WC-Chapter 2-Statistical Multipath Channel Models

1
Chapter 2
Statistical Multipath Channel Models
Ha Hoang Kha, Ph.D
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: hhkha@hcmut.edu.vn
Outline
1) Small scale multipath propagation
Multipath component p p
Doppler shift
2) Impulse response model of a multipath channel
3) Types of small-scale fading
Fat/frequency selective fading
Slow/fast fading
4) Statistical models for multipath fading channels 4) Statistical models for multipath fading channels
2 H. H. Kha, Ph.D Statistical Multipath Channel Models
Review
What we discussed last lecture:
The large-scale fading because of path loss
Th i i l h l f l The empirical path loss formulas
Now, we will discuss about the small-scale fading and
the statistical models represent it
Statistical Multipath Channel Models 3 H. H. Kha, Ph.D
1. Small scale multipath propagation
The small-scale fading is usually called fading
It is caused by multipath signal, so it is also called
multipath fading multipath fading
Multipath signal causes constructive and destructive
addition of the received signal
2
Small scale multipath propagation
If a single pulse is transmitted in the multipath channel,
it will yield a train of pulses with delay time
Delay spread ( ): the time delay between the arrival of
the first received signal component and the last
i d i l i d i h i l
LOS
Reflected components
m
T
received signal component associated with a single
transmitted pulse
If the delay spread is small compared to 1/B (B is the
signal bandwidth), then there is little time spreading in
the received signal the received signal
If the delay spread is relatively large, there is little time
spreading of the received signal, i.e. signal distortion
Multipath channel is also time-varying that means either
the transmitter or the receiver is moving
It also causes the location of the reflectors will change It also causes the location of the reflectors will change
over time
We will limit the model to be narrowband fading, i.e.
the bandwidth B is small compared to (1/delay spread)
Physical factors influencing fading:
Multipath propagation
S d f h bil Speed of the mobile
Speed of surrounding objects
The transmision bandwidth of the signal
Doppler Shift
Consider a mobile moving at a constant velocity v,
along a path segment having length d between
i X d Y hil i i i l f points X and Y, while it receives signal from a
remote source S
3
Doppler Shift
The difference in path lengths traveled by the wave
from source S to mobile at points X and Y
is the time required for the mobile travel from X to Y
is assumed to be the same at points X and Y
The phase change in received signal due to the
difference in path lengths is
cos cos l d v t = =
t
2 2
cos
l v t

= =
Doppler Shift
The apparent change in frequency, or Doppler shift, is
given by
1
The Doppler shift relates to the mobile velocity and the
spatial angle between the direction of the mobile and
the direction of arrival of the wave
1
cos
2
d
v
f
t
= =
the direction of arrival of the wave

If the receiver is moving towards the transmitter, the
Doppler freq is positive, otherwise it is negative
Example
Consider a transmitter which radiates a carrier of 1850
MHz. For a vehicle moving 26.82 mps, compute the
received carrier frequency if the mobile is moving: received carrier frequency if the mobile is moving:
Directly towards the transmitter
Directly away from the transmitter
In a direction which is perpendicular to the direction
of arrival of the transmitted signal
Carrier freq = 1850 MHz Wavelength =
Vehicle speed = 26.82 m/s
V hi l i d h i i i
Solution
8
6
3 10
0.162
1850 10
c
c
m
f

= = =
Vehicle moving towards the transmitter means positive

Doppler frequency
Vehicle moving directly away the transmitter means
negative Doppler frequency
26.82
1850 cos0 1850.00016
0.162
c d
f f f MHz = + = + =
2682
Vehicle is moving perpendicular means
26.82
1850 cos0 1849.999834
0.162
c d
f f f MHz = = =
90 =
26.82
1850 cos90 1850
0.162
c d
f f f MHz = + = + =
4
Doppler Spread and Coherence Time
Doppler spread is given by
2 1
:
d d d
B f f =
Where and
E.g. If the mobile is moving at 60 kmph and f
c
= 900
MHz, the the Doppler spread is
1
c
d
f v
f
c
=
2
c
d
f v
f
c
= +
6
8
2
900 10 16.67
2 100
3 10
c c c
d
f v f v f v
B
c c c
Hz

