2 0 Subnetting

Course 640-801 : CCNA
2.0 - Subnetting
[Author: CCNA640801@nym.hush.com]
Planning & Designing

Objective 2
Design an IP addressing scheme to meet design requirements
Implementation & Operation
Objective 8
Configure IP addresses, subnet masks, and gateway addresses on routers and hosts
Troubleshooting
Objective 21
Troubleshoot IP addressing and host configuration
Binary: powers of 2 (from right to left)

2^8
2^7
2^6
2^5
2^4
2^3
128
64
32
16
8
4
2^1
2
2^0
1
Hexadecimal: powers of 16 (from right to left)

16^3
16^1
16^0
512
16
1
A host or node is a computer or device on a TCP/IP network. Every TCP/IP host is uniquely identified by its IP
address. An IP address consists of a network ID and a host ID. If two different hosts belong to the same network,
they have the same network ID. The two hosts will have different host IDs and can communicate with each other
locally without going through a router. If two hosts have different network IDs, they belong to different segments
on the network and they must communicate with each other remotely through a router or default gateway.
An IP address consists of 32 binary bits, where each bit is either a 0 or 1. We write the 32 bits into four 8 bit
numbers (octets) separated by periods.
Developing a TCP/IP addressing scheme
Hosts for a LAN subnet mask
One for each router interface
Subnet mask
Number of subnets on the network
One for each NIC on each host

Number of host IDs on each subnet
IP Address Classes
The Class of the address determines which part is the network address and which part is the host address. There
are 5 different address classes. Classes can be distinguished by the decimal notation of the very first octet. The
following Address Class table illustrates how you can determine to which class an address belongs.
Private IP Addresses
You can use certain IP addresses privately within you own Intranet as long as they are not seen by the global
community.
Class
A
Network (8 bits)
Host (24 bits)
Valid Network
Numbers
1.x.x.x to 127.x.x.x
Octet
0 - 127
Miscellaneous
Private Use reserved
10.x.x.x
Default subnet
mask
255.0.0.0
Loopback reserved
127.x.x.x
(127.0.0.1 loopback test)
B
Network (16 bits)
Host (16 bits)
128.x.x.x to 191.x.x.x
128 - 191
Autoconfig reserved
169.254.x.x
255.255.0.0
C
Network (24 bits)
Host (8 bits)
192.x.x.x to 223.x.x.x
224 to 239
Multicasts
n/a
240 to 255
Reserved for future InterNIC use
n/a
Private Use reserved 172.16-31.x.x

192 - 223
Private Use reserved
192.168.x.x
255.255.255.0
Class A IP addresses allow the most number of hosts

Class C IP addresses allow the least number of hosts
Using this table we can see the IP address in 193.10.30.2 is a Class C address.
1 / 15
2.0 - Subnetting
We can also see which part of that IP address is the Network ID and which is the Host ID.
Network ID:
Host ID:
(first 3 Octets)
(remaining Octets)
= 193.10.30
=2
Addressing types
Cisco IOS software support 3 types of addressing:
Unicast
o Directed to a valid host address on a segment
Multicast
o Directed to a group of devices on a segment
o are sent to a particular network and are allowed to transit by a router
o all 1s in the host portion of the address.
o e.g. If you want to send a broadcast to the third subnet of the 172.16 network the address would
be 172.16.3.255
o e.g. If you want to send a broadcast to all the subnets of 172.16 network the address would be
172.16.255.255
Broadcast
o Directed to every device on the same segment
o Flooded broadcasts are considered local and are represented by 255.255.255.255 or
FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
Whenever you want to refer to your entire network with an IP address, the host section is set to all 0s
(binary=00000000) = 0 For example 172.16.0.0 specifies the network for the above address.
Subnetting
SUBNETTING CREATES MORE NETWORKS WITH FEWER HOSTS AVAILABLE (on each network)
subnet bits are borrowed from the Node/Host portion.
you may use all but 2 bits when subnetting (cant borrow all bits from the host portion of an address)
Network address 207.103.56.105 with a SM of 255.255.255.240 is a class C address with 4 bits borrowed
This creates a^4 = 16-2 means you can have 14 valid subnets with the same number of hosts per subnets
Directed/only subnet broadcast address
Flooded/total network broadcast address
N.N.S.255 (this is for class B)

