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TYPHOID FEVER
Signs and Symptoms:
1. Prodromal: headache, fever, anorexia, lethargy, constipation or diarrhea, vomiting
abdominal pain, feeling of unwellness
2. Fastigial: ladder-like curve of temperature, rose spots, spleenomegaly, typhoid state
3. Defervescence: fever gradually subsides, severity of previous conditions onset of
complications:
1) Hemorrhage and 2) Peritonitis
4. Lysis/Convalescence: signs and symptoms gradually disappear
TYPHOID FEVER
Diagnostic Examinations:
Hemoculture
Widal’s test/Typhidot
Stool exam
Rectal swab
Treatment: Chloramphenicol
Nursing Care:
1. Enteric precaution
2. Observe character of stool
Prevention:
Avoid MOT
Handwashing
Immunization
TYHPHOD FEVER
Prevention: Sanitary disposal of feces, handwashing, fly control to protect foods,
isolation, avoid eating, raw, unpeeled, uncooked foods
Nursing Responsibility: Teach family, guide and supervise members of the family.
CHOLERA
Causative Agent: Vibrio-Cholerae (El Tor); vibrio comma
Mode of Transmission: Fecal – oral
Incubation: 1 – 3 days
Signs and Symptoms:
rapid onset characterized by explosive or watery diarrhea and vomiting
symptoms of severe dehydration: washer woman’s hand, etc.
stool: rice-water stool
CHOLERA
Treatment: IVF
Tetracycline, Cotrimoxazole
Nursing Care: Enteric Precaution
Prevention: 5 F (Feces, Flies, Food, fluids, fomites)
DYSENTERY/SHIGELLOSIS
TYPES OF HEPATITIS
TYPE
SOURCE
TRANSMISSION
OTHER NAME
ANTIBODY
HbsAg
RISK PERSONS
COMPLICATIONS
HEPATITIS A
Risk - food handlers, poor sanitation, unsafe water supply
Prevention - Proper handwashing, sanitation, screen food handlers, enteric precautions
HEPA B
Synonyms- Serum hepatitis
Causative Agent- HBV
Source of Infection -Blood, semen, cervical secretions
Mode of Trans. - Person to person parenteral/percutaneous, placental
Incubation period- 6 wks – 6 mos.
HEPA B
Risk - Multiple sex partners, members of medical team, blood, drug addicts, Screen blood
donors Immunization Use of sterile disposal needles
Prevention - Monogamous sex
HEPA C
Synonyms- Post-transfusion,
Causative Agent- HCV
Source of Infection - blood
Mode of Trans. – Percutaneous, BT
Incubation period- 5 wks-6 wks.
HEPA C
Risk - Blood recipients Drug addicts
Prevention – Screen blood donors
HEPATITIS
Signs and Symptoms:
Pre-icteric: flu-like symptoms, Slight RUQ pain
Icteric: Jaundice, Tea-colored urine, Alcoholic stool, Pruritus
Post-icteric: Symptoms gradually subsides
Diagnostic Examinations:
Liver function test
Hemagglutination test
Ultrasound of liver
Liver biopsy
Treatment: no specific supportive
Nursing Care: Bed rest, High CHO, high CHON, low fat diet, Oral skin care,
Psychological support
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Shistosomiasis (Snail Fever)
Agent: Schistosoma Japonicum by snail (oncomelania quadrasi)
Areas: Bicol, Samar, Leyte, Davao
Dx Test: Stool exam
ENTEROBIASIS/OXYURIASIS
Causative Agent: Enterobius vermicularis/ human pinworm or seatworm
Sx/Symptoms: perianal itching-disturbed sleep & nervousness, irritability
Source – overcrowding & water supply is inadequate for personal hygiene, eggs-
fingernail cuttings
Mode of Trans – ingestion or inhalation of eggs
Incubation – 4 to 6 hours
ENTEROBIASIS
Dx – Scotch tape swab (perianal region) done in the morning prior to bath
Prevention – personal hygiene, handwashing, keeping fingernails short
Control – sterilization of contaminated linens, clothing
Treatment – Mebendazole 100mg single dose repeated once at 2nd week for effectivity
ASCARIASIS
Causative Agent: Ascaris lumbricoides (round worm)
Source – soil (no sanitary toilets)
Mode of Trans – fecal oral
Diagnostic – Fecalysis, Kato Katz
ASCARIASIS
Sx – pulmonary symptoms like cough and fever, abdominal pain, vomiting of worms
(erratic)
Treatment – antihelminthic (Mebendazole 100mg BID for 3 days
Prevention – Proper disposal of feces-not used as fertilizer, handwashing, washing of
vegetables before consumption.
ANCYLOSTOSOMIASIS
Causative Agent: Necator americanus (found in the Philippines) and Ancylostoma
duodenale – blood sucking roundworms of the intestine
Source – Soil
Mode of Trans – direct contact (skin)
ANCYLOSTOSOMIASIS
Symptoms – Ground/Dew itch dermatitis, pulmonary symptoms (coughing & wheezing),
abdominal pain, anemia
Dx – Fecalysis, FECT (direct fecal smear)
Tx – antihelminthic Mebendazole 100mg BID for 3 days, Iron supplementation, diet,
health education, use of footwear
Diarrhea
Is the passage of loose watery stools at least 3 times a day
First time of loose stool: Tx – oral rehydration
Goal of management: maintenance and restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance
because diarrheal disorders are self limiting
*cholera- warrants the use of antibiotics