Clippings UPSC

discovery of monsoon enabled India to carry trade and cultural links with Western Asia
03 November 2013 15:55:58

http://mrunal.org/2013/10/

Minamata highlights Banned Mercury mining will be stopped by 2027 Compact fluorescent bulbs of
30 Watts or less using more than 5 mg and high pressure mercury vapour lamps for general lighting
purposes will be phased out by 2020 Use of mercury in switches, relays and batteries will be banned
by 2020 Cosmetics using mercury will be banned by 2020 Mercury-based barometers,
thermometers, hygrometers, manometers and blood pressure monitors will be banned by 2020 Use
of mercury in chlor-alkali production to be phased out by 2025 and in acetaldehyde production by
2018 Exempted Use of mercury for dental amalgam Vaccines that use mercuric compound
thimoseral as a preservative Use of mercury in button zinc silver oxide and button zinc air batteries
Mascara and other cosmetics for eye where mercury is used as preservative Defence products with
mercury Mercury used for research Use of mercury for religious practices Regulated Use of mercury
in coal-powered power plants, smelters and boilers. Mercury levels in cold cathode ray fluorescent
lamps and external electrode fluorescent lamps Use of mercury in Artisinal and small-scale gold
mining Mercury used in polyurethane, vinyl chloride, sodium or potassium mehylate or ethylate
production will be reduced by 50 per cent
01 November 2013 17:57:50
http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/

The freedom movement in Kenya was led by Jomo Kenyatta, leader of the Kenya African Union. In
1952, a revolt by peasants had broken out. This is known as the Mau Mau rebellion. It was directed
against the seizure of land by the British colonial authorities
29 October 2013 13:37:34

The year 1960 is generally regarded as the Africa Year. In that year, seventeen countries in Africa
gained their independence. These included all the French colonies in French West Africa and
Equatorial Africa, Nigeria and Congo (formerly Belgian Congo, now called Zaire).
29 October 2013 13:37:00

The most prominent leader of the people of the Gold Coast colony was Kwame Nkrumah, who in
1949 had organized the Convention Peoples Party.
29 October 2013 13:36:09

The French defeat at Dien-Bien-Phu has become famous because a peoples army without any
sophisticated defeated the army of a powerful imperialist country. The debacle at Dien-Bien-Phu
compelled the French government to start negotiations with the government of Democratic
Republic of Vietnam. In July 1954 an international conference was held at Geneva. It was agreed to
partition Vietnam temporarily into North Vietnam South Vietnam and to hold elections all over
Vietnam within two years to unify the country under a single government
29 October 2013 13:10:41

In 1955, an important event took place which helped to strengthen the unity of African and Asian
countries. This was the Afro Asian conference which was held at Bandung in Indonesia. The
conference was attended by 23 Asian and 6 African countries. The leaders of three Asian nations,
India, China and Indonesia played an important role in the deliberations of this conference. The
growing importance of the Afro Asian countries was reflected in the United Nations where on a
number of issues the countries of Asia and Africa functioned as a group.
29 October 2013 00:20:43

Early in 1945 when Germany was on the verge of defeat, the heads of the three big nations met at
Yalta in the Soviet Union. Here they agreed on a number of issues such as how to deal with Germany
and the non-German territories which had been liberated from Germany. The Yalta Conference also
took the decision to set up a new organisation to replace the League of Nations.
28 October 2013 23:14:46

On 6 June 1944, more than 100,000 British and American troops landed on the coast of Normandy in
France. By September their number had reached 2,000,000. The opening of this front played a very
crucial role in the defeat of Germany. This is known as the opening of the Second Front. Since 1942
in Europe the most ferocious battles had been fought between Germany and the Soviet Union. The
Soviet Union had been demanding the opening of the second front for long, as this would compel
Germany to fight on other fronts also and would thus hasten the defeat of Germany.
27 October 2013 23:43:59

In July 1943, British and American troops occupied Sicily. Many sections in Italy had turned against
Mussolini. He was arrested and a new government was formed. This government joined the war
against Germany. However, German troops invaded northern Italy and Mussolini, who had escaped
with the help of Germans, headed a proGerman government there. Meanwhile, British and
American troops entered Italy and a long battle to throw the Germans out of Italy followed
27 October 2013 23:42:58

In January 1942 the unity of the countries fighting against the fascist powers was cemented. The
representatives of 26 nations, including Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union, signed a
declaration, known as the United Nations Declaration. The signatories to this Declaration resolved to
utilize all their resources to pursue the war until victory was achieved and to cooperate with one
another against the common enemy, and promised not to have a separate peace treaty.
27 October 2013 23:40:55

On 1 September 1939 German armies marched into Poland. On 3 September Britain and France
declared war on Germany. Thus the invasion of Poland marked the beginning of the Second World
War, The German armies completed the conquest of Poland in less than three weeks as no aid
reached Poland. In spite of the declaration of war, however, there was little actual fighting for many
months. Therefore, the war during this period from September 1939 to April 1940 when Germany
invaded Norway and Denmark is known as the phoney war.
27 October 2013 23:25:31

The Western policy of diverting the aggression of the fascist countries towards the Soviet Union had
failed with the signing of the Soviet German Non-Aggression Pact. Thus the war began in Europe
between the fascist countries and the major West European PowersBritain and France.
27 October 2013 23:22:26

The final act of appeasement of fascism by the Western powers was the Munich Pact. Germany
coveted Czechoslovakia which wasvery important because of her industries. The area also had
strategic importance for the expansion of Germany in the east towards the Soviet Union. Hitler
claimed a part of Czechoslovakia called Sudetenland which had substantial German population. This
area formed about one fifth of the area of Czechoslovakia and had one of the largest munition
factories in the world. Instead of meeting the threat posed by Germany, the Prime Ministers of
Britain and France met Hitler and Mussolini at Munich in Germany on 29 and 30 September 1938
and agreed to Germany s terms without the consent of Czechoslovakia. Soon after, the Sudetenland
was occupied by German troops A few months later in March 1939 entire Czechoslovakia was
occupied by Germany.
27 October 2013 23:05:57
https://www.readability.com/articles/

The Civil War in Spain continued for three years. About a million people were killed in the war.
Finally, the fascist forces under General Franco succeeded in destroying the Republic in 1939. Soon
the new government was recognized by most of the Western powers.
27 October 2013 23:02:57

The sacrifice of their lives by thousands of non Spaniards in Spain m the cause of freedom and
democracy is one of the finest examples of internationalism in history.
27 October 2013 22:57:51

The next event which marked the beginning of an alliance between Germany and Italy was the
intervention by these two countries in the Civil War in Spain. In 1931 Spain had become a republic.
In 1936 a Popular Front comprising the Socialist, Communist and other democratic and antifascist
parties came to power. A section of the army under the leadership of General Franco with the armed
support of Italy and Germany revolted against the government. Italy and Germany started
intervening openly in the Civil War that followed.
27 October 2013 22:56:22

In 1951, Henrietta Lacks died at an American hospital due to cervical cancer. In that era, USA didnt
have any regulations for genetic research. So, the doctors used her biopsy sample to create HeLa
celline, without her knowledge or consent. Since then, these cells have been extensively used for a
wide variety of biomedical research. They even played a part in several Nobel-Prize-winning
scientific discoveries. Her family didnt learn of the cells until 20 years after Lackss death, when
scientists began using her children in research without their knowledge. Later even their medical
records were released to the press and published without consent. But now researchers have made
an agreement with her family for controlled access to the HeLa genome sequence.

