Textbooks

SCBI 122 „ Campbell, N.A. and Reece, J.B., 2008. Biology.

8th edition. Pearson Education Inc.
Hormone „ Campbell, N.A. and Reece, J.B., 2005. Biology.
7th edition. Pearson Education Inc.
„ Nussey, S. and Whitehead, S., 2001.
Endocrinology. Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd.
อ. ดร. ระพี บุญเปลื้อง
B 414 ตึกชีววิทยา Further readings:
„ Biology textbooks
โทร 0-2201-5482, email: scrbp@mahidol.ac.th „ Internet
\ มกราคม ๒๕๕๒ [

Outline Hormone
„ Hormone. „ Hormone, Greek hormon, excite or arouse.
„ Types of hormone. „ A chemical secreted into body fluids, i.e. blood,
recognized by specific receptors on its target
„ Synthesis of hormones.
cells, by its pattern of secretion and/or its
„ Vertebrate hormones. concentration.
„ Invertebrate hormones. „ Similar to chemical messengers in nervous
system but slower.
„ Subjected to negative feedback control.
„ Hormone secreting organs are called endocrine
glands or ductless glands.
1/20
 Some facts Some facts
„ Effects of hormone have been noticed by „ Berthold’s experiment 1849.
ancient people. „ Roosters which their testes removed had
„ The practice of castration of animals and men smaller combs, were less aggressive and
revealed the link between testes and male sexual showed lower levels of sexual behavior.
characteristics development: „ These effects could be reversed by
„ Male opera singers castrated before puberty (called administration a crude testicular extract or
castrati) to preserve higher voices. testes implantation.
„ To reduce their sex drive, male servants in Roman
and Greek times were castrated

Berthold, 1849 Manipulative endocrinology

„ Basic procedures:
„ Observe behavioral state after a gland removed.
„ Replace the gland or supplement extract of the
gland > replacement therapy.
„ Implant the gland or supplement extract of the
Castrated rooster
Normal rooster Castrated rooster with testes gland to a normal animal to observe excessive-
Comb No comb
implanted hormone effects.
Crowing Comb
Little crowing „ Once the gland is identified, the extract is purified.
Normal sexual Crowing
Not sexually active
behaviour Normal sexual „ Goal:to gain understanding of the functions of
behaviour
the endocrine.
Tony Little, http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/~aclittle/ biopsy/13_TheEndocrineSystem.ppt 2/20
http://www.tulane.edu/~irschick/Hu_6_2004.pdf
 Chemical signalling Endocrine vs. nervous system
„ Close relations between the 2 systems:
„ Several hormones are released from neurons
(neurosecretory cells) such as oxytocin and
antidiuretic hormome.
„ Several hormones are used as neurotransmitters
such as epinephrine (or adrenaline) and histamine.
„ Feedback control is common to both systems.

Nussey & Whitehead, 2001

Campbell, 2008

Types of hormones Outline

Nussey & Whitehead, 2001

Sherwood 2007 3/20
 Synthesis of amine hormones
http://www.tulane.edu/~irschick/Hu_7_2004.pdf Synthesis of amine hormones

http://www.tulane.edu/~irschick/Hu_7_2004.pdf
Synthesis of protein & peptide hormones
Processing of hydrophilic peptide hormone
„ Stored in secretory
vesicle
„ Once received
release signal on
appropriate
http://www.tulane.edu/~irschick/Hu_6_2004.pdf

stimulation > fuse

with plasma
membrane

Nussey & Whitehead, 2001

4/20
Synthesis of protein & peptide hormones Synthesis of steroid hormones
Nussey & Whitehead, 2001

http://www.tulane.edu/~irschick/Hu_7_2004.pdf
Modes of hormone action
Processing of lipophilic steroid hormone
Figure 18-3
„A chemical signal is conveyed via the
circulatory system (bloodstream) to target cells
which have receptors specific to the hormone.
„ The binding of a signal to its receptor triggers
a signal transduction leading to a cellular
response or a change in the cell’s behavior.
„ 2 types of receptors
„ Plasma –membrane receptor.
Not stored
„ Intracellular receptor.
= Intermediates not biologically active in humans 5/20
 Plasma-membrane receptor Signal transduction pathway

„ Majority of hormones have

plasma-membrane receptors.
„ Binding of a hormone to its
receptors initiates signal
transduction pathway.

