Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
de columnas complejas en la
destilacin de multicomponentes
Hermes A. Range. Jara
Ingeniero Qumico, M.Sc. I.Q.
Profesor Asociado, U.N.
Jorge E. Linares Rodrguez
Ingeniero Qumico Profesor Asociado, U.N.
Introduccin
La solucin del modelo matemtico originado en
una torre de destilacin, en un primer intento, fue
propuesto por Lewis-Matheson (10) Y ThieleGeddes (16), que implica un mtodo clsico de
clculo etapa a etapa y ecuacin a ecuacin,
dentro de un proceso iterativo para la resolucin
de separadores sencillos con una alimentacin
34 Ingenieria
e Investigacin
INGENIERIA
Modelo matemtico
La presentacin del modelo matemtico es similar al propuesto por Wang y Henke (17). En la
Figura 1 se muestra una columna que tiene n
etapas en equilibrio incluyendo un condensador
parcial o total y un rehervidor. La numeracin de
los platos se hace en una forma creciente desde
la cima hasta el fondo de la torre. La primera
etapa es el condensador y la ltima corresponde
al rehervidor.
QUIMICA
as'
ADOIl
}'.
'.
'.
o.
'\-1
'i-I
"J-I
".I
D. V1+U1
';-1
-j
o
I
ej+ 1
"1+1
~+.
"a-.
".1
1)
e._a
".-1
Investigacin
35
INGENIERIA
QUIMICA
L_I
+Vj+1Hj_1+FjHFj-Qj
ti
'i-I
'ti;
p.
I Zij.M"
(Fk-Wk-Uk)
(5)
-D,
2~j~n-l
=V +L
1
L;
2. Representacin
k=2
donde, D
M;+I
Figura
con
YI;+I
Lj=Vj+1
:~
'1;+1
',-1
Tj ... j
(4)
(6)
T~
Aj
con
Ar?'in-1 +Br?'in
O
Djl
2~j~n-l
(7)
(8)
Dn
BI
cI
Xil
DI
Az
Bl Cz
Xiz
Dz
Bj
Cj
An-l
Bn_l
Cn-1
X1n-1
Dn_l
An
Bn
Xin
Dn
Aj
M - Ecuaciones
Mij (xijl
Vjl Tj) =
Lj-1Xij-1-
(Vj+Wj)
- (Lj+Uj)
Yij
Xij+Vj+1Yij+1
+FjZij=O
(1)
Vjl Tj) =
(2)
Yij-KijXij=O
i=l
c1 =V2Ki2
1: x.j
i-1
H - Ecuaciones
36 Ingenierfa
(10)
con
(11)
s i s n-l
(3)
Sj(XijIVjITj)
Donde:
D1
m
Dj
S - Ecuaciones
1: Yi
E - Ecuaciones
Ej (xijl
Xij
Investigacin
(3 a)
(12)
INGENIERIA
Bj=-
[(Vj+Wj)
-[t
Kij+Vj+1]
(Fk-Wk-Uk)
k=2
en donde
Cj
Dj
s;
-D+Uj]
2~i~n-l
(14)
Vj+1Kij+l
-FJ Zij
con
An
(13)
2~i<n-l
Vn+B
(15)
xin
Xij
a;
=
= qj-PjXij+l,
j=n-l,n-2,
-ID} =
Tj)
= i=l1:: K'j
con
(16)
(-Hj-hj)
Vi' Tj)
(17)
O,
= (Hj
(Vj+Wj)
+Fj (HFj-hj)
=
=
=
c.r,
Dl/Bl
C/ (Bj-AjPj_l)
con
hj)
'l-
- (hj-hj)
Vj'l
Lj_l
(18)
-Qj=O,
l~j~n
j =2,3,
(Dj-Aj%_l)
con
l~j~n
Hj (Xij,
Pj
'qj
-1
X'j
Pl
. (19)
,1.
Vj, Tj)
{xi)
QUIMICA
...