14 September 2013 18:25:39

UID (Aadhar) is also similar- a unique 12 digit number, issued by Unique Identification Authority of
India (UIDAI) to all the residents of India. Please note: there is difference between resident and
citizen. Some people oppose Aadhar on this ground. (That illegal Bangladesis might also get it, if
theyve the proof of residence).
03 September 2013 14:47:21

so WTO is better than GATT? Yes, because of following reasons. WTO dispute resolution is quicker
than GATT (disputes have to be solved within 18 months) in GATT, the bad-nation was free to
determine its own penalty. but in WTO, bad nation has to pay high penalties for not following the
rules. GATT talked only about goods (physical products) . WTO talks about services (phone lines,
BPO) & Intellectual property rights, along with those goods. The working of WTO is more
transparent. In WTO, every nation has one vote only. Unlike IMF where rich nations have more
voting powers.
31 August 2013 19:46:47

When there are legally binding agreements between member nations of WTO- it means, even after
change in Govt. (BJP / Congress / whatever) the Indian policy of international trades wont alter
very much. This gives confidence of foreign investors because of Promise of stability (=Ceilings on
customs tariffs.) policy environment is predictable.(= Transparency in trade rules) Equal treatment to
Local players & foreign players. (=open access to markets) binding commitments (WTO keeps an eye
on each nation so Govt. cant cheat. And if you cheat- youll have to pay fines.) And foreign
investment helps the domestic economy as well.
31 August 2013 19:46:11

Factors affecting Investment Sentiments Savings Rate. Tax Rate in the country. (Net income available
after tax). Inflation. Rate of Interest in Banks. Possible Rate of Return on Capital. Availability of other
factors of production cheap land, labour etc and supporting infrastructure transport, energy and
communication. Market size and stability. Investment friendly environment in the country (policies
of the government).
30 August 2013 17:59:39
http://www.clearias.com/investment-models/

But well have to waste so much of our money in hiring tax-lawyers! Do you have any idea how much
time and money did it cost me to prove my innocence in Vodafone-Hutch deal? This GAAR will only
generate more income for the top 10-12 tax lawyers of India.
30 August 2013 00:47:02

You launch IPO, get funds from the public, and start a company. (Equity) After some years you want
some more money to expand the company, so you want to issue additional shares. But under the
companies act, you can issue additional shares to the existing shareholders only. This is called rights
issue of shares Here, you give notice to the existing shareholders, offer them to buy your new-
shares, you cannot offer any other outsider to purchase the shares. If you do not want rights
issue of shares, you have to hold a general meeting of shareholders and pass a resolution that
company does not need to offer new shares to the existing shareholders, and these new shares are
available for anybody to purchase
30 August 2013 00:14:28

The polluter will have to pay this tax on per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted in the atmosphere. It is
an example of ^Pigovian tax.
28 August 2013 21:23:02

Suppose Government puts tax on the coal purchased by this Power-plant and uses this tax-money to
provide cheap medical care to the residents of that area for respiratory diseases and gives them
subsidy for buying special type of windows that filter the incoming polluted air in the house. Such tax
is called the Pigovian tax, because a British economist Arthur Pigou argued about negative
externalities and imposing taxes on companies involved in creating negative externalities.
28 August 2013 21:22:51

Before DTC, if you own more than one property, there was provision for taxing notional rent even if
the second house was not put to rent. But, under the Direct Tax Code 2010, such a concept has been
abolished.
28 August 2013 21:03:34

Credit Information Bureau of India (CIBIL) is a central agency that prepares a report of all loan
borrowers who have defaulted on their payment to their banks. In short, CIBIL knows if you are a
good borrower or a bad one. Banks seek these reports, called as credit reports, from CIBIL before
they sanction you a loan amount. If your credit history is not good, your loan request may be
rejected, or you may be required to pay higher interest rate.
26 August 2013 23:46:15

Example small time cushions, toys, shoes, plastic wares maker. They dont see much business
because they dont have the avenues to sell their products. Big mall with big floor space, provides
them opportunity to market their products and get customers attention
26 August 2013 23:33:56

According to some reports, Indian farmers realize only 1/3rd of the total price paid by the final
consumer, as against 2/3rd by farmers in nations with a higher share of organized retail.
26 August 2013 23:33:17

MRTP, Monopoly and restrictive trade practices act
26 August 2013 23:26:31

In the spectrum auction, the big telecom companies withdrew their deposited money from the
banks and also took loans.The telecom companies had to pay around Rs 68,000 crore within 10 days
of the auction. So as you can see, that much money went from banking system to the Government
and hence was unavailable for loans.
26 August 2013 22:28:25

if diesel price rise- theyll suffer BUT Government can compensate via fixing higher Minimum
Support Price (MSP) for major crops. Therefore, any increase in the cost of diesel will be
reflected in the price and will not adversely affect farmers Higher diesel price will induce them
to use less diesel which may reduce over-use of ground water prevalent in many parts of the country
(via pump-sets) Govt. instead of giving cheap diesel- uses that subsidy money to build more
canals, then farmers wont have to use lot pump-sets anyways. higher diesel price = higher MSP
will increase subsidy for PDS, (since food become expensive, Govt. has to give more money to supply
same quantity of PDS wheat/rice.
25 August 2013 19:22:50

If higher petrol prices lead to less driving, more fuel efficient vehicles and an efficiency increase
by 20%, the additional cost would be that much less.
25 August 2013 19:20:46

A consequence of this diversion is that the more than Rs.20000 crore of investment in producing
Euro III and Euro IV diesel would be negated to large extent if diesel continues to get adulterated by
kerosene.
25 August 2013 19:03:16