N.N.255.255 (this is for class B)
Subnetting is the process used to divide the total available IP addressed (hosts) for your Network into smaller
subnetworks (subnets). For example, the Network ID we used in the discussion above (193.10.30.0). This
network would consist of 256 possible IP addresses (193.10.30.0 - 193.10.30.255).
We know this because in a Class C address, only the last octet is available for host IDs (0000000 11111111) or
(0 255). Since 0 is used to identify the whole network and 255 is reserved for broadcasts, that leaves us with 254
possible hosts (193.10.30.1 193.10.30.254).
Suppose we wanted to divide those 254 addresses up into 6 smaller subnets. This can be done by using what is
referred to as a Subnet Mask. By looking at the above table we can see Class C addresses all have a default
subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. Since the last octet of the subnet mask is 0, it means that the host IDs have not
been subdivided into smaller subnets. However, if we choose to divide our network into a few smaller segments
(subnets), then we would change the default subnet mask by replacing the last octet with one of the valid subnet
masks.
255.255.255.240 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
(/ 20)
2 / 15
2.0 - Subnetting
Class
Network address range
address format
valid host ids
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------A
0|000.0000 =
0
N.H.H.H
N. 0. 0. 1
0|111.1111 = 127
N.H.H.H
N.255.255.254
range is 1-127
B
10|00.0000
10|11.1111
range is 128-191
= 128
= 191
N.N.H.H
N.N.H.H
N.
N.
N. 0. 1
N.255.254
110|0.0000
110|1.1111
range is 192-223
= 192
= 223
N.N.N.H
N.N.N.H
N.
N.
N.
N.
N. 1
N.254
SUBNETTING CLASS C 8 bits to use for subnetting

Binary
decimal
# of bits
shorthand
# subnets
# hosts
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000.0000
255.255.255.128
/25
<----- invalid
1100.0000
255.255.255.192
2
/26
2
62
1110.0000
255.255.255.224
3
/27
6
30
1111.0000
255.255.255.240
4
/28
14
14
1111.1000
255.255.255.248
5
/29
30
6
1111.1100
255.255.255.252
6
/30
62
2
1111.1110
255.255.255.254
/31
class C is an exception whereby we remove 2 hosts from each of the ranges because we
are already subnetting the 4th octet and consequently dont have room for the network
and broadcast addresses weird heh?
example
Subnet 192.168.10.0
SM
255.255.255.128
/25
Cannot use this subnet mask as it involves only using one bit for subnetting
Subnet 192.168.10.0
SM
255.255.255.192 (/26)
example
A. how many valid subnets?

192 is 2 masked-bits and 6 host-bits
2 ^ MaskedBits - 2 = 2^2-2 = 2
B. how many valid hosts/subnet?
2 ^ host-bits - 2 = 2^6-2 = 62
C. first valid subnet and incremental value
256 192 = 64, 128
... until 192 (which is invalid as it is the SM)
D. broadcast address for each subnet ?
i.e. the number before the next subnet
1st is 64, therefore 128-1=127
2nd is 128, therefore 192-1=191
E. valid hosts ?
3 / 15
2.0 - Subnetting
Network
0
64
128
192
invalid
1st
2nd
invalid
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
65
129
126
190
127
191
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
33
65
97
129
161
193
62
94
126
158
190
222
63
95
127
159
191
223
example
Subnet 192.168.10.0
SM
255.255.255.224 (/27)
224 is 3 MB and 5 HB
2 ^ MB - 2 = 2^3-2 = 6
2 ^ HB - 2 = 2^5-2 = 30
256 224 = 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
is
is
is
is
is
is
is
32,
64,
96,
128,
160,
192,
224,
therefore
therefore
therefore
therefore
therefore
therefore
therefore
32-1= 31
64-1= 63
96-1= 95
128-1=127
160-1=159
192-1=191
224-1=223
E. valid hosts ?
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
invalid
Network
0
32
64
96
128
160
192
224
Subnet 192.168.10.0 / 28
SM
255.255.255.240
example

