PNB 2275 Exam III Version 1

1

1. Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
A) stomach
B) pancreas
C) spleen
D) colon
E) esophagus

2. The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity
A) secretes peritoneal fluid
B) decreases friction.
C) lubricates the cavity.
D) prevents irritation.
E) all of the above

3. The __________ is a significant site of absorption of water and electrolytes, but NOT of
nutrients.
A) mouth
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) large intestine
E) none of the above

4. Which of the following is the sequence of layers from the lumen to the outer wall of the digestive
tract?
A) serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa
B) submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa
C) mucosa, submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa
D) submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa
E) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

5. Vitamin __________ must be complexed with a protein called __________ to be absorbed from
the small intestine.
A) B
12
, intrinsic factor
B) B12, pepsinogen
C) C, intrinsic factor
D) K, gastrin
E) K, pepsinogen

6. The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the
A) serosa.
B) adventitia.
C) muscularis mucosa.
D) mucosa.
E) submucosa.



PNB 2275 Exam III Version 1
2

7. Rugae, plicae, and villi are all features that accomplish
A) secretion of enzymes.
B) secretion of hormones.
C) an increase in surface area.
D) immune function.
E) mechanical digestion.

8. The motor activity of the muscularis externa is controlled by the
A) submucosal plexus.
B) myenteric plexus.
C) migrating motor complex.
D) extrinsic neurons.
E) motilin.

9. __________ are pacemakers for slow wave activity.
A) Interstitial cells of Cajal
B) Intrinsic neuron cells
C) Extrinsic neuron cells
D) G cells
E) Chief cells

10. Which of the following statements is true about GI muscle contractions?
A) Phasic contractions last only seconds and can occur in the stomach and small intestine.
B) Tonic contractions are sustained for minutes and occur in the small intestine.
C) GI Smooth muscle has a very stable membrane potential which is around -70 mV.
D) Contractions of the smooth muscle depend on potassium and not on calcium.
E) More muscle fibers will be recruited to increase the GI contractile force.

11. In GI smooth muscle
A) Adjacent cells are connected by synapses.
B) When one muscle cell contracts, the contraction spreads as a wave through the whole tissue.
C) Contraction can only be stimulated by neurotransmitters.
D) The cells are interconnected through intercalated disks.

12. Which of the following is the driving force for chyme to move along the small intestine?
A) swallowing more food that pushes along food ingested earlier
B) frequency gradient for segmentation in the small intestine
C) beating cilia lining the digestive organs
D) contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding the digestive tract
E) the effects of gravity

13. Which of the following is FALSE about secretions from the salivary glands?
A) Help control bacterial populations in the mouths
B) Contain enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
C) Help lubricate the oral cavity and its contents.
D) The composition of salivary secretions found in endpiece and duct are different.
E) The composition of saliva found during rest and active chewing are different.

PNB 2275 Exam III Version 1
3

14. Which of the following is NOT part of gastric pump?
A) Cardia
B) Body
C) Antrum
D) Pylorus

15. Chief cells secrete
A) pepsinogen.
B) gastrin.
C) mucus.
D) hydrochloric acid.
E) intrinsic factor.

16. Mary has a disease that causes a large portion of her gastric mucosa to atrophy. This results in
significantly less secretion by the gastric glands. As a result of this condition you would expect
Mary to have
A) Protein malnutrition.
B) Pernicious anemia
C) Diarrhea.
D) Dehydration.
E) Inflammatory bowel disease.

17. G cells of the stomach secrete
A) cholecystokinin.
B) secretin.
C) gastrin.
D) enterokinase.
E) pepsin.

18. Hydrochloric acid
A) is produced inside of cytoplasm of parietal cells and transported by secretory vesicles.
B) secretion decreases when Tubulovesicular membrane and intracellular canaliculus fuse
together with the plasma membrane.
C) secretion rate is independent of the presence of H
+
-K
+
-ATPase.
D) cannot be produced if the action of carbonic anhydrase is blocked.