In 2004-05, 62% of the rural households got kerosene only from PDS and consumed less
than 3.5 litres per month But, less than 1% used it for cooking but 60% used it for lighting.
Means theyre using firewood and dung for cooking even when we give them cheap kerosene.
(so it kills the purpose of saving poor women from indoor pollution / firewood gathering by giving
cheap kerosene.
25 August 2013 18:51:45

If kerosene is expensive then Poor Girls will be forced to collect firewood all day= cant go to school
deforestation = climate change + global warming. Villagers using Cattle-dung but Cattle
dung has better use a manure.
25 August 2013 18:49:03

CROSS SUBSIDISATION Traditionally, railways are seen as part of essential public service
=railways should not be denied to even those who are unable to pay fully. (=poor people should
also be allowed to enjoy railways= Garib Rath / Student concession pass etc.) But it doesnt fall
from sky, if someone is enjoy something then somebody has to pay money for it, right ? so,
freight charges* and upper class passengers ticket prices are set high, to cover that cost. this is
called Cross subsidisation
25 August 2013 18:02:12

Foreign capital by way of FII too allows entrepreneurs get access to large chunks of capital but in
turn requires them to improve disclosure and governance standards. The indirect benefits to the
market would include alignment of local practices to international standards in trading, risk
management, new instruments and equity research, thus facilitating the markets to become more
deep, liquid and efficient in feeding new information into prices resulting in a better allocation of
capital to globally competitive sectors of the economy.
24 August 2013 14:02:58

FDI crowds out domestic entrepreneurship and hence it is usually required of the investor to ensure
a minimum level of local content, export commitment and technology transfer, as also dividend
balancing, forex neutrality and compulsory listing/dilution in the local market.
24 August 2013 14:02:27

The Shah Bano case (1985 SCR (3) 844) was a controversial maintenance lawsuit in India, in which
Shah Bano, a 62-year-old Muslim, daughter of a police constable[1] and mother of five from Indore,
Madhya Pradesh, was divorced by her husband in 1978 but even after winning the case at the
Supreme court of India was subsequently denied alimony because the Indian Parliament reversed
the judgement under pressure of Islamic orthodoxy.[2][3][4][5][6] The judgement in favour of the
woman in this case evoked criticisms[7][8][9] among Muslims some of whom cited Qur'an to show
that the judgement was in conflict with Islamic law.[8] It triggered controversy about the extent of
having different civil codes for different religions, especially for Muslims in India.[2][10] This case
caused the [congress] government, with its absolute majority, to pass the Muslim Women
(Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 which diluted the judgment of the Supreme Court and, in
reality (reference missing), denied even utterly destitute Muslim divorces the right to alimony from
their former husbands.[6][10][9]
24 August 2013 13:27:30
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Only Civil laws can be made with retrospective effect. But criminal laws cannot be made with
retrospective effect.
24 August 2013 13:22:57

The Union Ministry of Women and Child Development (WCD) which had initiated the process of
drafting model guidelines for the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012,
that has come into force from November 14, 2012,
18 August 2013 20:42:18

Various surveys have reported that households in India spend significant amounts on medicines, and
expenditure on medicines account for 70 per cent of out-of-pocket expenses incurred by families on
healthcare.
18 August 2013 20:15:38

But nobody, absolutely nobody, applauds the Andaman and Nicobar islands, where the percentage
of people below the poverty line is just 1%. Whats more, Port Blair is apparently the first poverty-
free town
18 August 2013 19:46:19

A good monsoon or a drought can interrupt harvests. But what compounds weather-related
problems is the corruption in Indias commission-based onion trade which is opaque and largely
oligopolistic. Traders raise prices at the slightest hint of a drop in output.
18 August 2013 19:44:53

7% off (max upto Rs 750) to shop on www.ebay.in on Recharge value of Rs.100 and above. Your
eBay India Gift Coupon Code is FW93S77JIS Coupon Validity till 30-Sep-2013 Visit www.ebay.in to
redeem this coupon Reliance Communications is promoting this offer on behalf of eBay India.
Redemption of coupons would be governed by the user agreement between eBay India & customer
16 August 2013 23:37:36
http://myservices.relianceada.com/

ONGC has explored unlimited reserves of shale gas at sarpi on outskirts of durgapur(west bengal)
in damodar basin. This is Asias first and only tapped gas reserves outside north america.
14 August 2013 18:33:34

Ethical Issues in Whistle Blowing Whistle blowing in its most general form involves calling (public)
attention to wrong doing, typically in order to avert harm. Whistle blowing is an attempt by a
member or former member of an organization to disclose wrong doing in or by the organization. In
whistle blowing there is a conflict between the loyalty and livelihood. Loyalty to ones family is an
instinct and a duty; we should not bite the hand that feds our family. We have also duty of loyalty to
public trust, the law and our communities. Ethical dilemma A thorny ethical question in this case is
to what extent the employee bears some of the guilt by not exposing the dangerous or illegal
activities of an employer. The whistleblower may suffer serious personal consequences. Criteria for
justifiable whistle blowing According to Richard T De George there are three conditions that must
hold for whistle-blowing to be morally permissible, and two additional conditions that must hold for
it to be morally obligatory. The three conditions that must hold for it to be morally permissible are:
The firm through its product or policy will do serious and considerable harm to the public, whether
in the person of the user of its product, an innocent bystander, or the general public. Once an
employee identifies a serious threat to the user of a product or to the general public, he or she
should report it to his or her immediate superior and make his or her moral concern known. Unless
he or she does so, the act of Whistle blowing is not justifiable. If one's immediate superior does
nothing effective about the concern or complaint, the employee should exhaust the internal
procedures and possibilities within the firm. This usually will involve taking the matter up the
managerial ladder, and if necessary and possible to the board of directors. Whistleblower must have
accessible documented evidence that would convince a reasonable, impartial observer that one's
view of the situation is correct, and that the company's product or practice posses a serious and
likely danger to the public or to the user of the product. The employee must have good reason to
believe that by going public the necessary changes will be brought about. The chance of being
successful must be worth the risk one takes and danger to which one is exposed. George further
believes that situation which involve serious body harm or death are so different from non-physical
harm, such as financial harm as a result of fraud. He says non physical harm is not as serious an
injury as suffering physical harm. Morally justifiable whistle-blowing are easier, safer and more
efficacious. Because directors share holders and other authorities don't pay much attention to pretty
or unproven complaints.
13 August 2013 22:06:06
http://www.halfmantr.com/final-countdown/

