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In a cooling and dehumidification process, the temperature at which the RSHF or condition
line intersects the saturation curve is called the room apparatus dew point (Room ADP). Thus
(15.27a)
=
(15.27b)
=
(15.27c)
In the case of an actual coil with a bypass factor of X, the leaving air state will be at s. It is
seen that the effect of the bypass factor is to decrease the difference in temperature between the
room air and supply air, and hence to increase the supply air quantity over its minimum value.
For any supply air state, the temperature difference (
which is equal to the quantity of the supply air, is obtained by the equation for
sensible heat balance, and considering the effect of bypass factor
(15.28)
It can also be found from the equations of latent heat or total heat balances.
15.5.1 Summer Air-Conditioning System with Ventilation Air-Zero Bypass Factor
The introduction of fresh outside air for the ventilation of conditioned space is necessary to
dilute the carbon dioxide and odours and other air contaminants for maintaining the purity of
room air. Accordingly, the simple air-conditioning system of Fig. 15.20 is modified, so that the
supply air to the room comprises fresh air and recirculated room air. An amount equivalent to the
fresh air is ejected from the room. The schematic diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 15.23,
and the processes for the cases of cooling and dehumidification are shown in Fig. 15.24.
Fig. 15.23 Schematic diagram of system with ventilation air
In Fig. 15.24, 0 and I represent the outside and inside air states and 1 is the state of air after
the mixing of recirculated room air with ventilation air. The mixture entering the conditioning
apparatus comprises recirculated room air
from
1 to 2. Thus
Fig. 15.24 Summer air-conditioning processes with ventilation air and zero bypass factor
Q =
) =
= (
) +
) (15.29)
The first term on the right-hand side in Eq. (15.29) represents the room load and the second
term, the load due to the ventilation air as explained earlier. Accordingly, if
is the
outside ventilation air volume flow rate, then the outside air sensible heat (OASH) and outside
air latent heat (OALH) loads are
OASH =
= 0.0204
) (15.30)
OALH =
= 50
) (15.31)
Also for the outside air total heat (OATH), we have
OATH =
) (15.32)
Note: These equations apply to winter air conditioning as well.
The break-up of the load on the air conditioning apparatus is now as follows:
Room Load
Sensible RSH
Latent RLH
Total RTH = RSH + RLH
Ventilation Load
Sensible OASH
Latent OALH
Total OATH = OASH + OALH
Air-conditioning Equipment Load
Total sensible TSH = RSH + OASH
Total latent TLH = RLH + OALH
Grand total GTH = TSH + TLH
In Fig. 15.24, the process line 1-2 represents the grand sensible heat factor line for the
process in an air-conditioning apparatus. The grand sensible heat factor is the ratio of the total
sensible heat to the grand total heat. Thus
GSHF =
Example 15.6 The air-handling units of an air-conditioning plant supplies a total of 4500 cmm
of dry air which comprises by weight 20 percent fresh air at 40 C DBT and 27C WBT, and 80
percent recirculated air at 25C DBT and 50 per cent RH. The air leaves the cooling coil at
13C saturated state. Calculate the total cooling load, and room heat gain.
Solution Refer to Fig. 15.24. From the psychrometric chart the following conditions are noted:
Condition DBT
C
WBT
C
RH
%
Sp. Hu.
g w.v/kg g.a.
Enthalpy
kJ /kg d.a.
Outside 40 27 17.2 85
Inside 25 50 10.0 50.8
ADP 13 100 9.4 37.0
Condition of air entering the cooling coil
= 0.869
/kg d.a.
Mass flow rate of air entering the cooling coil
= 86.31 kg d.a./s
Total cooling load
Q =
= 2467 kg d.a./h
Ratio of moist air to dry air in supply air = (1 +
) = 1.0062
Mass of moist air supplied to space
m = (1 +
= 8.57 kW
(iii) For point 1
) =
Fig. 15.25 Summer air-conditioning process with ventilation air and finite bypass factor
It will be seen that the effect of the bypass factor is to lower the ADP of the surface, and
hence to decrease the coefficient of performance of the refrigerating machine. It is also seen that
the position of the grand sensible heat factor line is changed. This is explained in greater detail in
Sec. 19.7. The supply air temperature
. Further,
the dehumidified rise now is
.
(b) Volume flow rates of return (recirculated room) air, exhaust air, and outdoor air.
(c) State and volume flow rate of air entering the cooling coil.
(d) Capacity, ADP, BPF and SHF of the cooling coil.
Solution Refer to Fig. 15.25. Room SHF is 0.756.
Draw room SHF line. Its intersection with t = 18C vertical gives supply air state point s
which is the same as coil leaving air state point 2. From psychrometric chart
= 0.836
/kg d.a.
= 44.09 kg/s
(b) Quantity and volume flow rate of outdoor/exhaust air.
= 0.1
Quantity and volume flow rate of return air
Here,
= 0.91 and
= 0.86
= 0.9
+ 0.1
(d) Refrigerating capacity of the coil
= GTH =
= 9C
BPF and SHF of the coil
BPF =
= 0.52
GSHF =
= 0.533
Note Room SHF of 0.756 is normal. But GSHF of 0.533 is very low. This is due to high OALH;
because of the outside air being very humid and hot,
= 0.831
This is the slope of line i-s-2. However, it is not possible to fix points s and 2 at this stage.
But, we know that
BPF =
= 0.1
Fig. 15.27 Processes in Example 15.9
Accordingly, point 2 can be fixed by trial and error on the RSHF line. However, the
following construction is simpler and more accurate. Draw line o-i and extend it to A such that:
= 0.1
And then draw AS parallel to RSHF line i s. Intersection with saturation curve gives coil
ADP of 11.1C at S. Join 0 S. It cuts i s extended at 2. Thus, we get condition of air leaving
coil as:
= 12.2C,
RTH =
) =
(48.8
) = 17.7
This equation can be solved by trial and error. Thus, point s can be located on RSHF line. It is
found that:
= 0.856
/kg d.a.,
= 20C,
+ (
(12.2) +
(24) =
(20)
Load on cooling coil
GTH =
/kg d.a.
Outside 43 27.5 17.0 87.5 0.922
Inside 25 50 10.0 50.8
Condition of air entering the cooling coil
= 0.8
+ 0.2
(I)
Relations for bypass factor
= 0.1 (II)
= 0.1 (III)
Solving Eqs (I), (II) and (III) by iteration for
and
, we obtain
= 11.8C (Corresponding
= 13.5C
= 85.25
(iv) Specific volume of supply air
= 0.822
/kg d.a.
Mass flow rate of supply air
= 1.729 kg d.a./s
Mass flow rate of fresh air
= 0.2
+ 22 = 34.2C
A RSHF = 1 line from the room condition i can be drawn as shown in Fig. 15.29.
Intersection with the 34.2C DBT line locates the supply air state. The supply air WBT is found
to be 19.6C, and its specific humidity
= 9.43C
Similarly,
= 4.8C
Specific humidity of leaving air
0.9 =
which gives the specific humidity at the wetted-surface temperature
as
= 11.8C
Dry bulb temperature of leaving air
) +
= 11.5C
(iii) The temperature of the leaving spray water and the wet bulb temperature of the leaving air
may be taken to be the same. Hence, the leaving spray water temperature
= 11.5C.
Energy balance of the air washer
) =
= 34
(iv) Make-up water
) =