Department of Medical Biophysics

Charles University in Prague

Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Krlov
Dispersions and concentration
(Solutions)
Dispersions and concentration
(Solutions)
Ac. year 2012/2013
Pravoslav Strnsk
Ac. year 2012/2013
Pravoslav Strnsk
Department of Medical Biophysics
Dispersions
Dispersions
In its most general form, a dispersion is a
mixture (system) of, at least, two different
substances
Dispersion solution solutio
Dispersion medium solvent solvens
Dispersed component solute - solutum
Size of the dispersed particles
Dispersions may be classified according to different
criteria:
Phase (state) of a dissolved substance and the phase of a solvent
Department of Medical Biophysics
Dispersions - size
Dispersions - size
Dispersion Size of particle Example
Rough,
heterogenous
> 1000 nm Blood
Colloid 1-1000 nm Plasma
Analytic,
homogenous
<1 nm NaCl
S = Solid
F = Fluid
G = Gas
Key to following tables:
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Dispersions - phase
Dispersions - phase
Sort Example Sort Example
G G Air F

S Amalgam
G

F Steam S

G H
2
in palladium
G

S Smoke S

F Opal
F

G N
2
in plasma S

S Bronze
F

F Milk, spirits
First (bold) letter is a symbol for dispersion medium
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Dispersions special names
coarse and colloidal
Dispersions special names
coarse and colloidal
Sort Name Examples
G

F, S Aerosol fog, sprays, smoke
F

G Foam head on beer
F

F Emulsion milk
F

S Sol paints, muddy water
S

G Solid foam foam rubber
S

F Solid emulsion opal
S

S Solid sol alloys
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Analytic solutions
Analytic solutions
Nonseparable chemically, nonvisible in
electron microscope
Passing through membranes (selectively
semipermeable, dialyzing)
Solutions of crystalloids (dissociating and
nondissociating substances)
Clear, no sedimentation, rapid diffusion
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Colloidal solutions
Colloidal solutions
Particles can be observed in
ultramicroscope or electron microscope
Tyndall effect
Not passing through membranes
Sedimentation in centrifuge
Opalescence
Slow diffusion
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Rough dispersions
Rough dispersions
Optical microscope
Not passing through filter paper
Sedimentation in gravitational field
Opaque
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Dispersion - gas in gas
Dispersion - gas in gas
Daltons law
=
=
n i
i
i n
p p p p p
1
2 1
.......
Total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the
partial pressures of the individual component gases.
The partial pressure is the pressure that each gas would exert
if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature.
2
O
p
in the air
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Dispersion - gas in fluid
Dispersion - gas in fluid
N
2
in exctracellular fluid (synovial fluid,
blood)
| |
1 -
Pa
p V V
k p
=
Henrys law
Volume of dissolved gas is directly proportional to its partial
pressure
Decompression sickness
bends, caisson disease (divers disease)
pilots disease
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Electric properties of colloids
Electric properties of colloids
Electrophoresis

Movement of charged particles in external electric
field

Speed of movement of macromolecule is

indirectly proportional to its relative molecular mass

directly proportional to its total charge

Proteins

aminoacids (COO
-
, NH
3
+
)

pH (acid more +, alkaline more

-)

isoelectric point (value of pH)

albumins, globulins (, , ), fibrinogen (plasma

serum)
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Concentration
Concentration
Molar (molarity, c)
| | mole/L ,
V
n
c =
| |
1 -
mole.kg ,
m
n
c
m
=
Molal concentration (molality)
Independent of temperature
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Concentration
Concentration
Weight percentage [%
w
]
Nr. of grams of subst.
dissolved in 100 g of solution
Volume percentage [%
V
]
Nr. of mL of subst.
dissolved in 100 mL of solution
Density
percentage [%
d
]
Nr. of grams of subst. dissolved
in 100 mL of solution
1 ,
m
m
w
i
i
=
1 ,
V
V
r
i
i
=
| |
3 -
kg.m ,
V
m
i
i
=
Department of Medical Biophysics
% %
1000
d m

=
10%
d
r
c
M
=

r
M
. density [kg/m
3
]
c
Concentration
Concentration
.. relative molecular mass
.. molarity [mole/L]
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Relative atomic mass:
Relative atomic mass:
H ... 1
C ... 12
N ... 14
O ... 16
Na ... 23
Cl ... 35.5
S ... 32
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Molar concentrations:
Molar concentrations:
NaCl ...