Many states have enacted so-called Good Samaritan laws to provide immunity from damages to
those rendering aid (except for gross negligence or serious misconduct). But it most states the law
does not oblige people to give such aid or even to call an ambulance.
13 August 2013 22:01:12
http://www.halfmantr.com/final-countdown/

suns magnetic field, dubbed its heartbeat, evolves in a cycle, Most prominent activity takes place
every eleven years, which coincides with the sunspot appearances.
12 August 2013 18:53:46

If we can know the distribution of Extra-Galactic background light, it would give us important clues
about how mass is distributed and how galaxies have formed and evolved + the shape of the early
universe. Problem: Since Earth is inside a bright Solar System and a bright galaxy, it is extremely
difficult to distinguish and detect the faint EBL.
12 August 2013 18:42:29

BRCA is not the only gene patented, some other companies and universities also have patented
genes for Tay-Sachs disease, Cystic fibrosis, Colorectal cancer, Hearing loss etc. at this rate, future
medical treatments will become prohibitively expensive. Therefore, the whole idea of Gene
Patenting is against the interest of patients.
12 August 2013 18:35:52

A gene patent holder has the right to prevent anyone from studying, testing or even looking at a
gene. As a result, scientific research and genetic testing has been delayed, limited or even shut down
due to concerns about gene patents.
12 August 2013 18:34:44

In an electronic cigarette, you do not light up and produce smoke. You do not even use tobacco. You
take nicotine (the addictive), dissolve it in glycols (which are acceptable to the human body) and
using an electronic method, produce an aerosol mist and inhale the vapour. There is no smoke, no
Carbon Monoxide, no nitrous mix, no tar, no yellow teeth. They are better than the nicotine patch or
gum; and they can help smokers quit. (atleast that what the companies claim)
12 August 2013 18:30:45

cholangioscope is an equipment with a video camera for detection of cancers of bile duct, liver and
pancreas. jointly developed by by Indian and Japanese healthcare researchers.
12 August 2013 18:29:29

Eye-PAC computing technology by IIT Madras It is based on the principle of capturing the image of
the eye, digitising it before transferring the information to a computing system. The technology
teases out specific information from the images and provides a computer-assisted screening
decision technology can process the image obtained without dilating the eye, thus saving time both
for the operator and patient.
12 August 2013 18:28:45

zygote is special because this single cell is capable of developing into an embryo and ultimately an
entire organism, unlike an already-differentiated cell like a skin cell which can only develop into skin
tissue. This property of the zygote is called totipotency.
12 August 2013 18:25:39

2012: Nobel prize for medicine given to John B. Gurdon and Shina Yamanaka for their discovery that
discovery that differentiation of cells is a reversible process. In other words, normal cells can be
reconverted into stem cells. and then those stem cells could be used for treatment of various
diseases.
12 August 2013 18:23:59

ELQ-300 is a new anti-malarial drug, undergoing trials. capable of treating and preventing malaria
infection, target both the liver and blood stages. works against both drug-resistant species
(Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax).
12 August 2013 18:23:02

H7N9, H1N1 and H5N1= All three viruses are influenza A viruses but they are distinct from each
other. H7N9 and H5N1 are considered animal influenza viruses that sometimes infect people.
12 August 2013 17:57:45

Ammonia is an important component of explosives, fertilisers, and industrial coolants. Hence
ammonia detectors are used to check for pollution in the vicinity of urban settlements, such as in
rivers, lakes, buildings, etc.
11 August 2013 23:24:16

Dynamic positioning system (DPS) is a computer-controlled system which automatically maintains
the position of the ship at mid-sea sea-state 5 when the wave height is 45 metres DPS, even at
sea-state 5 when the wave height is 45 metres the ships position can be fixed to within a
variation of less than 50 metre Ships that do not have a DPS can be manoeuvred only manually so
that the position of the ship is fixed up to deviations of 200-300 metres. This feature comes in useful
when deploying remotely operable vehicles, Tsunami alert systems etc, which require the ship to
maintain a fixed position for a very long time.
11 August 2013 23:20:57

Sagar Nidhi Oceanographic Research Vessel, belongs to National Institute of Ocean Technology
(NIOT), Chennai. Sagar Nidhi helps NIOT in technology demonstration work on deep-sea mining and
tsunami studies. It is an ice class vessel= can cut through thin ice of 40 cm depth. It is the first Indian
vessel to have gone to Antarctic waters.
11 August 2013 23:20:02

El Nino Modoki during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in the North Indian Ocean, more
cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal than in the Arabian Sea Scientists have now discovered why in
some years more cyclones form in the Arabian Sea than usual. This is due to a newly discovered
Phenomenon (2007) El Nino Modoki
11 August 2013 23:18:17

salinity of the oceans that surround India play an important part in the complex interactions
between atmosphere and sea and thus indirectly determines climate over the subcontinent.
11 August 2013 23:16:10

SRI Rice cultivation SRI=systematic rice intensification method It is the universally accepted as a
proven method to increase rice yield. principles of SRI cultivation transplant seedlings when theyre
young plant seedlings in 2525 or wider spacing, to reduce competition for sunlight and nutrients.
Reduce external inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticides) Prevent soil from becoming anoxic (without
oxygen). For this, use mechanical weeder regularly. Add in-situ/ex-situ organic matter as much as
possible, to increase the soil organic matter. Use green manure, bio fertilizer, compost.
11 August 2013 23:06:45

High density multi species cropping system is one of the mixed cropping systems Here, a number of
compatible crops are grown in an area to meet the diverse needs of the farmers such as food, fuel,
timber, fodder and cash.
11 August 2013 23:05:48

The farm ponds are constructed at the lower side of the fields and the runoff from the higher side of
the fields are channelized into the pond. provides Fodder and drinking water
11 August 2013 23:05:22

Velanmai is a Tamil word meaning agriculture. it is an IT project for dissemination of agricultural
information Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) directly to farmers on a pilot basis in selected
areas of the State.
11 August 2013 20:31:47

The caffeine in nectar of flower= gets the bees addicted hence they keep coming back and help in
pollination.
11 August 2013 20:31:11

Because of Caffeine, the raw coffee bean or tea-leaf is bitter to taste, hence animals wont eat it,
plant can grow and flourish.
11 August 2013 20:31:07

If Potash Mobilizing Bacterial (KMB) biofertilizer and biopesticides are used, farmers can save upto
50 per cent of their potassium fertilizer requirement.
11 August 2013 20:30:51

