year we provide an
outstanding values-based experience that allows hundreds of thousands of students to grow
intellectually, emotionally and socially into the leaders our nation will need in the
future. When The Atlantic chooses to focus on the negative actions of a handful of incidents
involving a very small number of members, they miss the bigger picture about how valuable the
fraternity experience has been to generations of students.
-Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee, 2014
24

The argument for fraternities is at heart utilitarian, that the benefits provided to a large number
of students outweighs the limited number of students suffering from the negative effects of alcohol,
sexual assault, or hazing. Supporting fraternities requires firm devotion to the moral values the
organizations espouse, as well as an unwavering belief that the actions taken by various local chapters
to merit their closing are not representative of the fraternity system as a whole.

22
Ibid
23
FSPAC Statement on The Atlantic Cover Story (2014). Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee
24
Ibid
Tee 9

Local
At the University of Cincinnati, Greek life has had a presence on campus since 1840 and
currently encompasses approximately 2500 students totaling around 10 percent of the full time
undergraduate student body.
25
Fraternity and Sorority Life is a separate function of the larger Student
Activities & Leadership Development department at UC. The University of Cincinnati is a public
institution, and the mission statement is as follows.
The University of Cincinnati serves the people of Ohio, the nation, and the world as a premier,
public, urban research university dedicated to undergraduate, graduate, and professional
education, experience-based learning, and research. We are committed to excellence and
diversity in our students, faculty, staff, and all of our activities. We provide an inclusive
environment where innovation and freedom of intellectual inquiry flourish. Through
scholarship, service, partnerships, and leadership, we create opportunity, develop educated and
engaged citizens, enhance the economy and enrich our University, city, state and global
community.
26

Fraternities and sororities are recognized by the university as student organizations and are
required to follow the student code of conduct, student organization handbook, national policies, and
local, state, and federal laws.
27
These policies contain explicit prohibition of sexual harassment, hazing,
and improper distribution of alcohol. Fraternities are required to provide officer and advisor
information, a roster, constitution and bylaws, liability insurance, as well as the attendance by chapter
president to Student Organization training workshops.
28
Fraternity recruitment is informal at UC, with
individual fraternities conducting their own recruitment activities and extending bids to prospective
members. Recruitment is year round and new members can join during either fall or spring semesters.

25
Fraternity and Sorority Life (2014). UC
26
Mission Statement (2014). UC
27
Fraternity and Sorority Life Community Guidelines (2013). UC
28
Ibid
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Alcohol is banned from new member recruitment activities. Common container alcohol such as
kegs are prohibited, as well as drinking games and other high risk drinking activities.
29
Anonymous
information regarding hazing can be submitted through CampusLINK by any UC student.
30
The UC
Womens Center provides crisis intervention, follow up reporting, a 24 hour helpline, support groups,
and peer advocacy services.
31

The average grade point average for fraternity members at UC was 3.093 for the spring 2013
semester, compared to an all mens average of 2.910.
32
All members must maintain a minimum GPA of
2.3, while chapters are expected to maintain semester GPAs of 2.3.
33
In the year of 2013 Fraternity and
Sorority life volunteered for over 30,000 hours of community service and contributed over $100,000 to
various philanthropies.
34
The namesakes of Nippert Stadium and the Carl Lindner College of Business
along with other notable alumni were members of UC fraternities.
From an anecdotal viewpoint, any stroll along Stratford Avenue on a Saturday evening will
reveal that fraternities are a frequent location of excessive alcohol consumption. Fraternities are also an
extremely convenient location for those underage to obtain large amounts of alcohol for the fuel of a
nightly session of vice. Hazing and sexual assault have not been perceived to be a problem, though few
statistics are available nationally let alone locally due to the private and often unreported nature of
incidents. Risk management policies regarding alcohol such as the ban on drinking games are routinely
ignored at UC, and the alcoholedu program mandated for all freshmen has remained uncompleted by
many due to a perceived lack of repercussions.

