PID Floating Control

2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 1
Fundament al s of HVAC
Cont r ol Syst ems
18, 19, 25, 26 April 2007
ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Technical Workshop
About t he Speak er s
Dr. Sam C. M. Hui
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, HKU
Over 18 years of experience in teaching,
research, consultancy & design
Mr. William Yick
Business Development Director of
Johnson Controls
Over 30 years of professional experience in
the HVAC controls
The Black Hairs
The White Hairs
Know The I nst r uc t or
Dr. Sam C M Hui Dept. of Mech. Engg.,
The University of Hong Kong
PhD, BEng(Hons), CEng, CEM, MASHRAE, MCIBSE,
MHKIE, MIESNA, LifeMAEE, AssocAIA
HKU Dept. of Mechanical Engineering (4.5 years)
HKU Dept. of Architecture (6 years)
Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, Japan (~1 year)
PhD study (4 years)
Associated Consulting Engineers (2 years)
Current role in ASHRAE:
President of ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter
ASHRAE St udy Gui de
Fundamentals of HVAC Control Systems
List price at US$150
Included for each participant of the workshop
Divided into 10 chapters
Typical structure of each chapter
Instructions
Study Objectives
Main Body
The Next Steps
Summary
Bibliography
Skill Development Exercises
Mai n Topi c s i n St udy Gui de
1. Introduction to HVAC Control Systems
2. Basic of Electricity
3. Control Valves and Dampers
4. Sensors and Auxiliary Devices
5. Control Diagrams and Sequences
6. Self-Powered Controls
7. Electric Controls
8. Pneumatic Controls
9. Analog Electronic Controls
10. Digital Controls
(* Practical considerations and applications are added too.)
Assumpt i ons & Foc us
Assumptions
Audience knows the basic HVAC equipment &
terminology
Audience members have interest in HVAC control
systems and may have some experience before or
working on it now
Focus of this workshop
Basic concepts of HVAC control systems
Practical considerations and applications
Updated with latest developments too, e.g. DDC system
Chapt er 1
I nt r oduc t i on t o HVAC
Cont r ol Syst ems
Why We Need Cont r ol s?
To regulate the output of systems and
equipment
Such as your car
For HVAC system, to regulate the
movement of air, water, electricity to
obtain desired indoor conditions
Also for energy management and safety
Cont r ol Syst em Types
Self-powered controls
Electric controls
Pneumatic controls
Analog electronic controls
Digital controls
Direct Digital Control (DDC)
* Most control systems today use a
combination of the 5 system types
Hybrid control system
Bl oc k Di agr am of a Cont r ol Loop
Si mpl e Heat i ng Syst em
Key Ter ms
Controlled variable
Control point
Setpoint
Sensor
Controlled device
Process plant
Controller
Control loop
Closed loop (i.e. w/ feedback)
Open loop (i.e. w/o feedback)
Some Def i ni t i ons
Automatic control system: A system that
reacts to a change or imbalance in the
variable it controls by adjusting other
variables to restore the system to the
desired balance.
Controlled Variable: The quantity or
condition that is measured and controlled.
Controller: A device that senses changes
in the controlled
[Source: Honeywell, 1997. Engineering Manual of Automatic Control: for Commercial Buildings]
Basi c Types of Cont r ol Modes
Two-position control
Floating control
Modulating control
Tw o-Posi t i on Cont r ol
Tw o-Posi t i on Cont r ol
Wi t h Ant i c i pat or
St ep Cont r ol
Fl oat i ng Cont r ol
P-I -D Cont r ol
Pr opor t i onal -Onl y Cont r ol
P-I Cont r ol
Proportional Control Proportional-Integral
(PI) Control
Proportional-Integral-
Derivative (PID) Control
P, possibly PI for tight control Dewpoint temperature
P, possibly PI for tight control Humidity
PI, Enhanced PID Fan static pressure
PI (use wide proportional band & a
fast reset rate), PID
Air flow
PI, Enhanced PID Chiller discharge temperature
PI, Enhanced PID Coil discharge temperature
PI, Enhanced PID Mixed air temperature
P, PID Space temperature
Control mode Application
Recommended control modes for HVAC system
Pul se Wi dt h Modul at i on
Ti me-Pr opor t i oni ng Cont r ol
Pr opor t i onal Cont r ol
(Gain and Loop Tuning adjust the %gain to meet the specific application)
P-I Cont r ol
(Loop Tuning is an art. Usually tune the P gain first, then adjust I gain to eliminate offset)
P-I -D Cont r ol
(Derivative is seldom used because HVAC system response is rather slow.)
Pr opor t i onal Cont r ol
Cont r ol Ac t i on & Nor mal Posi t i on
Sequenc i ng
Control range
(cooling)
Control range
(heating)
Typical control ranges:
- Pneumatic = 3-13 psi
- Electronic = 2-12 Vdc
Chapt er 2
Basi c s of El ec t r i c i t y
Introduce simple electrical circuits and common devices for controlling electrical
power in HVAC systems. Some concepts of electronics are also helpful.
Common devices: relays, transformers, starters
Si mpl e El ec t r i c al Ci r c ui t
V = I x R
P = V x I = I
2
x R
Wat er Tank Anal ogy
Par al l el Ci r c ui t s
Ser i es Ci r c ui t s
Al t er nat i ng Vol t age
Si mpl e AC Ci r c ui t
Capac i t or i n DC Ci r c ui t
Vol t age & Cur r ent Out of Phase
Magnet i c Fi el d
I nduc t or i n DC Ci r c ui t
3-Phase Vol t age
P = V x I x PF x 3
Tr ansf or mer
120/208V Ser vi c e
(4-wire Wye Connected)
480/277V Ser vi c e
(4-wire Wye Connected)
El ec t r omagnet i c Rel ay
(On/Off signal; a type of remote-controlled switch)
Si mpl e DC Ci r c ui t Wi t h Rel ay
Mul t i pol e Rel ay
Si ngl e- & Doubl e-Thr ow Cont ac t s
Ac r oss-t he-Li ne Mot or St ar t er
(Start/stop control and overload protection)
St ar t er Wi t h H-O-A Sw i t c h
(H-O-A = hand-off-auto)
St ar t er Wi t h H-O-A Sw i t c h
& Aux . Cont ac t
St ar t er Wi t h Manual
St ar t /St op But t ons
Magnet i c St ar t er Wi t h
Li f e Saf et y Fan Wi r i ng
Var i abl e Speed Dr i ves -
I nver t er Var i abl e
Fr equenc y Dr i ve
VSD = variable speed drive
ASD = adjustable speed drive
VFD = variable frequency drive
Si ne-Coded PWM Wavef or m
(PWM = pulse-width modulation)
Var i abl e Speed Dr i ve
Wi t h Opt i onal St ar t er
(the starter is provided as a backup, in case the VSD fails)
Si mpl e Rel ay Logi c
(Boolean logic notation, e.g. if (A or B) then C)
Rel ay Logi c Wi t h
Doubl e-Thr ow Cont ac t
Thr ee-Way Li ght Sw i t c h
Symbol s f or El ec . Logi c Devi c es
Vol t age Feedbac k Bug
(Ladder diagrams to show how devices are to be physically wired in the field.)
Cor r ec t i on f or
Vol t age Feedbac k
Ladder Di agr am

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2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 1

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