The group that pioneered the Chipko Movement was Dashauli Gram Swarajya Mandal.The one wing
of Chipko movement identified with Sunderlal Bahuguna preferred to connect Himalayan
deforestation with national and global environmental concerns the DGSM under leadership of
Chandi Prasad Bhatt has turned from struggle to reconstruction work at the grassroots, They have
concentrated chiefly on afforestation work in the villages of the upper Alakananda valley. They have
promoted energy saving devices such as fuel efficient cooking stoves and biogas plants.This example
show that reconstruction work can proceed hand in hand with struggle.
10 August 2013 09:20:33

Diffusion of Innovations, Rogers explains that diffusion is a process in a social system where an
innovative idea or concept is spread by members of the social group through certain channels. He
further explains that there are four elements that effect how and how quickly a new idea spreads.
These four elements are, the innovation itself, the types of communication channels used, the
amount of time the social group is exposed to the innovation, and the nature of the social group
09 August 2013 12:02:57

A bench consisting of Justices G. S. Singhvi and Asok Kumar Ganguly pointed out that laws enacted
for achieving the goals set out in the Preamble to the Constitution were inadequate; the benefits of
welfare measures embodied in the legislation had not reached millions of poor people, and efforts
to bridge the gap between rich and poor did not yield the desired results.
07 August 2013 15:38:48

The concept of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is in consonance with the principles enshrined in Article
39A of the Constitution of India to protect and deliver prompt social justice with the help of law.
Before the 1980s, only the aggrieved party could approach the courts for justice. After the
emergency era the high court reached out to the people, devising a means for any person of the
public (or an NGO) to approach the court seeking legal remedy in cases where the public interest is
at stake. Justice P. N. Bhagwati and Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer were among the first judges to admit
PILs in court.[1] Filing a PIL is not as cumbersome as a usual legal case; there have been instances
when letters and telegrams addressed to the court have been taken up as PILs and heard
07 August 2013 15:35:56

Public-Interest Litigation (PIL, or ) is litigation for the protection of the public interest.
In Indian law, Article 32 of the Indian constitution contains a tool which directly joints the public with
judiciary. PIL may be introduced in a court of law by the court itself (suo motu), rather than the
aggrieved party or another third party. For the exercise of the court's jurisdiction, it is unnecessary
for the victim of the violation of his or her rights to personally approach the court. In PIL, the right to
file suit is given to a member of the public by the courts through judicial activism. The member of
the public may be a non-governmental organization (NGO), an institution or an individual.
07 August 2013 15:21:57

UK would introduce same-day visa services for Indian investors. Foreign students are important for
the economy of UK, Australia. But recently the Indian students have been avoiding UK like hell
because Rise in hate crimes. Economic downturn in Europe, Job opportunities =not good
05 August 2013 08:26:50

Besides, if Britain starts returning the things to original countries then most of its museums and
crown-treasury will get empty, after all they enriched themselves only by stealing, looting and
plundering others during the colonial era. (Counter argument) Kohinoor is more safe in UK than in
India. Because thieves broke into Vishwa Bharati museum and stole Rabindranath Tagores Nobel
medal while security personnel were busy watching an Indo-Pak cricket match on TV.
05 August 2013 08:26:11

Besides, if Britain starts returning the things to original countries then most of its museums and
crown-treasury will get empty, after all they enriched themselves only by stealing, looting and
plundering others during the colonial era.
05 August 2013 08:25:56

A proposed joint cyber taskforce of India+UK. Because David wants to secure the personal
information of millions of Britons stored on Indian servers against cyber attacks by terrorists,
criminals and hostile states.
05 August 2013 08:23:36

UK will Investment in infra + energy projects in India. UK will help developing 1000-kilometer
Industrial corridor in the Mumbai-Bangalore region. MoU for setting up Metro rail network in
Mumbai. India-UK will invest in joint research projects. British retail giant Tesco is eager to enter
multi-brand retail in India. Vodafone tax case. David wants to sell fighter jets to India. David wants to
negotiate bilateral Civil Nuclear Agreement.
05 August 2013 08:22:48

Since 90s, India has following agreements with UK double taxation avoidance agreement Bilateral
investment promotion and protection agreement UK Supports Indias full/permanent membership in
Nuclear Suppliers Group United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
05 August 2013 08:21:16

The Sri Krishna Commission The Government of India constituted a five member Committee headed
by Justice Sri Krishna for consultations on the Situation in Andhra Pradesh (CCSAP) on 3 February
2010 to resolve the Telangana issue. The Sri Krishna Committee submitted its report to the Union
Home Ministry on 30 December 2010 and suggested six options.
04 August 2013 15:27:35

The long-term storage of radioactive waste is yet another factor that adds to the risk of nuclear
power generation.
04 August 2013 06:00:39

Coal accounts for only about 25 percent of total global primary energy supply but it contributes over
42 percent of energy related carbon emissions.
04 August 2013 05:53:01

India currently has 19 operational nuclear power plants with the total capacity of 4.5 GW. Four more
reactors under construction would add another 2.7 GW.
04 August 2013 05:50:47

Indonesia and Philippines have special terms because services sector is vital for their economies, and
theyre worried their local service sector will be hurt while competing with Indias strong services
sector. Biggest worry is for Philippines. Because more than 50% of their workforce is engaged in
IT/outsourcing sector. recall we are facing similar issue in FTA in Goods, because of cheaper
plantation products from ASEAN Although India is not putting all eggs in one FTA basket. Were also
doing bilateral trade agreements with individual countries in the region. for example
03 August 2013 18:32:07

The trade deficit has been increasing hugely in favor of ASEAN mostly because of the heavy import
of plantation products. Cheaper palm oil from ASEAN = hurting local producers in Kerala. Our
groundnut and pepper farmers also suffering due to cheaper ASEAN imports. similar apprehension
about Indian fisheries sector.
03 August 2013 18:30:53

Both parties have agreed to encourage business-to-business relations, establishing a necessary
framework to strengthen private sector engagement and public-private partnership (PPP).
03 August 2013 18:30:09

India-ASEAN trade has grown over ten times in the ten years.
03 August 2013 18:29:54

Pandemics and disease are no longer limited to national boundaries and have assumed a trans-
national dimension. SARS and H1N1 virus have in recent times afflicted the region. Hence
cooperation is essential between India-ASEAN.
03 August 2013 18:29:36

In terms of income, India-ASEAN community is roughly the size of the EU
03 August 2013 18:23:40

India and several ASEAN countries are net importers of hydrocarbon. They need to develop
alternative energy sources. But R&D in renewable =need truckload of ca$H hence regional
cooperation essential for financing those projects.
03 August 2013 18:23:24