Campbell & Reece, 2005

Campbell, 2005 & 2008

Signal transduction pathway Signal transduction pathway

Campbell & Reece, 2005

„ The same chemical signal can initiate different

responses due to the existence of multiple types of
Campbell & Reece, 2005
receptors and signal transduction pathways. 6/20
 Plasma-membrane receptor Intracellular receptor

Campbell & Reece, 2005

„ The last kinase enters the
nucleus and activates a
gene-regulating protein, a
transcription factor. „ Most intracellular receptors are
„ Trx factor stimulates a in the nucleus.
specific gene to be „ Some are in the cytoplasm.
transcribed into mRNA
then get translated into a
protein.
Campbell, 2005 & 2008

Intracellular receptor Hormone pathways and feedback

„ Receptors for: Hypothalamus
„ Steroid hormones
Tropic hormone 1
„ Thyroid hormones

„ Signal transduction and response Anterior pituitary

occur within the nucleus. http://www.tulane.edu/~irschick/Hu_7_2004.pdf
Tropic hormone 2

„ Most intracellular receptors are Endocrine gland

transcription factors.
Hormone
„ Hormone-receptor complex binds
to its receptor in DNA. Target tissue
„ Stimulates or inhibits the
transcription of some proteins. Campbell & Reece, 2005 Response 7/20
 Homeostasis Homeostasis
„ “Steady state” „ Negative feedback: the
„ Maintenance of constant conditions of internal process of feeding back a
part of the output of a
environment, even there is a change in external
system is to the input, so
environment. as to reverse the
„ The relationship between the outside factors that direction of change of
tend to change the internal environment and the the output.
internal control mechanism that oppose such „ This tends to keep the
changes. output from changing, so
it is stabilizing and
„ Physiologists also study how organisms maintain attempts to maintain
homeostasis. homeostasis.

Homeostasis
Homeostasis
„ Positive feedback is
also possible.
„ If a change occurs in
some variable, the
response is to change
that variable even more
in the same direction.
„ This has a de-stabilizing
effect, so it does not
result in homeostasis.
8/20
 Vertebrate endocrine system Vertebrate endocrine system

http://www.tulane.edu/~irschick/Hu_7_2004.pdf
Campbell & Reece, 2005

Campbell & Reece, 2005

Vertebrate endocrine system Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

„ Hypothalamus
integrates
nervous and
endocrine
systems.
„ The posterior
pituitary gland
is actually an
extension of
the hypotha-
lamus
Campbell & Reece, 2005
Campbell & Reece, 2005 9/20
 Posterior pituitary gland Oxytocin
„ Stores and secretes two hormones, ADH and oxytocin that

http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/course/3443/study/Notes/endocrin/oxytocin.htm
are made by a set of neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus:

Induces contraction of the uterine muscles

Induces the mammary gland to eject milk

„ Antidiuretic hormone or ADH: regulates blood osmolarity.

during childbirth.

during nursing.
Campbell & Reece, 2005 Copyright © Oklahoma State University Board of Regents 1999

„
Anterior pituitary gland Anterior pituitary gland
„ Tropic hormones (hormones that stimulate the
synthesis and release of hormones from other
endocrine glands):
„ Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): regulates the release
of thyroid hormones.
„ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): controls the
adrenal cortex.
„ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): controls gonads.

„ Luteinizing hormone (LH): controls gonads.

„ Other hormones:
„ Growth hormone (GH) , prolactin (PRL), melanocyte-
stimulating hormone (MSH) and endorphins. Campbell & Reece, 2005
10/20
Hormone Biorhythms: Pineal gland
„ A small mass of tissue near
„ Hormones grouped by their functions: the center of the brain.
„ Regulation of biorhythms. „ Secrets melatonin at night,
„ Development and growth. the amount depends on the
length of the night.
„ Maintenance of the blood calcium.
„ Winter nights are longer >
„ Maintenance of the glucose. more melatonin.
„ Response to stress. „ Decreases the activity of
neurons, target cells in the
„ Reproduction and sexual differentiation.
part of the brain that
controls the biological clock.
http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/projects/s_thipayang/bio.html

Development and growth: GH Nussey & Whitehead, 2001

GH
„ Both direct „ Hypothalamus
and tropic
hormone „ Growth hormone releasing
effects. hormone (+ve)
„ IGFs = „ Somatostatin (-ve)
insulinlike Ghrelin
growth „ Hyperglycemia (-ve)
hormone. „ Hypoglycemia (+ve)
„ IGFBPs =
Nussey & Whitehead, 2001

IGF „ Negative feedback

binding „ GH
protein.
„ IGF
11/20
 Abnormal growth: GH deficiency Abnormal growth: GH excess
„ Children: growth retardation, very short, but have
„ Excessive secretion of GH in childhood:
normal body proportions. Some go through delayed
„ Excesslinear bone growth.
but normal puberty and have normal reproductive
„ “Gigantism”.
capabilities.
„ Excessive secretion of GH in adulthood:
„ Adults:
„ Abnormal growth of bones in hands, feet, and
„ Increase in adipose tissue.
head.
„ Decrease in muscle.
„ “Acromegaly”.
„ Decrease in strength and stamina, exercise capacity.
„ Decrease in bone density.
„ Anxiety and depression.