23 + 35.5 = 58.5
Glucose ... C
6
H
12
O
6
...

12*6 + 1*12 + 16*6 = 180
Sacharose ... C
12
H
22
O
11

... 12*12 + 1*22 + 11*16 = 342
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Osmosis - Pfeffers experiment
Osmosis - Pfeffers experiment
German botanist 1877

What is the force that
drives the water to the
tops of trees higher than
10 m?

Not all substances
dissolved in intracellular
and extracellular liquids
passes trough cell wall
glucose
water
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Equilibrium state
Equilibrium state
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Definitions
Definitions
Osmosis

A process of solvent passage
through

a

semipermeable membrane, separating
two solutions

(or solution and solvent only)
Semipermeable membrane

A membrane which let pass only molecules
of

solvent (in biological systems usually water)

Strictly semipermeable

Selectively semipermeable

Substances soluble in lipids, active transport (sodium,
potassium)
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Experiment initial state
Experiment initial state
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Experiment - equilibrium
Experiment - equilibrium
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Experiment explanation
Experiment explanation

water molecules will pass through the membrane
into more concentrated solution until equilibrium
is reached

equilibrium

number of water molecules passing
through the membrane per unit area in both directions
is the same

in equilibrium the level of originally more
concentrated solution is higher

the measure of the concentration is an osmotic
pressure developed on the semipermeable
membrane
Department of Medical Biophysics
Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure

hydrostatic pressure of a liquid in the funnel at
equlibrium state

the particles of solute can be compared with
molecules of gas

osmotic pressure can be considered as analogy

of a

gas

pressure
Department of Medical Biophysics
vant Hoffs law
vant Hoffs law
p = R T c i 1000
P, t

p

osmotic pressure [Pa]

R

universal gas constant (8.314 JK
-1
mol
-1
)

T

absolute (thermodynamic) temperature [K]

c

molarity (molar concentration)

of a substance
dissolved [mol.L
-1
]

i

vant Hoff correction factor
(a number of particles the given molecule can dissociate
into

-

NaCl = 2, Na
2

SO
4

= 3)
Department of Medical Biophysics
Osmotic pressure of blood
Osmotic pressure of blood

at normal body temperature (310 K)
p = 8.314*310*0.308
p = 793 kPa

any solution injected

into blood stream must
have the same

osmotic pressure, or it could
create adverse effects !!!

osmotic concentration in medicine is often called
tonicity
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Tonicity of solutions
Tonicity of solutions
isotonic solution

the same osmotic concentration
as body fluids

saline

0.9% NaCl
(physiological solution)

p = 8.314310(9/58.5)2 =
793 kPa
hypotonic solution

osmotic concentration lower

can cause cell swelling, even the
rupture of cell membrane, called
plasmoptysis
(in blood hemolysis)
hypertonic solution

osmotic concentration greater

can cause cell shrinking (in plant
cells plasma is detached from
cell wall -

plasmolysis)
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Osmotic resistance
of erythrocytes
Osmotic resistance
of erythrocytes
isotonic normal shape
hypotonic (0.45-0.9% NaCl) swollen
0.45% NaCl hemolysis starts
0.33% NaCl hemolysis is complete

difference

hemolysis resistance width

tells us about erythrocyte membrane properties
Department of Medical Biophysics
Colloidal-osmotic pressure
Colloidal-osmotic pressure
= osmotic pressure of colloids
(in blood plasma mostly proteins)
= oncotic pressure
in blood plasma only about 3.5 kPa
(0.4% of the osmotic pressure of body fluids)
but very important in capillaries
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Classification of membranes
Classification of membranes
type of dispersion they can separate solvent and
solute