2 ^ MB - 2 = 2^4-2 = 14
2 ^ HB-2 = 2^4-2 = 14
256 240 = 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224, 240
4 / 15
2.0 - Subnetting

31, 47, 63, 79, 95, 111, 127, 143, 175, 191, 207, 223, 239
E. valid hosts ?
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
invalid
Network
0
16
32
48
64
80
96
112
128
144
160
176
192
208
224
240
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
17
33
49
65
81
97
113
129
145
161
177
193
209
225
30
46
62
78
94
110
126
142
158
174
190
206
222
238
31
47
63
79
95
111
127
143
159
175
191
207
223
239
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
9
17
25
33
41
...
241
14
22
30
38
46
...
246
15
23
31
39
47
...
247
example
SM
255.255.255.248 /29
Subnet 192.168.10.0
2^MB-2 = 2^5-2 = 30
2^HB-2 = 2^3-2 = 6
256-248 = 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, ... 240
15, 23, 31, 39, ... 247
E. valid hosts ?
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
...
30th
invalid
Network
0
8
16
24
32
40
...
240
248
Subnet 192.168.10.0 /30

SM
255.255.255.252
example
5 / 15
2.0 - Subnetting

2^MB-2 = 2^6-2 = 62
2^host-bits-2 = 2^2-2 = 2
256-252 = 4, 8, 16, 32, ... 248
4 is the first subnet and the base number
7, 11, 15, ... 251
E. valid hosts ?
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
...
invalid
Network
0
4
8
12
16
20
...
252
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
5
9
13
17
21
...
6
10
14
18
22
...
7
11
15
19
23
...
SUBNETTING CLASS B 16 bits to use for subnetting

Binary
decimal
shorthand
-------------------------------------------------------------1000.0000 0000.0000
255.255.128.0
/17
<----- invalid
1100.0000 0000.0000
255.255.192.0
/18
1110.0000 0000.0000
255.255.224.0
/19
1111.0000 0000.0000
255.255.240.0
/20
1111.1000 0000.0000
255.255.248.0
/21
1111.1100 0000.0000
255.255.252.0
/22
1111.1110 0000.0000
255.255.254.0
/23
1111.1111 0000.0000
255.255.255.0
/24
1111.1111 1000.0000
255.255.255.128
/25
1111.1111 1100.0000
255.255.255.192
/26
1111.1111 1110.0000
255.255.255.224
/27
1111.1111 1111.0000
255.255.255.240
/28
1111.1111 1111.1000
255.255.255.248
/29
1111.1111 1111.1100
255.255.255.252
/30
Given a class B address 172.16 from NIC.
A typical subnetting scheme for a class B network would be to use an 8 bit subnet
mask. Since the 3rd octet is the first free octet for class B, you will start there.
So, if an 8 bit subnet mask would be 255.255.255.0, this means you have 254 subnets
available and 254 addresses for nodes per subnet (there are only 254 subnets
6 / 15
2.0 - Subnetting
available and not 256 because you cannot use subnets 0 or subnet 1, as these are
broadcast addresses.
example
Subnet 172. 16. 0.0 /18