For India a stronger posturing at ASEAN = its stature as a global power will get a great boost. After
all, without being a strong regional player becoming global power = day dream.
03 August 2013 18:22:59

Cambodia (host of the summit) is an ally of China China did not want the joint communique text to
mention South China Sea as a standing conflict. but other gang members- Vietnam, Philippines,
Malaysia and Brunei wanted the text to contain their respective grievances regarding territorial
issues with China. In wake of such unprecedented influencing of China into the ASEAN matters, the
ASEAN is looking towards India like never before. India is being seen as the counter balance to China
at the ASEAN platform.
03 August 2013 18:19:53

ASEAN Community (2015) Similar to European Union. will be setup in 2015 and will have three pillars
ASEAN Political Security Community ASEAN Economic Community ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community
03 August 2013 18:17:49

2013 22nd ASEAN summit in Brunei, theme: Our People, Our Future Together.
03 August 2013 18:17:36

ASEAN topic becomes important because in the end of 2012, two important developments took
place 20th Anniversary of India-ASEAN dialogue. India-ASEAN FTA in service & investment was
signed.
03 August 2013 18:13:09

if India acquiesces to a Western intervention in Libya, it will lose all moral and legal authority to keep
the Kashmir issue away from international scrutiny. This is the basic pillar of Indian foreign policy
regarding Middle eastern crisis We support the rise and demand of democracy in every corner of
the world, but without making enemies with the Dictators ruling those countries.
03 August 2013 18:11:03

If we agree on any international intervention in any trouble area, then Pakistanis and Chinese will
also demand and justify the international intervention in Kashmir and Arunanchal Pradesh. So better
treat any troubled issue (Myanmar, Egypt, Libya) as their domestic-problem, and not get very
enthusiastic about it.
03 August 2013 18:10:00

Just how things have worked is apparent from what happened to the Parliament House following
the December 13, 2001 attack. Until the 1960s, a city transport bus would actually let passengers
alight near the front entrance of the building. Today, the guardians of Parliament have shut off roads
adjacent to the Parliament House and sections of roads nearby. The perimeter of the Parliament
House is covered by a CCTV system and an electrified fence; within, there are four layers of security,
courtesy the Delhi Police, the CRPF and ITBP and personnel of the Parliament Security Service, the
last-named entity being set up after the 2001 attack on Parliament. This arrangement is giving way
to a new Parliament Duty Group made up of two battalions of CRPF and the PSS, equipped with high
quality assault rifles, hand-held thermal imagers and so on. Personnel who guard the entry to the
Parliament House have a variety of gadgets to disable rogue vehicles, in addition to providing radio-
frequency identification of registered vehicles. But, typical of static security systems, Parliaments
security is oriented to fighting the last intrusion better than it is to deal with the next attack which
could come in an unexpected fashion, such as one where a toy aeroplane landed on the grounds in
2009. This fortress has, in effect, denied access to the citizen, while not quite ensuring that it is
secure.
03 August 2013 16:16:06

Every challenge comes up with a new bureaucratic response in terms of new plans, organisations,
forces and equipment. Somehow, the older and obsolete ones never seem to go away. So we end up
with an ever increasing budget and institutions devoted to national security. The relentless growth
of the paramilitary and armed forces has been one manifestation of this. While civil police forces
remain patchy and ill-equipped, Indias paramilitary and army has grown astonishingly from
430,000 in 1988 to 670,000 in 2004. Currently they stand at 850,000 and could go up by another
100,000 in the coming years.
03 August 2013 16:13:24

Chinas challenge is as much through its economic prowess as its military capabilities.
03 August 2013 16:09:13

Such a state is one which tends obsessively to look at challenges through the prism of national
security. It builds up a vast apparatus of military and police forces and arms itself with legal and
extra-legal powers that end up curbing the rights of its citizens, all in the name of national security.
03 August 2013 16:06:01

The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) is an association of organisations
that regulate the worlds securities and futures markets. Members are typically the Securities
Commission or the main financial regulator from each country. IOSCO has members from over 100
different countries, who regulate more than 90 percent of the world's securities markets. The
organisations role is to assist its members to promote high standards of regulation and act as a
forum for national regulators to cooperate with each other and other international organisations.
03 August 2013 16:04:19

The Financial Action Task Force (on Money Laundering) (FATF), also known by its French name,
Groupe d'action financire (GAFI), is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1989 on the
initiative of the G7
03 August 2013 16:03:25

Rupee depreciation increases the local currency or rupee cost of servicing foreign debt, imposing an
additional and undefined burden on the borrower. Firms exploiting increased foreign investor
interest in the wake of the tax concession are likely to over-borrow. They can in difficult times, such
as now, find themselves unable to service foreign debt without courting losses and even bankruptcy.
03 August 2013 15:51:02

The concession does of course impose huge costs on the nation. Unlike the case with investments in
equity, where returns are linked to performance, interest and amortisation commitments on debt
have to be met irrespective of the returns obtained in or foreign exchange earned by the
investments they finance. The debt being in foreign currency, these binding commitments have to
be met in foreign currency as well.
03 August 2013 15:49:41

One argument was that private equity ownership would introduce new monitors into the system,
and the signals sent by share prices influenced by shareholder preferences would help improve
corporate governance in banking. Another was that dilution of a part of equity, subject to public
ownership remaining at 51 per cent or more, would help mobilise the resources needed to
recapitalise banks and meet the conditions set by prudential rules such as those implicit in the
capital adequacy ratios specified under Basel norms.
03 August 2013 15:38:11

The period since 1993 has, however, seen the slow reversal of that policy, not merely through the
grant of greater space for foreign banks in India, but through the grant of licences to 12 private
players after two calls for applications. But the current third round call for private entry is significant
not merely because it carries the process forward but because it allows for entry by domestic
corporates in the form of entities and groups in the private sector that are owned and controlled by
residents. This has, as is to be expected, triggered speculation on the future of Indian banking.
03 August 2013 15:35:02

Central to that liberalisation was the reversal of the post-1969 policy in which banking was made a
largely public preserve by the nationalisation of the major private banks. Till then, Indias major
banks, other than the State Bank of India and its subsidiaries, were directly or indirectly controlled
by big business, resulting in the capture of a dominant share of the nations savings by large firms to
the exclusion of small borrowers and the agricultural sector. Seizing the ownership of these banks
and bringing them into the public sector established social control.
03 August 2013 15:34:13

National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM) reportedly includes the
software exports of the overseas subsidiaries of Indian companies in its figures on Indias software
export earnings.
03 August 2013 15:26:28