not homogenous (solute particles > 1,000 nm)

filtration paper

colloid (particle size < 1,000 nm and > 1 nm)

dialyzing membrane

analytic (particle size < 1 nm)

semipermeable membrane
colloid and analytic dispersions homogenous
semipermeable

strictly

selectively
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Oncotic pressure in capillaries
Oncotic pressure in capillaries
capillary membrane is a dialyzing membrane
(permeable to water and crystalloids, impermeable
to colloids)
=> only oncotic pressure can play any role in
transport of fluids accros capillary wall
=> flow of liquids and crystalloids through
capillary membrane depends on equilibrium
of blood pressure (filtration and oncotic
pressure
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Equilibrium
Equilibrium
1) beginning of capilarries (arterial end)

blood pressure is greater (4.7 kPa) than oncotic pressure

difference (4.7 kPa

3.5 kPa = +1.2 kPa filtration pressure

liquids and crystalloids are transferred into extravasal fluid

blood pressure gradually decreases in direction to venous
end of capillary
2) end of capillaries (venous end)

blood pressure is lower (2.4 kPa) than oncotic pressure

difference (2.4 kPa -

3.5 kPa = -1.1 kPa) suction pressure

liquids and crystalloids are transferred back into capillary

0.1 kPa (difference between filtration and suction pressure)

lymph capillaries
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Starlings hypothesis
Starlings hypothesis
swellings, edemas
1) increased blood pressure at the end of capillaries

capillary closed by trauma or inflammation

heart failure

right

whole body

left -

pulmonary
2) decreased oncotic pressure

decrease of plasmatic protein concentration
(protein undernourishment

starving edemas)
3) damaged capillary membrane

anaphylaxis, inflammation
4) blocked lymphatic veins

tumors, trauma
Department of Medical Biophysics
Renal capillaries
Renal capillaries
in renal glomerulus capillaries, blood
pressure is always greater than oncotic
pressure
=> in glomerular capillaries only filtration
occurs
selective reabsorbtion occurs in renal
medula

countercurrent system
primary renal function is blood cleaning
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Renal failure
Renal failure
Failure to clean blood

due to damage to renal arteries

due to damage to glomerular membrane

due to damage to renal medula

.
=> dialysis necessary
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Dialysis
Dialysis

Blood from an artery flows through tubes made
from dialyzing membrane (made from special
type of plastic)

Outside tubes is dialyzing solution
(prepared with low concentrations of compounds which
should be removed)
=> Blood is cleaned as well as in kidneys

Blood is returned into patients vein
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Artificial kidney
Artificial kidney
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Peritoneal dialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Peritoneum can act as a dialyzing membrane

dialyzing solution

is injected into peritoneal cavity

after several hours removed
=> blood cleaning effect occurs
risk of infection
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Problems
Problems
Calculate molar concentration of solution
created by mixing 120 mL of saline with 40
mL of 10%
d
solution of NaCl.
d
3
0.9 1.2 10 0.4
0.03175g/mL 3.175g/100mL
120 40
10 % 10 3.175
0.543mole/dm
Mr 58.5
c c
- + -
= =
+
- -
= = =
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Problems
Problems
Prepare 60 mL of 4%
d
solution of glucose!
Use a reservoir of 10%
d
glucose solution.
Calculate the amount of distilled water and
reserve glucose solution you will use! .
glukose
glukose
glukose water
glukose water
V
10 0
4 0.6 V
100
V 24mL, V 36mL
60 V V 60 10
- +
-
= = = =
+ -
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Problems
Problems
Calculate osmotic pressure of one molar
solution at 0 C

compare

it

blood

pressure

and

standard
atmospheric

pressure
Calculate percentage concentration of
isotonic glucose solution