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Heat Transfer
(Energy-in-transit due to temperature difference )
(PP-308)
Dr. Rafiq Ahmed

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Lectures
Class discussion might include points not mentioned in
recommended books
Notes taken by students during lectures are very important
All exams will include questions (theory & concepts) covered in
lectures and class discussions
Availability of lecture notes?
All material (lecture notes/tutorial/Assignments etc.) should not
be shared with others by any means
Attending lectures is very important!!!
Laptops & cell phones are not allowed during
lectures/discussions/exams

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PP-308: Course Outline
Fundamentals: Conduction: Steady state heat conduction in 1D, 2D & 3D geometries,
multi-layer wall, overall heat transfer coefficient; transfer with internal heat sources;
extended surface heat transfer-Fins. Unsteady heat transfer for simple geometries.
Convection: basic concepts; boundary layer fundamentals, laminar and turbulent flows;
forced convection external flows: laminar and turbulent flow over: flat plates, across
cylinders and spheres, Internal flows: inside tubes and non-circular ducts; Free
convection heat transfer.
Thermal radiation: Basic concepts; surface characteristics blackbody; grey body,
emission in defined wave band; radiation intensity; energy exchange in black and grey
bodies. Phase Change
Heat transfer: Boiling; pool boiling, boiling curve, forced convection boiling, external
and internal forced convection boiling. Condensation: laminar / turbulent film
condensation, drop-wise condensation.
Applications: Heat Exchangers: Types of heat transfer equipment, classification, Heat
Exchanger Standards & Codes, Tubes and Shell Arrangements, Finned Heat Exchanger,
Fouling, LMTD, The Effectiveness-NTU method, Heat Exchanger design & selection.
Evaporators: classification, applications, performance, single-effect, double, multiple-
effect problems, optimum number of effect, feeding systems in multiple effect
evaporators, selection of evaporator type and criteria.
Pinch analysis
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1. Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes, S. Matar, L. F. Hatch,
2nd Edition, Gulf Publishing Company, 2000
Recommended Book(s)
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Marks Distribution
Sessional Marks (20 %)
Performance
Quiz
Presentation(s)
Assignments
Punctuality
Theory Exam ( 47 %)
Marks Distribution
Practical ( 33%)
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Modes of Heat Transfer
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Conduction
Heat transfer without bulk motion (solids and fluids)
Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction
= rate of heat transfer (W = J/s) by conduction in x-direction
k = the thermal conductivity [W/(mK)] (property of the medium)
A = the surface area perpendicular to direction of heat transfer (m
2
)
= temperature gradient
(-ve = heat flow is in the direction
of a negative temperature gradient)
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Conduction contd
General Heat Conduction Equation for an Anisotropic
Material in Cartesian Coordinate
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Similarly
Conduction contd
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Conduction contd
The net heat flow into the element in all directions by conduction
in a certain time is
Net flow heat generated within the element itself in same is
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Conduction contd
The heat gain of the element will result in energy storage and
hence temperature rise, the temperature rise depends on the heat
capacity (c) of the element. If T is the rise in temperature in ,
the net heat storage of the element in this time will be
where is the density of the material
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Conduction contd
Hence the energy balance of the element
Net heat conducted into the element from all directions + Heat
generated within element = Energy stored in the element
or in terms of heat fluxes
(3D heat conduction equation for anisotropic materials)
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Conduction contd
General Heat Conduction Equation for Isotropic Material and
Constant Thermal Conductivity
i.e. k
x
= k
y
= k
z
= k (say)
or
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Conduction contd
where = k/c is called thermal diffusivity, the larger the the
faster the heat diffusion through the material
For the case when no internal source of heat generation
(Fourier Equation)
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Simplified Forms of Heat Conduction Equation
1. Steady state viz. No change of temperature with time
2. Steady state and 1D heat transfer
3. Steady state and 1D heat transfer without internal heat
generation
Conduction contd
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4. Steady state and 2D heat transfer without internal heat
generation
5. Unsteady state 1D heat transfer without internal heat generation
Conduction contd
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General Heat Conduction Equation for an Anisotropic
Material in Cylindrical Coordinate
For isotropic material with constant k, heat transfer only in radial
direction in cylinder under steady state
Conduction contd
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General Heat Conduction Equation in Spherical Coordinate
Conduction contd
Steady State Heat Conduction
1. Heat Flow Through a Slab or a Plane Wall
Consider a slab or a plane of x thickness, two faces are
maintained at T
1
and T
2
Hence



(Steady state , 1D and without
internal heat generation)
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Q1: A steel pipe having an inside diameter of 1.88 cm and a wall
thickness of 0.391 cm is subjected to inside and outside surface
temperature of 367 and 344 K, respectively . Find the heat flow
rate per meter of pipe length, and also the heat flux based on both
the inside and outside surface areas.
Heat conduction in a radial direction with uniform surface
temperatures
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The first law of thermodynamics applied to this problem will
reduce to the form dQ/dt = 0, indicating that the rate of heat
transfer into the control volume is equal to the rate leaving, that is
Q = q = constant:
As the heat flow will be in the radial direction, the independent
variable is r, and the proper form for the Fourier rate equation is
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(A = 2rL)
where q
r
is constant, which may be separated and solved as
follows:
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The inside and outside surface areas per unit length of pipe are
giving