(20)
, n-l
/ (Bj-AjPj_l)
j =2, 3, .. , n
(21)
l~i~m
37
INGENIERIA
QUIMICA
(22)
Algoritmo (IMM)
1. Seleccionar dos valores iniciales, tto y tt1
Evaluar yy o . y yy.1.
aao
aa1
tt2
=
=
=
t.t
(YY1-YYO)
I (tt1-ttO)
aao-YYol aa1
2. Calcular~, as:
3. mm = 2 Y evaluar YY2
4. Calcular ttmm+1 utilizando
ecuaciones de recurrencia:
bb
bbi
=
=
ttmm
(YYmm-YYi-l)
las siguientes
I (bbi_1-aai_1)
4.1
4.2
<t>i-l =aai-1-YYi-l/<t>i
(i=
mm,mm-l,mm-2,
...,1)
4.3
4.4
5. Calcular yy mm+1
6. Observar el criterio de convergencia. Si convergencia~ no es satisfecho, mm = mm + 1 Y
regresar al numeral 4.
Con el nuevo perl de temperaturas se originan
nuevos valores para el perl v., por medio de las
H - Ecuaciones. Las entalps del vapor y del
lquido se calculan a partir de,
38 Ingenierla
e Investigacin
'C2
C3
C4
0.03
0.20
0.37
0.35
0.05
INGENIERIA
El alimento se precalienta hasta una temperatura tal que 16,4 moles son vapor. Se adopt un
reflujo de 154.3 moles, para hacer un anlisis
comparativo de la propuesta numrica desarrollada en este artculo y la presentada por Wang
y Henke (17). Para iniciar el proceso iterativo se
supone un perfil lineal de temperatura y un flujo
de vapor constante.
V~+l
(25)
~ [(Tj)
QUIMICA
k-
(Tj) k-11
SET=O.
OOOOln
J=l
< 0.001n
e < 0.0001"
e < 0.00001 n
e
(1)
4O+------+--,----~I------_t_----__+----~r_----__
~
~3)
~~+---~d-~---r~~_+~--~r-----+_~~
ffi
1~10~---~------~-----~~~~------r_---___
0+------r----~~----4_----_+------+_----~
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
(
1.0
1.1
w )
Ingenierla e Investigacin
39
INGENIERIA
QUIMICA
NOMENCLATURA
ak1
151<54 Y 1515m Constantes de las expresiones para los
coeficientes de distribucin Kg
Z1.41
Z,26
C2
C3
C4
Cs
C6
0.03 0.01
0.48 0.20
0.330.44
0.15 0.29
0.01 0.06
V1 = 28 moles
U16 = 8 moles
B = 64 moles
F26 = 50 moles
F41 = 50 moles
como definida
como en la
Ecuacin 9
bid
B
151<54
Bj
C",
151<54
C1
D
{DI
EJ
FJ
Funcione de equilibrio
o Corriente de alimento al plato de alimento, moles
F1
hJ
H1
HFJ
i
j
k
KI
etapaj
1" Btllbmol
t,
40 Ingenierfa
e Investigacin
INGENIERIA
QUIMICA
Tabla 1
Plato Temperatura
Vapor
Lquido
Composicin nonnalizada
Cs
Cs
C"
C2
XIJ
Ce
Iteracin N1
1
110.000
22.600
154.300
0.049425
0.915982
0.034557
0.000033
9.577E-9
123.000
176.900
154.300
0.020919
0.904787
0.074110
0.000182
1.401E-7
136.000
149.000
162.000
175.000
188.000
154.300
154.300
154.300
154.300
154.300
0.011370
0.008103
0.006835
0.006128
0.005471
0.849074
0.756109
0.632904
0.494338
0.138713'
0.232399
0.348334
0.462981
0.538369
0.000839
0.003370
0.011781
0.035576
0.091677
1.705E-6
4
5
6
7
176.900
176.900
176.900
176.900
176.900
0.000017
0.000143
0.000974
0.005336
201.000
176.900
237.000
0.004642
0.534298
0.196907
0.023107
0.195278
0.022341
0.196820
0.203737
0.021836
0.219184
0.247293
0.293111
0.361711
0.454450
0.022498
0.024557
0.359144
0.241043
214.000
160.500
237.000
0.001370
0.184235
0.596773
10
227.000
160.500
237.000
0.00377
0.129705
0.651258
11
240.000
160.500
237.000
0.000098
0.084918
0.689461
12
253.000
160.500
237.000
0.00024
0.052259
0.706033
13
14
15
16
266.000
279.000
160.500
160.500
29~.000
305.000
160.500
160.500
237.000
237.000
237.000
77.400
5.853E-6
1.306E-6
3.046E-7
6.269E-8
0.030479
0.016859
0.008713
0.003988
0.69762
0.660745
0.589578
0.476638
0.021784
0.029281
0.039996
0.064921
Iteracin N 2
1
119.111