National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM) reportedly includes the
software exports of the overseas subsidiaries of Indian companies in its figures on Indias software
export earnings.
03 August 2013 15:26:28

In sum, the weakness of the rupee is a result of a deterioration of Indias economic performance,
especially the deterioration of its balance of payments. Such weakening in an economy that through
liberalisation has made itself dependent on foreign financial only leads to heightened instability.
03 August 2013 15:25:00
http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Chandrasekhar/a-long-view-of-the-rupee/

India, however, the evidence indicates, was already experiencing downward pressure on its
currency. There were two forces underlying this tendency. One was a combination of a high oil
import bill and rising gold imports that was working to widen the current account deficit on Indias
balance of payments. The lagged effect of the recession in Europe on Indias exports only aggravated
this adverse trend over time. Second, there appears to have been some reluctance on the part of the
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to retrench a part of its foreign exchange reserves to stall the rupees
depreciation. Left to itself the economic situation seemed to warrant depreciation of the rupee, and
even moderately good capital inflows did not help to stall that decline.
03 August 2013 15:23:09
http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Chandrasekhar/a-long-view-of-the-rupee/

The UPA seems to have forgotten that the countrys trade commitments, including to the WTO,
stand in the way of its implementing the Food Security Ordinance
03 August 2013 15:08:42
http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-shaky-geopolitics-of-indias-food-security/

India supports a united, independent, viable, sovereign state of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its
capital, living within secured and recognized borders side by side at peace with Israel. 1936 Congress
working committee sent greetings to Palestine and on 27th September first observed Palestine day.
1939 Session of INC adopted a resolution on Palestine and looked forward to the emergence of an
Independent democratic state in Palestine in which Jews rights would be protected. India was the
member of UN special committee on Palestine. 1974 India became the first non Arab country to
recognize the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the sole and legitimate representative of
the Palestine people. 1980 GOI announced in Parliament Indias decision to accord full diplomatic
recognition to the PLO office in New Delhi. It was after this that Yasser Arafat paid a three day visit
to India, during which he described India as an eternal friend. 1988 India recognized Palestine as a
state. Indian Government has constructed the Palestine embassy building in New Delhi, as a gift of
the people and GOI to the Palestine people. India also supports Palestine in a variety of tangible
ways, including the contribution of millions of dollars as budget support for the Palestine National
Authority and assistance to Palestine in developing its human resources through Indias technical
cooperation programme.
03 August 2013 13:30:35

Mavi Marmara incident, 2010 Some NGOs, Peace workers wanted to deliver food, other
humanitarian aid and construction materials to Gaza refugees. They came by sea using a ship named
Mavi Marmara, wanted to land on Gaza strip But were intercepted by Israeli military.
03 August 2013 13:26:58

Oslo Accords, 1993 After many rounds of talks, Israeli Government and Yasser Arafats PLO entered
into peace agreement, according to which Israel and PLO will formally recognize eachothers right to
exist. A new Palestine authority (PA) will be formed, itll have elected Arab representatives. Israel
will gradually handover the administration of Gaza strip and West Bank, to this Palestine Authority
(PA). But Hamas was opposed to Oslo accords.
03 August 2013 13:25:17

The Difference between Hamas and PLO = both started as militant movements for Palestinian Arabs
But PLO has (almost) ceased violence while Hamas continues to remain armed and dangerous.
03 August 2013 13:24:36

He proposed, Our PLO is the Government-in-exile. Were representing that Arab State envisioned
under UN resolution. We recognize Israel as the Jewish state, we accept their right to exist. Now give
us our land, Gaza Strip and West Bank.
03 August 2013 13:22:48

During the first Israel-Arab war, the Egyptian army had captured Gaza strip. But In 1967s war, Israel
re-captured Gaza Strip. But The Egyptian government did not consider Gaza Strip as a part of Egypt
and did not allow those refugees to become Egyptian citizens or to migrate to Egypt or to other Arab
countries. (their side of border was opened in 2011) On the other side, Israel did not allow these
refugees to return to their former homes. So these refugees are stuck from both the sides, live in
poverty and food aids from United Nations. Ever since, there is rioting and violent street clashes
between Gazas Palestinians (refugees/Hamas) and occupying Israeli troops.
03 August 2013 13:21:48

As the civil war, rioting, murder, loot, plunder, assassinations spread, on 14th May 1948, the Last
British high commissioner left Palestine. Immediately, the Zionist leaders declared Israel a free
Nation. Within a few hours, USA also recognized Israel as a nation.
03 August 2013 13:18:51

Soon after the UN resolution, rioting and civil war broke out in Palestine, between the native Arab
and Jews. You can imagine the hardship of people- similar to partition of India-Pakistan
03 August 2013 13:18:08

In Feb 1947, Britishers were busy negotiating independence of India. They were also eager to
decrease costly military presence in Palestine. So British Government decided to handover the
Palestine question to United Nations.
03 August 2013 13:17:08

Recall that after First World War, Palestine region was under British Administration. Official policy of
British = Prevent Jews from settling in Palestine region because it was leading to riots between Jews
and native Arabs. But during the course of World war II, the US army discovered Nazi extermination
camps. This created deep sympathy for Jewish people in USA. The Senators and Congressmen of
USA, started lobbying for Zionist cause. Therefore U.S. President Truman requested British
Government to immediatly admit 1 lakh Jewish Holocaust survivors into Palestine, and unrestricted
Jewish immigration in Palestine in future.
03 August 2013 13:15:34

Zionism is the term used to describe the Jewish political movement of the late 19th century. Their
Objective= to unite the Jewish diaspora all over world and settle them in Palestine.
03 August 2013 13:13:39

Zionism is the term used to describe the Jewish political movement of the late 19th century. Their
Objective= to unite the Jewish diaspora all over world and settle them in Palestine.
03 August 2013 13:13:39

What is Anti-Semitism? Term used to describe the harassment done to Jewish people. What Hitler
did, was one example of Anti-Semitism, but same things were also happening in Russia, Austria as
well.
03 August 2013 13:13:12

All the Jews were rounded up by Secret Police (Gestapo). The physically fit Jewish men were sent to
work in labour camps (to aid German war production during Second World war), While pregnant
women, young children, the elderly, handicapped and sick were killed in gas-chambers.
03 August 2013 13:12:21

When Indian Parents try to find bride with fair white skin for their son, it is also one (stupid) idea
indirectly related to Eugenics. Thats why Skin whitening creams make huge business in India.
Eugenics is now making re-entry, indirectly through the research related to designer babies.
03 August 2013 13:11:08