19. H
+
-K
+
-ATPase is usually located on the ______ of cells lining the digestive tract.
A) basolateral membrane
B) apical membrane
C) basolateral and apical membranes
D) None of the membranes

20. A drug that blocks the fusion of tubulovesicular membrane and intracellular canaliculus in
parietal cells would result in
A) a lower pH during gastric digestion.
B) a higher pH during gastric digestion.
C) decreased production of pepsinogen by chief cells.
D) increased protein digestion in the stomach.
E) decreased gastrin production.
PNB 2275 Exam III Version 1
4

21. Hydrochloric acid secretion increases when ___________ binds to its receptor and induces an
increased intracellular_____________
A) Gastrin; cAMP
B) Histamine; cAMP
C) ACh; cAMP
D) Somatostatin; Ca
2+

E) Prostaglandin; Ca
2+


22. When pH drops in the stomach,
A) Pepsin will be converted to Pepsinogen irreversibly.
B) Chief cell is inhibited
C) positive feedback is triggered, so more somatostatin is released to active G cells.
D) D cell is activated.

23. Compared to a normal person, which of the following would be expected to be INCREASED in a
person who lacks the hormone secretin?
A) pH of pancreatic ductular secretion
B) volume of pancreatic secretion
C) pH of duodenal contents
D) susceptibility to duodenal erosions and ulcerations
E) gallbladder contractibility

24. During the gastric phase of gastric secretion:
A) histamine is released to inhibit gastric acid secretion
B) sympathetic nervous system activates all gastric secretion by releasing adrenergic
neurotransmitters.
C) gastrin secretion increases.
D) Somatostatin is secreted to further stimulate all gastric secretion.
E) HCO
3-
secretion will cease.

25. Which of the following substance dilates the pyloric sphincter during gastric emptying?
A) secretin
B) CCK
C) VIP
D) gastrin
E) ACh

26. Amylases, the enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, are secreted by
A) salivary glands into the mouth.
B) gastric glands into the stomach.
C) the pancreas into the intestine.
D) A and B
E) A and C

27. Intestinal crypts
A) increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.
B) carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries.
C) produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine.
D) function in the absorption of nutrients.
E) A and C
PNB 2275 Exam III Version 1
5


28. A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) would affect
A) The amount of bile produced by the liver.
B) The composition of pancreatic secretions.
C) Secretions of the duodenal gastrin.
D) Secretions of the duodenal glands.
29. Regarding carbohydrate absorption, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Glucose and galactose are transported into epithelial cells by a sodium-coupled cotransporter
(secondary active transport).
B) Monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells via a primary active transport process and then
enter capillaries that supply the portal vein.
C) The apical surface of epithelial cells contain a facilitative-transport process that can absorb
glucose but not galactose.
D) Both di- and trisaccharides can be readily absorbed into epithelial cells.

30. Which of the following statements is true?
A) Glucose and galactose absorption uses an apical Na
+
-glucose SGLT symporter.
B) Fructose moves across the apical membrane by active transport.
C) Glucose and galactose use different transporters in absorption.
D) A basolateral GLUT5 transporter moves glucose out of the intestinal epithelial cell.

31. Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you
expect to observe in Tom?
A) Elevated levels of blood glucose
B) Impaired digestion of protein
C) Overproduction of blood plasma albumin
D) J aundice

32. Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which the liver becomes
enlarged in order to deal with the excess amount of alcohol and eventually becomes
nonfunctional. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tony?
A) Increased clotting time
B) J aundice
C) Portal hypertension and ascites
D) Intense itching
E) All of the above

33. Decreased levels of bile salts in the bile would interfere with digestion of
A) Protein
B) Fat
C) Carbohydrates
D) Nucleic acids
E) Water soluble vitamins and minerals





PNB 2275 Exam III Version 1
6

34. Powerful contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called
A) segmentation.
B) tonic contractions.
C) migrating motor complex (MMC).
D) peristalsis.
E) mass movements.