SM
255.255.192.0
192 is 2 MB and 6+8 (14) HB
2 ^ MB-2 = 2^2-2 = 2

2 ^ HB - 2 = 2^14-2 = (2^6 * 256) 2 = (64 * 256) 2 = 16,382
256-192 = 64
i.e. 64 + 64 = 128 + 64 = 192
valid subnets are 64 and 128
1st
2nd
is 64.0, therefore 128.0-1 = 127.255

is 128.0, therefore 192.0-1 = 191.255
E. valid hosts ?
Network
0.0
64.0
128.0
192.0
invalid
1st
2nd
invalid
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
64.1
128.1
127.254
191.254
127.255
191.255
example
Subnet 150. 4. 0.0 /19

SM
255.255.224.0
2 ^ MB-2 = 2^3-2 = 6

2 ^ HB-2 = 2^13-2 = (2^5 * 256) 2 = (32 * 256) 2 = 8190
256-224 = 32
i.e. 32 + 32 = 64 + 32 = 96 + 32 = 128 + 32 = 160 + 32 = 192 + 32 = 224
valid subnets are 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, and 192
1st
2nd
is
is
32.0, therefore 64.0-1 = 63.255

64.0, therefore 96.0-1 = 95.255
E. valid hosts ?
Network
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
7 / 15
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
invalid
2.0 - Subnetting
0.0
32.0
64.0
96.0
128.0
160.0
192.0
224.0
32.1
64.1
96.1
128.1
160.1
192.1
63.254
95.254
127.254
159.254
191.254
223.254
63.255
95.255
127.255
159.255
191.255
223.255
example
Subnet 172.16.0.0
SM
255.255.240.0 /20
2^MB-2 = 2^4-2 = 14

2^HB-2 = 2^12 -2 = 2^4*256 2 = (16 * 256) 2 = 4094
256-240= 16
i.e. 16 + 16 = 32 + 16 = 48 + 16 = 64 + 16 = 80 + 16 = 96 + 16 = 112 + 16 = 128 + 16
= 144 + 16 = 160 + 16 = 176 + 16 = 192 + 16 = 208 + 16 = 224 + 16 = 240
valid subnets are 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224
1st
2nd
...
is
is
16.0, therefore
32.0, therefore
32.0-1
48.0-1
224.0, therefore 240.0-1
=
=
31.255
47.255
= 239.255
E. valid hosts ?
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
...
14th
invalid
Network
0.0
16.0
32.0
48.0
...
224.0
240.0
Subnet 172.16.0.0
SM
255.255.254.0 /23
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
16.1
32.1
48.1
...
224.1
31.254
47.254
63.254
...
239.254
31.255
47.255
63.255
...
239.255
example

2^MB-2 = 2^7-2 = 126
2^HB-2 = 2^9-2 = 2^1*256 = 510
256-254 = 2
8 / 15
2.0 - Subnetting
i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8, ... 252

1st
2nd
...
is
is
2.0, therefore
4.0, therefore
4.0 -1
6.0 -1
=
=
252.0, therefore 254.0 -1
3.255
5.255
= 253.255
E. valid hosts ?
Network
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
...
252.0
254.0
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
...
126th
invalid
Subnet 172.16.0.0
SM
255.255.255.0
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
2.1
4.1
6.1
...
252.1
3.254
5.254
7.254
...
253.254
3.255
5.255
7.255
...
253.255
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
1.1
2.1
3.1
...
254.1
1.254
2.254
3.254
...
254.254
1.255
2.255
3.255
...
254.255
example
/24

2^MB-2 = 2^8-2 = 254
2^HB-2 = 2^8-2 = 254
256-255= 1
i.e. 1,2,3,4,5, ... 254
1st
2nd
...
is
is
1.0, therefore
2.0, therefore
2.0-1
3.0-1
254.0, therefore 255.0-1
=
=
1.255
2.255
= 254.255
E. valid hosts ?
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
...
254th
invalid
Network
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
...
254.0
255.0
a host of 172.16.10.50 would be in subnet 10.16.10.0 of range 10.16.10.1-254 with a