His main policies/beliefs were following One party rule: all the opposition leaders killed, jailed or
expelled from Germany. Complete ban on Communist activities, Trade unions and Labour strikes.
This was done to increase industrial output and make Germany war-ready. He openly defied treaty
of Versailles, by increasing troops in the army, construction of submarines, aircrafts etc. He made
friendship pacts with unhappy nations from the Allied gang: Italy and Russia. He decided to unify all
German-speaking areas of Europe.
03 August 2013 13:09:58

Rise of Hitler During these hard times, Hitler used to attract German crowds with his charismatic and
fierce speeches. He wanted Germany to withdraw from Treaty of Versailles. He identified Jew as the
enemy responsible for all of Germanys ills. His argument: Jews own big business, big banks, big
department stores, and big labour. And Jews have been profiteering during First World War, during
the Treaty of Versailles, during this hyper-inflation. So, theyre leading happy life at our expense.
Jews are basically responsible for anything and everything that is bad in Germany. German public
and war veterans were already distressed by the hyperinflation and unemployment- So many of
them started worshiping Hitler as their savior. 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Within a
week, He dismissed all Jews from civil services.
03 August 2013 13:09:20

Hyperinflation The German economy had already collapsed due to heavy loss of man and material
during World War I. The treaty of Versailles only added insult to this injury. During this time, German
Government resorted to printing more currency. (Name of German currency=Mark) That led to
hyper-inflation (because truck load of paper-cash on one side but not truckload of potatoes on the
other side). So paper currency lost its value. Check this photo: A German woman burns currency,
because its paper was cheaper fuel than coal!
03 August 2013 13:07:54

The Allied nations (US,UK,France) forced Germany to sign this treaty else face another military
invasion. So Germany had to sign this humuliating treaty under which The coal mines of Germany
were transferred to France Germany cannot maintain an army bigger than one lakh troops. Germany
cannot build airforce or submarines. Colonies of Germany, were taken over and distributed among
the Allied nations. Germany had to pay $65 crore as war-reparation to these Allied Nations.
(Compensation for injury).
03 August 2013 13:07:09

This created resentment among the Native Arabs residing in Palestine. Especially after the Jewish
people started immigrating here, due to the oppression by Hitler.
03 August 2013 13:05:14

During the course of First world war, British army captured Jerusalem and put this Palestine region
under military administration.
03 August 2013 13:04:50

Earlier, Germany was made up of small princely states. It was Otto von Bismarck, who unified them
and created the modern German empire. Our Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is often called Bismarck of
India for this reason.
03 August 2013 12:53:48

The ban on private holdings ruined peasant life at its most basic level, according to Mirsky. Villagers
were unable to secure enough food to go on living, because the traditional means of being able to
rent, sell, or use their land as collateral for loans was deprived of them by the commune
03 August 2013 10:11:07

On the communes, a number of radical and controversial agricultural innovations were promoted at
the behest of Mao. Many of these were based on the ideas of now discredited Soviet biologist
Trofim Lysenko and his followers. The policies included close cropping, whereby seeds were sown far
more densely than normal on the incorrect assumption that seeds of the same class would not
compete with each other.[citation needed] Deep plowing (up to 2m deep) was encouraged on the
mistaken belief that this would yield plants with extra large root systems. Moderately productive
land was left unplanted with the belief that concentrating manure and effort on the most fertile land
would lead to large per-acre productivity gains. Altogether, these untested innovations generally led
to decreases in grain production rather than increases.
03 August 2013 10:09:54

These new workers placed major stress on China's food-rationing system, which led to increased and
unsustainable demands on rural food production.
03 August 2013 10:04:36

Moderates within the Party, including Zhou Enlai, argued for a reversal of collectivization.
03 August 2013 10:01:25

Besides these economic changes, the Party implemented major social changes in the countryside
including the banishing of all religious and mystic institutions and ceremonies and replacing them
with political meetings and propaganda sessions.
03 August 2013 10:00:40

By 1958, however, private ownership was entirely abolished and households all over China were
forced into state-operated communes.
03 August 2013 10:00:04

The years of the Great Leap Forward in fact saw economic regression, with 1958 through 1961 being
the only years between 1953 and 1983 in which China's economy saw negative growth.
03 August 2013 09:46:04

Historian Frank Diktter asserts that "coercion, terror, and systematic violence were the very
foundation of the Great Leap Forward" and it "motivated one of the most deadly mass killings of
human history."
03 August 2013 09:45:40

The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: D yu jn)
of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist
Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's
vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern
communist society through the process of rapid industrialization and collectivization. Mao Zedong
led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed
of the impending disaster from grain shortages.
03 August 2013 09:44:05

Setup in 1907, just two years after Lord Curzon partition Bengal. TISCO =Tata Iron and Steel company
TISCO plant wasnt setup by Jamshedji Tata but his son Sir Dorabji Tata Manganese is used for
hardening steel.
03 August 2013 00:38:07

When industries dont move away from an area, despite the locational disadvantage= this
phenomena is called industrial inertia. Why industrial inertia? Factor impact Labour As time
progressed, area near coal fields developed into industrial cities=There is already a large pool of
skilled and experienced workers, support services. New area may not have the same labour supply
(atleast for the first few years, until people permanently migrate.) Transport The railroad, transport
and communication infrastructure = well-developed in the old area. Therefore, even if local raw
material supply is exhausted, they can be imported from other areas. Capital It takes a lot of time
and money to build a factory and equip it with necessary machines. This discourages the
entrepreneur from shifting to a new location, especially for steel industry, heavy engineering works,
petrochemical refinaries. It is usually cheaper to modernize or expand an existing location rather
than move to a new site. For example, as cotton industry of Lakeshire declined, they converted
textile mills into light engineering goods factories, rather than moving to a different location. Market
Iron and steel industries provide raw material to many secondary manufacturing industries such as
automobile, heavy engineering etc. If the primary industries moved to new location but the
corresponding Customers (automobile/heavy engineering industries) dont change location, then it
will affect profit levels. This is like pahele Aap, Pahele Aap (you go first, no no you go first..) but
nobody moves from old area for the fear of losing profit=>industrial inertia.
03 August 2013 00:05:05

In theory, FDI helps stabilise the external situation in two ways. First, because of its longer
investment horizon, and second, because it could help reduce the countrys dependence on
imported manufactures.

Clippings UPSC

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Clippings UPSC

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

discovery of monsoon enabled India to carry trade and cultural links with Western Asia

03 November 2013 15:55:58

Potrebbero piacerti anche