Abnormal growth: GH excess

http://www.endotext.org/neuroendo/ne`uroendo5e/neuroendo5e.htm
http://tray.dermatology.uiowa.edu/Acromeg.htm
http://www.gigantism.com/

12/20
 Development and growth: Thyroid hormones Thyroid hormones
„ Thyroid gland: 2 „ Hypothalamus
lobes, on the secretes TSH-
ventral surface of releasing hormone
trachea. (TRH) stimulating
„ 2 thyroid anterior pituitary to
hormones: T4 secrete TSH thyroid
and more active stimulating hormone.
T3. „ TSH stimulate

Campbell & Reece, 2005

„ Calcitonin: thyroid gland to
lowers blood secrete T3 and T4.
Ca2+ level. Campbell & Reece, 2005

Thyroid hormones Metamorphosis

„ Play
crucial roles in development and
maturation:

http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/Z566-Berndtson/lab5.pdf
„ Metamorphosis in frogs.

http://www.calarts.edu/~shockley/frogchart.gif
„ Maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate,
muscle tone, digestion and reproductive
functions.
„ Increase rate of oxygen consumption and
cellular metabolism.
13/20
 Thyroid hormones
Thyroid dysfunctions
„ Hyperthyroidism: too much of the hormones,
high body temperature, sweating, weight loss and
high blood pressure.
„ Hypothyroidism: too less of the hormones,
weight gain, lethargy and intolerance to cold >
myxedema
„ Hypothyroidism: deficient thyroid hormone secretion
„ Hyperthyroidism: excess thyroid hormone secretion „ Cretinism: thyroid hormones deficiency: retarded
skeletal growth and poor mental development.

Myxedema Goiter

http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/pulmonar/images/phyabn/image4.jpg
http://www.type2hypothyroidism.com/Type1VsType2.html

http://www.ei.educ.ab.ca/sch/fhs/biology/goiter.jpg
http://www.cushings-help.com/goiter.gif
http://www.vulgartee.com/goiter.jpg
14/20
 Goiter Cretinism

http://137.222.110.150/calnet/Thyroid/image/cretinism%20in%20adult-live%20photo.jpg
„ Enlarged thyroid gland

http://www.uic.edu/classes/phyb/phyb402rcj/th_pics/thcretin.jpg
„ Overstimulation of thyroid gland

http://www.mediscan.co.uk/images/batch21/20015/20015t.jpg
http://www2j.biglobe.ne.jp/~fkamiya/HB/images/F1409.jpg
by TSH or TSI

http://www.catea.org/grade/health/module4.htm#slide11
„ Hypothyroidism due to iodine
deficiency > low thyroid
hormone > no negative feedback
control on anterior pituitary >
↑ TSH
„ ↑ TSH secretion from anterior
pituitary > hyperthyroidism

Figure 19-6

Blood calcium balance

„ Parathyroid hormones (PTH) secreted
from parathyroid glands, raises blood

Blood calcium balance

Ca2+ level by effects on bone
and kidneys.
„ Calcitonin secreted from thyroid
gland, lower blood Ca2+ level by
effects on bone and kidneys.
„ Balancing of two antagonistic hormones.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8890.htm 15/20
Campbell & Reece, 2005
 Blood glucose balance Blood glucose balance
„ Endocrine cells, islets of Langerhans, in pancreas „ Insulin and glucagon, antagonistic hormones,
secrete glucagon (alpha cells) & insulin (beta cells). maintain normal blood glucose level, 90 mg/100 ml.
„ High blood glucose: insulin is released and lowers

http://pathology2.jhu.edu/pancreas/PANCPART.CFM
blood glucose by stimulating all body cells (except
brain cells) to take up glucose from blood, slowing
glycogen breakdown, inhibiting conversion of amino
acids and glycerol (from fats) to sugar.
„ Once the excess blood glucose is cleared, glucagon
stimulates the liver cells to increase glycogen
hydrolysis, convert amino acids and glycerol to
glucose, and starts releasing glucose back to the
circulation.

Diabetes mellitus
„ The presence of sugar in the urine (diabetes, Greek
for copious urination; mellitus, Greek for honey).
Blood glucose balance

„ Deficiency of insulin or loss of insulin response.