22.600
154.300
0.050342
0.913657
0.035953
0.00046
1.357E-8
2
3
4
5
6
130.143
138.068
146.845
157.796
171.241
187.741
176.900
177.429
175.457
172.029
167.557
154.829
152.857
149.429
144.957
139.214
132.440
211.505
213.586
215.912
218.307
220.305
221.547
221.725
220.298
77.400
0.021576
0.12075
0.008850
0.007527
0.006718
0.006003
0.005764
0,001876
0.903754
0.849237
0.757093
0.634354
0.495618
0.359531
0.074432
0.137618
0.229759
0.342935
0.451239
0.513716
0.249330
0.207420
0.487536
0.529439
0.570646
0.000236
0.001065
0.004274
0.014993
0.045123
0.113799
0.229854
0.233655
0.238441
0.244754
0.254456
0.271666
0.303858
0.361635
0.452178
1.841E-7
2.176E-6
0.000022
0.000189
0.001299
0.006969
0.027512
0.027608
0.027773
7
8
9
10
11
209.336
218.212
226.431
233.847
240.475
12
246.859
13
254.044
14
263.542
15
277.423
16
Error = 3016.511259
161.814
1387.640
134.105
-136.186
138.512
140.907
142.905
144.147
144.325
142.898
0.000581
0.000172
0.00048
0.00013
3.476E-6
8.536E-7
1.843E-7
0.162558
0,120320
0.084254
0.055754
0,034535
0.019469
0.009308
0.606744
0.632810
0.643146
0.629414
0.578407
0.473915
Ingenierla
0.028009
0.028429
0,02941,9
0.032188
0.040486
0.064597
e Investigacin
41
INGENIERIA
QUIMICA
Tabla 1
Plato Temperatura
Vapor
Lquido
C2
Ce
Iteracin N 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
22.600
176.900
177.531
146.539
175.558
157.569
171.389
188.845
210.337
172.083
167.470
161.400
140.080
139.064
154.300
154.931
0.913829
0.904053
0.035781
0.074136
152.958
149.483
0.050343
0.021576
0.012066
0.008830
0.849634
0.757480
0.137239
0.229420
144.870
138.800
133.880
216.464
0.007499
0.006693
0.006008
0.005754
0.634614
0.495788
0.359971
0.249596
0.342777
0.451304
0.514024
0.488856
0.001859
0.206296
0.000573
0.000169
0.161062
0.119040
0.531013
0.571860
0.607394
0.000047
0.083366
0.632977
10
11
218.095
225.376
232.346
140.974
142.653
218.374
220.053
221.759
12
238.905
144.359
223.208
13
I
118.984
129.999
137.816
14
15
16
Error
245.238
145.808
146.426
252.180
261.498
275.995
20.651787
145.471
142.230
0.00045
0.000234
0.001056
0.004245
0.014918
0.044912
0.113061
0.228507
0.233310
1.344E-8
1.827E-7
2.166E-6
0.000022
0.000189
0.001301
0.006933
0.027284
0.027519
0.027780
0.028069
0.238722
0.245326
0.255095
0.028512
223.826
0.000013
0.055222
0.643023
0.272235
0.029505
222.871
219.630
77.400
3.418E-6
8.403E-7
1.818E-7
0.034259
0.019350
0.009269
0.629201
0.578255
0.473946
0.304271
0.361858
0.452185
0.032263
0.040534
0.064598
0.000045
0.000233
0.001055
1.341E-8
1.823E-7
2.161E-6
Iteracin N 4
152.942
0.050336
0.021573
0.012064
0.849688
0.035758
0.074098
0.137189
175.542
172.058
167.454
161.474
140.0952
1138.523
140.790
142.685
144.479
149.458
144.854
138.874
133.895
15.923
218.190
220.085
221.879
223.343
0.008828
0.007497
0.006691
0.006003
0.005746
0.001858
0.000572
0.000168
0.000047
0.757543
0.634681
0.495846
0.359969
0.249521
0.206320
0.160984
0.118863
0.083160
0.229364
0.342726
0.451284
0.514083
0.488953
0.531263
0.572253
0.607820
0.633338
0.004241
0.014905
0.044878
0.113015
0.228489
0.233069
0.238449
0.245113
0.254965
0.000022
0.000188
0.001299
0.006928
0.027289
0.027487
0.027739
0.028033
0.028487
145.943
146.544
145.558
142.293
223.944
222.958
219.693
77.400
0.000013
3.403e-6
8.364e-7
1.809e-7
0.055043
0.034132
0.019272
0.009231
0.643273
0.629343
0.578319
.