broadcast of 176.16.10.255
example
9 / 15
2.0 - Subnetting
Subnet 172.16.0.0
SM
255.255.255.128 /25
9 MB and 7 HB
2^MB-2 = 2^9-2=2^1*256 -2 = 510
2^HB-2 = 2^7-2 = 126
Because we are subnetting more than 8 bits, we use the range 0-255 and divide within
that.
i.e. 1,2,3,4...255
and each subnet is actually 2 subnets (i.e. each 4th octet value defines two ranges)
i.e. 0-127 and 128-255
E. valid hosts ?
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
...
508
509
510
invalid
Network
0.0
0.128
1.0
1.128
2.0
2.128
3.0
3.128
4.0
4.128
...
254.0
254.128
255.0
255.128
First host
0.129
1.1
1.129
2.1
2.129
3.1
3.129
4.1
4.129
...
254.1
254.129
255.1
Last host
Broadcast address
0.254
1.126
1.254
2.126
2.254
3.126
3.254
4.126
4.254
...
254.126
254.254
255.126
0.255
1.127
1.255
2.127
2.255
3.127
3.255
4.127
4.255
...
254.127
254.255
255.127
example
Subnet 172.16.0.0
SM
255.255.255.192
/26

10 MB and 6 HB
2^MB-2 = 2^10-2=2^2*256 -2 = 1022
2^HB-2 = 2^6-2= 62
256-192=64 + 64 = 128 + 64 = 192
the 3rd octet all 0s OR 1s lead to invalid subnets
E. valid hosts ?
Notice that 0.0 and 255.192 are invalid as per the rule defined above
invalid
1st
2nd
Network
0.0
0.64
0.128
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
0.65
0.129
0.126
0.190
0.127
0.191
10 / 15
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
...
1020
1021
1022
invalid
2.0 - Subnetting
0.192
1.0
1.64
1.128
1.192
2.0
2.64
2.128
2.192
...
255.0
255.64
255.128
255.192
Subnet 172.16.0.0/27
SM
255.255.255.224
0.193
1.1
1.65
1.129
1.193
2.1
2.65
2.129
2.193
...
255.1
255.65
255.129
0.254
1.62
1.126
1.190
1.254
2.62
2.126
2.190
2.254
...
255.62
255.126
255.190
0.255
1.63
1.127
1.191
1.255
2.63
2.127
2.191
2.255
...
255.63
255.127
255.191
example

11 MB and 5 HB
2^MB-2 = 2^13-2=2^3*256 -2 = 2044
2^HB-2 = 2^5-2 = 30
256-224=32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192 and 224
the 3rd octet all 0s OR 1s lead to an invalid subnets
E. valid hosts ?
Notice that 0.0 and 255.224 are invalid as per the rule defined above
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
...
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
Network
0.0
0.32
0.64
0.96
0.128
0.160
0.192
0.224
1.0
1.32
1.64
1.96
1.128
1.160
1.192
1.224
...
255.0
255.32
255.64
255.96
255.128
255.160
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
0.33
0.65
0.97
0.129
0.161
0.193
0.225
1.1
1.33
1.65
1.97
1.129
1.161
1.193
1.225
...
255.1
255.33
255.65
255.97
255.129
255.161
0.62
0.94
0.126
0.158
0.190
0.222
0.254
1.30
1.62
1.94
1.126
1.158
1.190
1.222
1.254
...
255.30
255.62
255.94
255.126
255.158
255.190
0.63
0.95
0.127
0.159
0.191
0.223
0.255
1.31
1.63
1.95
1.127
1.159
1.191
1.223
1.255
...
255.31
255.63
255.95
255.127
255.159
255.191
11 / 15
2046
invalid
2.0 - Subnetting
255.192
255.224
255.193
255.222
255.223
SUBNETTING CLASS A - 24 bits to use for subnetting