= =

= =

Doppler Spread and Coherence Time
Coherence time is actually a statistical measure of the
time duration over which the channel impulse response
is essentially invariant. is essentially invariant.
The coherence time is related with Doppler spread
(Doppler shift)
0.423 0.423
c
D
T
f v
= =
where f
D
=the maxium Dopper frequency
D
f
2. Impulse response model of a multipath channel
We have already known that the transmitted signal is
Th h i d i l i l i h h l i
( ) ( ) { } ( ) { } ( ) ( ) { } ( )
2
cos 2 sin 2
c
j f t
c c
s t u t e u t f t u t f t
= =
Then, the received signal in multipath channel is
n = 0 corresponds to the LOS path
N(t) is the number of resolvable multipath components ( ) p p
is corresponding delay
is Doppler phase shift
is amplitude
The n-th resolvable multipath component may
correspond to the multipath associated with a single
reflector or multiple reflectors clustered together reflector or multiple reflectors clustered together
5
Time-Varying Channel Impulse Response
If single reflector exists, the amplitude is based on the path
loss and shadowing, its phase change associated with delay
and Doppler phase shift of
( )
( ) 2
c n
j f t
n
t e

( ) 2
N N
D D
f t dt =
If reflector cluster exists, two multipath components with

delay and are resolvable if
If the criteria is not satisfied, then it is nonresolvable since
Th l bl t bi d i t i l
( )
n N N
t
1
1 2 u
B

( ) ( )
1 2
u t u t
The nonresolvable components are combined into a single
multipath component with delay and an amplitude
and phase corresponding to the sum of different
components
1 2

The amplitude of the summed signal will undergo fast
variations due to the constructive and destructive
combining of the nonresolvable multipath components combining of the nonresolvable multipath components
Wideband channels have resolvable multipath
components the parameters change slowly
Narrowband channels tend to have nonresolvable
multipath components the parameters change
quickly quickly
We can simplify by letting
The received signal is then
( ) r t
( ) ( ) 2
n
n c n D
t f t =
The received signal is then
The received signal is obtained by convolving the
baseband input signal with equivalent lowpass time-
i h l i l f h h l d varying channel impulse response of the channel, and
then upconverting the carrier frequency
The represents the equivalent lowpass response of
the channel at time t to an impulse at time
( ) , c t
t
Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels
Time dispersion parameters and coherence bandwidth
Doppler spread and coherence time
6
Time-invariant channels
Time Dispersion Parameters
The time dispersive properties of wideband multipath
channels are most commonly quantified by their mean
excess delay and rms delay spread excess delay and rms delay spread
The mean excess delay:
The rms delay spread is the square root of the second
l f h d l fil
( )
( )
2
2
k k k k
k k
k k
k k
P
P

= =

central moment of the power delay profile
( )
2
2
=
( )
( )
2 2 2
2
2
k k k k
k k
k k
k k
P
P

= =

The delays are measured relative to the first detectable
signal arriving at the receiver at
The maximum excess delay (X dB) of the power delay
0 =
The maximum excess delay (X dB) of the power delay
profile is defined to be the time delay during which
multipath energy falls to X dB below the maximum.
The maximum excess delay sometimes called excess
delay spread, which can be expressed as
Where is the maximum delay at which a multipath
0 X

Where is the maximum delay at which a multipath

component is within X dB of the strongest arriving
multipath signal and is the first arriving signal
X

7
Coherence Bandwidth
Coherence bandwidth is a statistical measure of the
range of frequencies over which the channel can be
considered flat considered flat
Flat fading is a channel which passes all spectral
components with approximately equal gain and linear
phase
The coherence bandwidth can be expressed as
(above 90% correlation)
1
B
1
5
c
B
50
c
B

Example
Compute the mean excess delay, rms delay spread, and
the maximum excess delay for the following power
delay profile delay profile
Estimate the 50% coherence bandwidth of the channel
Solution
Using the definition of maximum excess delay (10 dB),
it can be seen that
10
4
dB
s =
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 1 5 0.1 1 0.1 2 0.01 0
438
+ + +
The second moment
The rms delay spread:
The coherence bandwidth:
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )
4.38
0.01 0.1 0.1 1
s = =
+ + +
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 5 0.1 1 0.1 2 0.01 0
21.07
0.01 0.1 0.1 1
s
+ + +
= =
+ + +
( )
2
21.07 4.38 1.37 s
= =
1 1
146 B kHz = = =
Note that GSM requires 200 kHz bandwidth which
exceeds B
c
, thus, an equalizer would be needed for this
channel
( )
146
5 5 1.37
c
B kHz
s