0.473966
0.272178
0.304263
0.361872
0.452201
0.029491
0.032257
0.040534
0.064600
137.787
22.600
176.900
177.526
146.513
157.553
171.373
188.753
210.198
18:221
225.616
232.594
239.111
245.389
13
14
252.277
15
261.549
276.005
16
Error - 0.242940
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
118.969
129.974
42 Ingenierla e Investigacin
154.300
154.926
0.913858
0.904094
INGENIERIA
QUIMICA
Tabla 1
Plato Temperatura
Vapor
lquido
Composicin nonnalizada
C4
C3
Ce
C2
Iteracin N 5
0.050337
0.913863
118.969
22.600
154.300
129.972
176.900
154.925
0.021573
0.904102
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
137.783
146.508
157.548
171.367
188.753
210.211
218.198
225.602
232.601
239.131
245.413
252.299
261.566
276.015
177.525
175.542
172.058
167.454
161.463
140.075
138.568
140.748
142.629
144.440
145.925
146.541
145.563
142.300
152.942
149.458
144.854
138.863
133.875
215.968
218.148
220.029
221.840
223.325
223.941
222.963
219.700
17.400
0.012064
0.008828
0.007497
0.006690
0.006003
0.005747
0.001858
0.000572
0.000168
0.00047
0.00013
3.403E-6
8.364E-7
1.809E-7
XIJ
Ce
0.035753
0.000045
1.340E-8
0.074089
0.000233
1.823E-7
0.849702 0.137175
0.757561 0.229346
0.634700 0.342709
0.495862 0.451272
0.359983 0.514077
0.249539 0.488953
0.206315 0.5312523
0.160991 0.572242
0.118875 0.607821
0.038169 0.633350
0.055047 0.643287
0.034132 0.629352
0.019272 0.578322
0.009230 0.473966
0.001055
0.004240
0.014903
0.044875
0.113008
0.228473
0.233083
0.238452
0.245101
0.254947
0.272163
0.304256
0.361870
0.452201
2.161E-6
0.000022
0.000188
0.001299
0.066928
0.027286
0.027490
0.027740
0.028032
0.028484
0.029488
0.032255
0.040533
0.064600
0.000045
0.000233
0.001055
0.004240
0.014903
0.044875
0.113008
0.228473
0.233083
0.238452
0.245101
0.254947
0.272163
0.304256
0.361870
0.452201
1.340E-8
1.8.23E-7
2.161E-6
0.000022
0.000188
0.001299
0.006928
0.027286
0.027490
0.021740
0.028032
0.028484
0.029488
0.032255
0.040553
0.064600
Error = 0.002771
Iteracin N 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
118.968
129.971
137.782
146.507
157.547
171.365
188.751
210.207
218.200
225.602
232.598
239.128
245.411
252.298
261.566
276.015
22.600
176.900
177.525
175.542
172.058
167.454
161.463
140.075
138.568
140.748
142.629
144.440
145.925
146.541
145.563
142.300
154.300
154.925
152.942
149.458
144.854
138.863
133.875
215.968
218.148
220.029
221.840
223.325
223.941
222.963
219.700
17.400
0.050337
0.913863
0.021573 0.9041102
0.012064
0.849702
0.757561
0.008828
0.007491' 0.634700
0.495862
0.006690
0.006003
0.359983
0.005747
0.249539
0.001858
0.206315
0.000572
0.160991
0.000168
0.118875
0.000047
0.083169
0.000013
0.055047
3.403E-6
0.034132
8.64E-7
0.019272
1.809E-7
0.009230
0.035753
0.074089
0.137175
0.229346
0.342709
0.451272
0.514017
0.488953
0.531252
0.572242
0.607821
0.633350
0.643287
0.629352
0.578322
0.473966
Error = 0.000056
Ingenierfa
e Invesflgaci6n
43
INGENIERIA