„ High blood glucose, excessive volume of urine,
persistent thirst.
„ Fat becomes the major fuel source for cellular
respiration instead of glucose.
„ Acidic metabolites resulted from fat breakdown can
lower blood pH which could be life threatening.
Campbell & Reece, 2005 16/20
 Diabetes mellitus Response to stress
„ 2 major forms of diabetes: type I and type II. „ Adrenal glands are adjacent to the
„ Type I diabetes: insulin-dependent, an autoimmune kidneys.
disorder which the immune system attacks pancreas
„ In mammals, each gland consists
cells.
of 2 glands with different cell
„ Occurs in childhood.
types, functions and embryonic
„ Treatment: insulin injections.
origins:
„ Type II diabetes: non-insulin dependent, either by
insulin deficiency or reduced response to insulin. „ Adrenal medulla: central part.
„ Occurs in adults age 40+. „ Adrenal cortex: outer part.
„ Treatment: medications, diet and exercise.
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit6_3_endo_glnds3_adrenal.html

Adrenal medulla Adrenal medulla

„ Secretory cells of Campbell & Reece, 2005
„ Under control
adrenal medulla of sympathetic
derived from division of
neural crest cells. autonomous
nervous system.
„ Secretes
epinephrine and
norepinephrine,
in response to
stress both +ve
and –ve.
17/20
http://abdellab.sunderland.ac.uk/lectures/Parmacology/Pics/anatomy/adrenalMedulla.jpg
Adrenal medulla Adrenal Cortex
„ Epinephrine (adrenaline) and
Reacts to stress via endocrine signals not nervous

Campbell & Reece, 2005

„
norepineprhine (noradrenaline)
induce bioenergetic boost by: ones.
„ Increasing the rate of glycogen „ In response to stress, hypothalamus secretes a
breakdown in the skeleton muscle
and the liver.
releasing hormone to simulate anterior pituitary gland
„ Glucose is released from the liver
to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into
to the circulation. the blood stream.
„ Stimulating the release of fatty
„ ACTH stimulates cells of adrenal cortex to synthesize
acids from fat cells to be used as
fuel source. and secrete corticosteroids, a family of steroids.
„ Increasing heart rate. „ Negative feedback: elevated levels of corticosteroids
„ Dilating the bronchi of lungs. inhibit the secretion of ACTH.
„ Increasing blood supply to heart,
brain and skeletal muscles.

Two main types of corticosteroids Effects of corticosteroids

„ Glucocorticoids: such as cortisol. „ Glucocorticoids: mainly on glucose metabolism:
„ Mineralocorticoids: such as aldosterone. „ Help glucagon in raising blood glucose.
„ Promote synthesis of glucose from protein.

„ Cause a break down of skeletal muscle proteins,

yielded carbons are converted to glucose.
„ Mineralocorticoids: mainly on salt and water
balance:
„ Aldosterone stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Na+
and water from the filtrate, raising blood pressure
Campbell & Reece, 2005
and volume. Campbell & Reece, 2005

18/20
 Cushings’s syndrome Addison’s disease
„ Excessive amount of glucocorticoid hormone.
„ Upper body obesity, rounded face, increased fat around „ The adrenal glands do not produce enough of
the neck, and thinning arms and legs. the hormone cortisol.
„ Children tend to be obese with slowed growth rates. „ Chronic, worsening fatigue
„ Skin becomes bruises easily and heals poorly. „ Muscle weakness
„ The bones are weakened. „ Loss of appetite
„ Severe fatigue, weak
„ Weight loss
muscles, high blood
pressure and
high blood sugar.
„ Irritability, anxiety and
depression are common.
http://www.colorado.edu/kines/Class/IPHY3430-200/image/figure19i.jpg
http://cushings.homestead.com/files/moonface.jpg http://cushings.homestead.com/files/moonface.jpg

Response to stress Reproduction and sexual differentiation

Campbell & Reece, 2005

Campbell & Reece, 2005

19/20
 Male hormonal control Reproductive
cycle: human ♀

GnRH: Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

FSH: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
LH: Luteinizing Hormone
ICSH: Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone

Campbell & Reece, 2005

http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/course/3443/study/ReproMicro/male/sld003.htm http://www.wisc.edu/ansci_repro/lec/lec_10/hormone%20reg.gif

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/17010.jpg

Placenta http://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg2/PLAC032.jpg
http://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg2/PLAC027.jpg Thymus gland
„ Located in the upper anterior portion of the
chest cavity.
„ Plays an important role in the development of
the immune system.
„ Thymosin, produced
from thymus,
functions in the
preprocessing of
„ Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) released from the
placenta maintains the corpus luteum.
T cells maturation
„ Also secretes estrogen and progesterone.
in immune system. 20/20
http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/images/Thymus_spleen.jpg