29
Ibid
30
Ibid
31
Ibid
32
Fraternity and Sorority Life Spring 2013 Grade Report (2013). UC
33
Fraternity and Sorority Life Community Guidelines (2013).
34
Fraternity and Sorority Life (2014).
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Arguments
At cursory glance, the negative or neutral effect of fraternities on academic achievement
coupled with the evidence of increased alcohol consumption along with other vices should condemn
Greek organizations to oblivion. After all, the primary goal of a collegiate institution is the education of
its students. However, this is an overly simplistic viewpoint singling out fraternities for problems
prevalent throughout college life as well as other student organizations.
Opponents against the modern fraternity system criticize a culture of misogyny, racism,
violence, and anti-intellectualism fuelled by vast quantities of alcohol. Substantial evidence supports the
correlation between fraternity membership and binge drinking.
35
Little evidence supports any claim that
fraternities increase reported grades, though the fraternity GPA is higher than the all mens average at
UC.
36
Hazing and sexual assault are problems not easily defined at the national or local level, though
university policy on such matters is unambiguous.
In contrast to this, advocates view the fraternity system as brothers bonded together through
ritual into a community that fosters leadership, service, and morality, with a small band of reprobates
sullying reputations with wanton disregard for national policy. Evidence supporting this viewpoint
include the policies of national organizations explicitly banning the behaviors criticized by detractors, as
well as substantial amounts of currency donated to philanthropy and hours accrued in service.
From a utilitarian standpoint the happiness of the student population and the Greek community
is maximized by the hedonism of the fraternities as well as the philanthropy and social engagement the
fraternity system provides. These outweigh the detrimental effects unwanted behaviors have on a few
hapless victims. From a natural rights perspective those who engage in weekend ribaldry often do so at

35
Wechsler, H., Kuh, G., & Davenport, (2009)
36
Fraternity and Sorority Life Spring 2013 Grade Report (2013).
Tee 12

their own freedom. Alcohol is consumed at ones own risk, and hazing is done to victims that choose to
join a fraternity, though obviously never with the intent of causing ones own death. There are,
however, the unintended victims of those foolish few, the unfortunate souls who suffer from sexual
assault, DUIs, and personal injury. Thus, though the fraternities may be founded on high ideals the acts
of certain members treads upon the rights of other students. However, any action to severely curtail the
extent of the fraternity system violates the rights of students to associate with peers.
Following these arguments, it can be assumed that undesirable behaviors can be found in
fraternities. It can also be assumed that a fraternity following the ideals set forth by its national
organization contributes to the student life of a campus in terms of service and leadership. There is no
escaping that problems exist in fraternities, but the crux of the issue lies in the fact that a comparatively
small number of students are affected negatively by an institution that provides a number of benefits to
a larger community, while none of the charges leveled against fraternities are purely limited to
fraternities. Thus, radical action to partially or completely limit the fraternity presence on campus would
violate the rights of the students involved, and cannot be justified based on problems that are also
present in non-Greek student organizations and social events.
Higher education is not only an avenue of attaining a degree, but a period of immense
importance in terms of shaping students through social service and civic engagement into contributing
citizens. These goals are stated in the UC mission statement, that leadership and service develop
engaged citizens for the greater community.
37
These ideals are not unaligned from those found in the
creeds of the national organizations of fraternities, and thus the sense of community, morality, and
service fostered in fraternities adds to the greater goals of this university. The actions of the few cannot
be used as a rationale to entirely condemn institutions with interests aligned with those of the
university, offering benefits to members as well as the surrounding community.