35. Put the following steps of fat digestion and absorption in order:
1. Bile salts coat fat droplets.
2. Cholesterol is transported into cells.
3. Chylomicrons are formed.
4. Chylomicrons are released into lymphatic system.
5. Monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles.
6. Pancreatic lipase and colipase break down fats.
A) 1, 6, 5, 2, 3, 4
B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5
C) 2, 6, 5, 1, 3, 4
D) 6, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5
E) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

36. Regarding chylomicrons, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) They contain re-synthesized triglycerides and phospholipids.
B) They are synthesized in Endoplasmic Reticulum.
C) They exit epithelial cells by exocytosis.
D) They are packaged by the Golgi apparatus.
E) They can enter the portal circulation by passing through capillary fenestrations.

37. Loss of the function of which hepatic cell type most likely accounts for its inability to maintain
normal levels of plasma glucose?
A) endothelial cells
B) Kupffer's cells
C) stellate cells
D) hepatocytes
E) cholangiocytes

38. The synthesis of glucose from a noncarbohydrate precursor is referred to as
A) glycogenesis.
B) glycogenolysis.
C) glycolysis.
D) gluconeogenesis.
E) glycogen.

39. Estimates of the maximum possible ATP yield for one molecule of glucose total either 30 or 32
ATP. Why are there two different results?
A) Sometimes the electron transport system is more efficient than other times.
B) Occasionally, electrons are carried by the lower energy FADH
2
instead of NADH during
glycolysis.
C) Individual variation is normal among cells.
D) Any of these answers may work under different cellular conditions.

PNB 2275 Exam III Version 1
7


40. The feeding and satiety centers are located in the
A) medulla oblongata.
B) pons.
C) hypothalamus.
D) cerebrum.
E) cerebellum.

41. ______________ is synthesized by adipose tissue and known to inhibit the food intake.
A) ghrelin.
B) leptin.
C) neuropeptide Y.
D) orexin.
E) insulin.

42. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) During fed state, extra amino acids can be synthesized into protein and stored in a variety of
different tissues for later use.
B) Amino acids can produce ATP ONLY if they enter the Krebs cycle.
C) In order for glycolysis to occur, ATP must be present.
D) During fed stage, a net catabolism normally occur.

43. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs __________; the beneficial end product is __________.
A) in the cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane, H
2
O
B) in the cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane, ATP
C) in the mitochondria due to the electron transport system, ATP
D) in the mitochondria due to the electron transport system, CO
2
E) twice during the citric acid cycle, ATP

44. __________ is the process where fatty acids are slowly disassembled into two-carbon units.
A) Kreb's cycle
B) Beta oxidation
C) Oxidation phosphorylation
D) Glycolysis
E) Lipogenesis

45. Glycogen can be stored in the
A) Brain
B) Liver
C) Pancreas
D) Adipose tissues
E) GI tract

46. NADH is produced from each reaction described EXCEPT one. Identify the exception.
A) Aerobic glycolysis
B) The Krebs cycle
C) Electron transport system


PNB 2275 Exam III Version 1
8

47. The protein in the mitochondria that captures the kinetic energy of moving H
+
ions and converts it
to the stored energy of ATP is called
A) ATP synthase
B) Lactate dehydrogenase
C) Oxidative phosphorylase
D) Glucose-6-phosphatase
E) Hexokinase

48. Peyers patches are characteristic of the
A) Stomach
B) Esophagus
C) Pancreas
D) Small intestine
E) Colon

49. The taenia coli are
A) External pouches of the colon
B) Three longitudinal bands of muscle located beneath the serosa of the colon
C) Ridges in the mucosa of the colon
D) Polyps that obstruct the sigmoid colon
E) Tumors normally found in the descending colon

50. The center of a liver lobule is a
A) Hepatic duct
B) Portal area
C) Sinusoid
D) Central vein
E) Portal vein