= = =
Measured values of RMS Delay Spread
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3. Type of Small-scale Fading
Flat Fading
If the mobile radio channel has a constant gain and
linear phase response over a bandwidth which is greater
than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, then the than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, then the
received signal will undergo flat fading
Flat Fading
Flat fading channels are also known as amplitude
varying channels
It is also sometimes referred to as narrowband channels It is also sometimes referred to as narrowband channels
The most common amplitude distributions are:
Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami
Summarize: a signal undergoes flat fading if
B B
s c
B B
s
T

Frequency Selective Fading
If the channel has a constant-gain and linear phase
response over a bandwidth that is smaller than the
bandwidth of transmitted signal, then the channel bandwidth of transmitted signal, then the channel
creates frequency selective fading on the received signal
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The received signal includes multiple versions of the
transmited waveform which are attenuated and delayed
in time, and hence the received signal is distorted in time, and hence the received signal is distorted
Frequency selective fading is due to time dispersion of
the transmitted symbols within the channel
Thus, the channel induces intersymbol interference
(ISI)
The modeling for this kind of channel is more difficult The modeling for this kind of channel is more difficult
since each multipath signal must be modeled and
channel must be considered to be a linear filter
It is sometimes called wideband channels since the
bandwidth of the signal is wider than the bandwidth of
the channel impulse response the channel impulse response
Summarize: a signal undergoes frequency selective
fading if
s c
B B >
T <
s
T

<
Fast Fading
In a fast fading channel, the channel impulse response
changes rapidly within the symbol duration
In other words the coherence time of the channel is In other words, the coherence time of the channel is
smaller than the symbol period of the transmitted signal
This causes frequency dispersion (time selective fading)
due to Doppler spread, which lead to signal distortion
Signal distortion due to fast fading increases with
increasing Doppler spread relative to the bandwidth of increasing Doppler spread relative to the bandwidth of
the transmitted signal
Summarize: a signal undergoes fast fading if
s c
T T >
s D
B B <
Slow Fading
In a slow fading channel, the channel impulse response
changes at a rate much slower than the transmitted
signal signal
The channel may be assumed to be static over one or
several reciprocal bandwidth interval
The Doppler spread of the channel is much less than
the bandwidth of the baseband signal
Summarize: a signal undergoes slow fading if Summarize: a signal undergoes slow fading if
s c
T T
s d
B B
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Summary
Remarks
When a channel is specified as a fast or slow fading channel,
it does not specify whether the channel is flat fading or
frequency selective
Fast fading only deals with the rate of change of the Fast fading only deals with the rate of change of the
channel due to motion
In flat fading channel, we can approximate the impulse
response to be simply delta function
A flat fading, fast fading channel is a channel in which the
amplitude of the delta function varies faster that the rate of
the transmitted baseband signal
A frequency selective, fast fading channel, the amplitudes,
phases, and time delays of any one of the multipath
components vary faster than the rate of change of the
transmitted signal
4. Narrow fading models
Assume delay spread max
m,n
|
n
(t)-
m
(t)|<<1/B
Then u(t)u(t-).
Received signal given by
No signal distortion (spreading in time)

=

=
) (
0
) ( 2
) ( ) ( ) (
t N
n
t j
n
t f j
n c
e t e t u t r

Multipath affects complex scale factor in brackets.

Extreme narrow band case: u(t)=1
I-phase and Q-phase: Gaussian
Extreme Narrowband
In phase and quadrature components
and : independent among different ns. and : independent among different n s.
With N large, and CLT: jointly Gaussian
random processes
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Rayleigh Fading
The Rayleigh distribution is commonly used to describe
the statistical time varying nature of the received
envelope of a flat fading signal envelope of a flat fading signal
Rayleigh distributed signal:
Rayleigh Fading
The Rayleigh distribution has pdf
Signal Envelope
A variance of in-phase and quadature components is
2
An average received signal power
The probability that the envelope of the received signal
2 2
( ) | ( )| ( ) ( )
I Q
z t r t r t r t = = +
p y p g
does not exceed a specified value R is
Rayleigh Fading
The mean value of Rayleigh distribution is
The variance of the Rayleigh distribution (represent the
ac power)
The median value is
found by solving
The median is often used in practice
0
1
( )
2
median
r
p r dr =