37
Mission Statement (2014).
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The utilitarian argument that the benefits of the fraternity system for the many outweigh the
detrimental effects it has on the few may justify its existence, but it does not justify inaction. Hazing,
sexual assault, and alcohol consumption are issues concerning fraternities and other organizations that
should be addressed by all parties involved in the interests of the student body. Reducing the
prevalence of such behaviors maximizes the happiness of students, administrators, and the larger
community. Fraternities are by no means unsullied and should work to enforce university and national
policies more rigorously. The fraternity system has a particular burden in addressing these issues to
bolster a reputation damaged by media and popular culture. This alignment of goals can result in greater
cooperation between administration and the Greek community along with the student body at large,
possibly achieving more desirable results in efforts to reduce alcohol consumption and eliminate hazing
and sexual assault.
Alcohol is currently available to all students on campus relatively easily. This inescapable fact
applies to those who are under or over the legal age as well as those in or out of the fraternity system.
The fraternity system does not have a monopoly on off campus parties, though it certainly contributes
to certain weekend activities. This should not be interpreted as a license for fraternities to emulate the
larger student body, but instead as an incitement for further action by administration in cooperation
with a Greek community that contains a good many worshippers of Bacchus. Drinking will never be
entirely eliminated from campus, but certain measures can reduce the prevalence of risky behaviors.
Research suggests that a broad knowledge based campaign targeted towards students is ineffective in
curtailing drinking habits.
38
More effective are brief targeted information sessions in smaller groups such
as chapter houses as well as the distribution of information correcting student overestimations of binge
drinking among peers.
39
Efforts to include the surrounding community and local police are effective

38
4 Tiers (2007). College Drinking: Changing the Culture
39
Ibid
Tee 14

through measures such as reducing the use of fake IDs in bars and stores along with spot checks of social
events at fraternities or houses for the proper screening of age identification.
40

One of the more worrisome trends on campus that can be singled out is the annual tradition of
fall pledging period, where freshmen are herded into the residential dorms by doting parents and under
the influence of sweet heavenly freedom promptly attend fraternity parties in the coming weekends,
stalked by predatory brothers hawking liquors gratis in search of prospective members. Though the risk
management guide supposedly followed by all fraternities covers the need for alcohol free pledging, this
is summarily ignored at some events in favor of the more effective recruiting process of drinking
games.
41
Fraternity recruitment is informal at UC and occur fall or spring. The first six weeks of
enrollment are critical in terms of student success, and the evidence of increased drinking rates in
fraternities is comprehensive.
42
Considering the potential alcohol use has to disrupt academics, a
prudent measure would be to eliminate the pledging period for fall semester of freshman year. A
semester of acclimatization to the college academic environment outside of the auspices of an enticing
fraternity system requires minimal sacrifice for the potentially large upside of reduced underage
drinking and more successful transitions out of high school.
Hazing and sexual assault are crimes that are vague in scope as a result of their mostly private
nature. Policies clearly prohibiting them can be found in community guidelines, and the interests of both
the administration and the student body are clearly aligned towards eliminating these behaviors. A
dearth of relevant statistical data may hinder efforts to target efforts to reduce hazing and sexual
assault, and the various resources students have access to in order to report incidents do not provide
information on their usage. The university should be commended for the system implemented but

40
Ibid
41
Fraternity and Sorority Life Community Guidelines (2013).
42
First Year Students (2005). College Drinking: Changing the Culture
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transparency is still lacking, and action can be taken to target the fraternity community for further
education on such issues.
Conclusion
College fraternities are age old institutions found on college campuses nationwide. Criticism
supported with substantial evidence has been directed towards fraternities for a culture prone to binge
drinking, hazing, and sexual assault. That these problems are found in fraternities is not controversial,
but other student organizations and the student body as a whole partake in these ills as well. The
service, morality, and leadership provided to members by fraternities under the rituals of their national
organizations keep within the guidelines of the goals of the University of Cincinnati, and thus should not
be singled out as the root cause of debauchery. These benefits provided by the fraternity system
maximize the happiness of the student body, but at times result in the violation of the rights of a smaller
number of other students. The existence of fraternities on campus is justified through the value they
add for the larger student body and community, but the administration and individual chapters should
be held to higher standards following the ideals of national organizations and the aims of the university.
Measures such as spring pledging for freshmen and targeted information campaigns concerning alcohol,
hazing, and sexual assault can and ought to be taken by administrators in cooperation with the
fraternity system to reduce the prevalence of dangerous and/or illegal behavior on campus.
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