QUIMICA
Iteracin 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
. 24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
44 Ingenierfa
110.000
113.235
116.470
119.705
122.941
126.176
129.411
132.647
135.882
139.117
142.352
145.588
148.823
152.058
155.294
158.529
161.764
165.000
168.235
171.470
174.705
177.941
181.176
184.411
187.647
190.882
194.117
197.352
200.588
203.823
207.058
210.294
213.529
216.764
220.000
223.235
226.470
229.705
232.941
236.176
239.411
242.647
245.882
249.117
252.352
255.588
258.823
262.058
265.294
268.529
271.764
275.000
Investigacin
Iteracin 3
Iteracin 8
122.717
1-26.209
127.237
127.547
127.657
127.724
127.809
127.951
128.203
128.646
129.413
130.702
132.775
135.915
140.321
145.975
152.558
158.972
164.714
169.600
173.277
176.183
178.501
180.669
183.353
187.529
194.292
199.812
204.329
207.904
210.624
212.620
214.041
215.027
215.700
216.171
216.555
217.021
217.893
219.893
224.761
227.824
230.397
232.763
233.056
237.352
239.709
242.206
244.995
248.413
25-:3.238
261.665
122.664
126.182
127.219
127.529
127.629
127.677
127.724
127.798
127.928
128.161
128.574
129.297
130.525
132.520
135.563
139.836
145.285
151.075
156.688
161.727
165.997
169.513
172.471
175.266
178.586
183.625
189.721
194.784
199.089
202.669
205.547
207.790
209.497
210.778
211.743
212.503
213.184
213.975
215.232
217.746
223.432
227.193
230.483
233.512
236.356
239.049
241.628
244.157
246.783
249.860
254.292
262.680
Iteracin 10
122.603
126.152
127.197
127.509
127.608
127.651
127.690
127.749
127.852
128.037
128.369
128.995
129.966
131.651
134.310
138.199
143.383
149.132
154.921
160.277
164.908
168.753
171.967
174.936
178.359
183.449
189.552
194.642
198.985
202.605
205:522
207.797
209.528
210.825
211.798
212.560
213.237
214.018
215.259
217.753
223.417
227.162
230.438
233.455
236.289
238.975
241.547
244.071
246.693
249.764
254.191
262.575
Iteracin 14
122.581
126.140
127.190
127.501
127.600
127.642
127.679
127.734
127.829
128.001
128.309
128.855
129.803
131.396
133.937
137.707
142.808
149.549
154.403
159.871
164.626
168.579
171.874
174.892
178.339
183.435
189.543
194.641
198.993
202.621
205.544
207.823
209.556
210.852
21 ..824
212.583
213.256
214.032
215.266
217.753
223.410
227.149
230.420
233.434
236.265
238.948
241.519
244.042
246.662
249.732
254.158
262.542
Iteracin
122.580
126.140
127.190
127.501
127.600
127.642
127.679
127.733
127.829
128.001
128.309
128.854
129.802
131.394
133.935
137.705
142.807
148.550
154.406
158.876
164.632
168.586
171.880
174.897
178.343
183.438
189.547
194.644
198.996
202.624
205.546
207.825
209.557
210.853
211.825
212.584
213.256
214.032
215.266
217.753
223.410
227.149
230.420
233.433
236.264
238.948
241.519
244.041
246.662
249.732
254.158
262.542
INGENIERIA
Viene de la pg. 40
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IMM
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Ingenierla
e Investigacin 45