Binary
decimal
shorthand
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000
255.128.0. 0
/9
<----- invalid
1110.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000
255.192.0. 0
/10
1110.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000
255.224.0. 0
/11
1111.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000
255.240.0. 0
/12
1111.1000 0000.0000 0000.0000
255.248.0. 0
/13
1111.1100 0000.0000 0000.0000
255.252.0. 0
/14
1111.1110 0000.0000 0000.0000
255.254.0. 0
/15
1111.1111 0000.0000 0000.0000
255.255.0. 0
/16
1111.1111 1000.0000 0000.0000
255.255.128.0
/17
1111.1111 1100.0000 0000.0000
255.255.192.0
/18
1111.1111 1110.0000 0000.0000
255.255.224.0
/19
1111.1111 1111.0000 0000.0000
255.255.240.0
/20
1111.1111 1111.1000 0000.0000
255.255.248.0
/21
1111.1111 1111.1100 0000.0000
255.255.252.0
/22
1111.1111 1111.1110 0000.0000
255.255.254.0
/23
1111.1111 1111.1111 0000.0000
255.255.255.0
/24
1111.1111 1111.1111 1000.0000
255.255.255.128
/25
1111.1111 1111.1111 1100.0000
255.255.255.192
/26
1111.1111 1111.1111 1110.0000
255.255.255.224
/27
1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.0000
255.255.255.240
/28
1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.1000
255.255.255.248
/29
1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.1100
255.255.255.252
/30
example
Subnet 10.0.0.0 /16

SM
255.255.0.0
2^MB-2 = 2^8-2 = 254

2^HB-2 = 2^16 -2 = 2^8*256 2 = (256 * 256) 2 = 65534
256-255= 1,2,3
... until 254
1st is
2nd is
...
last is
1.0.0, therefore
2.0.0, therefore
2.0.0-1
3.0.0-1
=
=
1.255.255
2.255.255
254.0.0, therefore
255.0.0-1
254.255.255
E. valid hosts ?
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
Network
0.0.0
1.0.0
2.0.0
3.0.0
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
1.0.1
2.0.1
3.0.1
1.255.254
2.255.254
3.255.254
1.255.255
2.255.255
3.255.255
12 / 15
...
254th
invalid
2.0 - Subnetting
...
254.0.0
255.0.0
...
254.0.1
...
254.255.254
...
254.255.255
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
0.16.1
0.32.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.224.1
0.240.1
1.0.1
1.16.1
...
254.224.1
0.31.254
0.47.254
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.239.254
0.255.254
1.15.254
1.31.254
...
254.239.254
0.31.255
0.47.255
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.239.255
0.255.255
1.15.255
1.31.255
...
254.239.255
example
Subnet 10.0.0.0 /20
SM
255.255.240.0
2^masked-bits-2 = 2^12-2=2^4*256 2 = 4094
2^HB-2 = 2^12-2=2^4*256 2 = 4094
256-240 = 16, 32, 48, ... 240
E. valid hosts ?
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
...
4094th
invalid
Network
0.0.0
0.16.0
0.32.0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.224.0
0.240.0
1.0.0
1.16.0
...
254.224.0
255.240.0
SM
255.255.255.192 /26
Subnet 10.0.0.0
example