Rayleigh Fading
The corresponding Rayleigh pdf is
12
Example
Consider a channel with Rayleigh fading and average
received power Pr=20 dB. Find the probability that the
received power is below 10 dB. received power is below 10 dB.
Ans: 0.095
Level Crossing and Fading Statistics
The level crossing rate (LCR) is defined as the expected
rate at which the Rayleigh fading envelope, normalized
to the local rms signal level, crosses a specified level in a to the local rms signal level, crosses a specified level in a
positive-going direction
The number of level crossing per second is given by
Where
( )
2
0
, 2
R D
N rp R r dr f e

= =

is time derivative of r(t) (the slope)
is the joint density function of r and at r = R ( ) , p R r
r
r
rms
R R =
Example
For a Rayleigh fading signal, compute the positive-
going level crossing rate for when the maximum
Doppler frequency is 20 Hz
1 =
Doppler frequency is 20 Hz
What is the maximum velocity of the mobile for this
Doppler frequency if the carrier frequency is 900 MHz?
Solution:
Use the equation for LCR
( )( )
1
Use equation of Doppler frequency
( )( )
1
2 20 1 18.44
R
N e

= =
( ) 20 13 6.66 /
D
v f m s = = =
Level Crossing and Fading Statistics
The average fade duration is defined as the average
period of time for which the received signal is below a
specified level R.
1
p
For a Rayleigh fading signal, it is given by
[ ]
1
Pr
R
r R
N
=
[ ]
( ) ( )
2
1
Pr
1 exp
i
i
R
r R
T
p r dr
=
= =
So, the average fade duration can be expressed as

( ) ( )
0
2
1
2
D
e
f
=
13
Example
Find the average fade duration for threshold levels
when the Doppler frequency is 200 Hz
0.01 =
Solution
Average fade duration is
( )
2
0.01
1
19.9
0.01 200 2
e
s
= =
( )
Rician Fading Distribution
When there is a dominant stationary (nonfading) signal
component present, such as line-of-sight propagation
path, the small-scale fading envelope distribution is path, the small scale fading envelope distribution is
Rician
The Rician distribution is given by
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
0 2 2
for 0
0 for 0
r s
r rs
p r e I r
r

=

= <
I
0
is the modified Bessel function of 0
th
order.
0 for 0 r = <
Bessel function
The Rician distribution is described in terms of a
parameter K
2
s
is the average power in the NLOS
is the average power of LOS component
is the average received signal
2
2
s
K
=
As we have Rayleigh fading
As we have no fading, channel has no
multipath, only LOS component
0 K =
K =
14
The Rician pdf is
Remarks
Small-scale fading is variation of signal strength over
distances of the order of the carrier wavelength
It is due to constructive and destructive interference of It is due to constructive and destructive interference of
multipath
Key parameters:
Doppler spread coherence time
Delay spread coherence bandwidth
Statistical small-scale fading: Rayleigh fading and Rician
fading flat fading
I-phase and Q-phase: Gaussian
Extreme Narrowband
In phase and quadracture components
and : independent among different ns. and : independent among different n s.
With N large, and CLT: jointly Gaussian
random processes
Key assumption: for each path (from one reflector)
I-phase and Q-phase: mean
Random phase is uniform (no LOS)
With all the above independent, we have the mean:
15
I-phase and Q-phase: autocorrelation
Since changes rapidly relative to all other phases the Since changes rapidly relative to all other phases, the
second term goes to zero.
I-phase and Q-phase: Cross-correlation
For the passband signal: p ssb d s g
Uniform Scattering-Clarke/Jakes Model
Uniform Scattering: Autocorrelation
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De-correlation over distance
Zero
correlation
Power Spectral Density
Doppler spread
References
[1] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University
Press, 2005.
[2] T S Rappaport Wireless Communications Prentice Hall 2002 [2] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall, 2002.
[3] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Lecture Notes,
http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee359/archived_material/2010/lec
tures.html
Homework
Problems: 3, 6, 7, 8, 12 in Chapter 3 of [Goldsmith 2005]
Problems: 5.1, 5.2, 5.7, 5.8, 5.11 in Chapter 5 of [Rappaport
2002] 2002]

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1

the direction of arrival of the wave

Vehicle moving towards the transmitter means positive

Statistical Multipath Channel Models 13 H. H. Kha, Ph.D

If reflector cluster exists, two multipath components with

Where is the maximum delay at which a multipath

Statistical Multipath Channel Models 23 H. H. Kha, Ph.D

Statistical Multipath Channel Models 25 H. H. Kha, Ph.D

Multipath affects complex scale factor in brackets.

So, the average fade duration can be expressed as

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