2^MB-2 = 2^18-2= 262144-2 = 262142
2^HB-2 = 2^6-2=64 2 = 62
256-192= 64, 128, 192
13 / 15
2.0 - Subnetting
E. valid hosts ?
invalid
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
...
...
...
...
invalid
Network
0.0. 0
0.0. 64
0.0. 128
0.0. 192
0.1. 0
0.1. 64
0.1. 128
0.1. 192
0.2. 0
0.2. 64
0.2. 128
0.2. 192
0.3. 0
0.3. 192
0.255.192
1.0. 0
...
10.0. 0
...
254.224.128
...
255.255.128
255.255.192
First host
Last host
Broadcast address
0.0.65
0.0.129
0.0.193
0.1.1
0.1.65
0.1.129
0.1.193
0.2.1
0.2.65
0.2.129
0.2.193
0.3.1
0.3.193
0.255.193
1.0.1
...
10.0.0
...
254.224.129
...
255.255.129
0.0.126
0.0.190
0.0.254
0.1.62
0.1.125
0.1.190
0.1.254
0.2.62
0.2.126
0.2.190
0.2.254
0.3.62
0.3.254
0.255.254
1.0.62
...
10.255.254
...
254.224.190
...
255.255.190
0.0.127
0.0.191
0.0.255
0.1.63
0.1.127
0.1.191
0.1.255
0.2.63
0.2.127
0.2.191
0.2.255
0.3.63
0.3.255
0.255.255
1.0.63
...
10.255.255
...
254.224.191
...
255.255.191
Keypoints
Know that 6 bits of subnetting is the most you can have with a class C address.
Know that it is the subnet mask that actually determines which parts of the IP address are the Network
Number and the Host Node
Only practice Class B & C in anticipation that Class A will not come up in the exam
5 WAYS THAT THE EXAM WILL TEST YOUR IP ADDRESSING

KNOWLEDGE
Given an IP address + mask, what is the network/subnet number?
Given an IP address + mask, what is the network/subnet broadcast
address?
Given an IP address + mask, what are the assignable IP address
in that network/subnet?
Given a network number and static subnet mask, what are the
valid subnet numbers?
Given a network number and static subnet mask, how many hosts
per subnet, and how many subnets?
14 / 15
2.0 - Subnetting
15 / 15
2.0 - Subnetting
SUBNETTING QUICK REFERENCE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
8
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
72
80
88
96
104
112
120
128
136
144
152
160
168
176
184
192
200
208
216
224
232
240
248
256
x
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
256-x
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
2^x
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
16
32
32
48
64
64
64
80
96
96
112
128
128
128
128
144
160
160
176
192
192
192
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224
224
240
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256
256
256
16 / 15

2 0 Subnetting

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Course 640-801 : CCNA

Planning & Designing

Binary: powers of 2 (from right to left)

Hexadecimal: powers of 16 (from right to left)

One for each NIC on each host

Reserved for future InterNIC use

Private Use reserved 172.16-31.x.x

Private Use reserved

Class A IP addresses allow the most number of hosts

Course 640-801 : CCNA

N.N.S.255 (this is for class B)

Course 640-801 : CCNA

SUBNETTING CLASS C 8 bits to use for subnetting

A. how many valid subnets?

Course 640-801 : CCNA

A. how many valid subnets?

Course 640-801 : CCNA

D. broadcast address for each subnet ?

Subnet 192.168.10.0 /30

Course 640-801 : CCNA

A. how many valid subnets?

SUBNETTING CLASS B 16 bits to use for subnetting

Course 640-801 : CCNA

Subnet 172. 16. 0.0 /18

B. how many valid hosts/subnet?

is 64.0, therefore 128.0-1 = 127.255

Subnet 150. 4. 0.0 /19

B. how many valid hosts/subnet?

32.0, therefore 64.0-1 = 63.255

Course 640-801 : CCNA

B. how many valid hosts/subnet?

224.0, therefore 240.0-1

A. how many valid subnets?

Course 640-801 : CCNA

i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8, ... 252

252.0, therefore 254.0 -1

A. how many valid subnets?

254.0, therefore 255.0-1

a host of 172.16.10.50 would be in subnet 10.16.10.0 of range 10.16.10.1-254 with a

Course 640-801 : CCNA

A. how many valid subnets?

Course 640-801 : CCNA

A. how many valid subnets?

Course 640-801 : CCNA

SUBNETTING CLASS A - 24 bits to use for subnetting

Subnet 10.0.0.0 /16

B. how many valid hosts/subnet?

Course 640-801 : CCNA

A. how many valid subnets?

Course 640-801 : CCNA

5 WAYS THAT THE EXAM WILL TEST YOUR IP ADDRESSING

Course 640-801 : CCNA

Course 640-801 : CCNA

SUBNETTING QUICK REFERENCE

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