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Chemistry Matters Workbook Chapter 2 Experimental Chemistry Answers

Section A
Question Answer Explanation
1 C Gas syringe is for measuring volume of gases, not liquids. Burette is able to
measure accurately 25.0cm
3
of liquid too.
2 A Downward delivery is for collecting gases that are denser than air.
3 B Fixed melting points determine the purity of solids.
4 D Iodine sublimes.
5 A Separation by chromatography is based on the principle that the different
substances have different solubilities in the same solvent.
6 D Substances that are not stable to heat cannot be obtained by evaporation to
dryness as they will decompose on strong heating.
7 B At X(in the round bottom flask), it is a mixture. Copper (II) sulfate acts as the
impurity to raise the boiling point of water. Y measures the boiling point of
pure water. W is liquid water, so the temperature is below 100
0
C.
8 B Copper (II) sulfate is blue. As the water is being distilled, the concentration of
the copper (II) sulfate solution increases, hence it gets darker blue.
9 B Q and water have different boiling points and are miscible.

Section B
1(a) A locating agent was applied onto the chromatogram.
(b) Solubility of the substance in the solvent.
(c) Rf of X = 7.5/10 = 0.75 Rf of Y =3.0/10 = 0.3
(Use the measurement on the diagram, not your ruler to take the measurement. Rf has no units)
(d) No. None of the Rf values of the substances in the urine matches those of X and Y.
(Use the word Rf in your explanation rather than the spots dont match)

2. (a)
(b) 90-98
0
C (You cant give a specific melting point as it melts over a range of temperature)
(c)(i) S melted over a range of temperature. It has no fixed melting point. (It is melting point, not
boiling point as S is a solid)
(ii) Impurities in drugs can cause undesirable side effects. (Dont say will cause deaths, too general)

Section C
1. Step 1: Add water to caliche and stir to dissolve the sodium nitrate. (This step is important!)
Step 2: Filter the mixture. The residue is the impurities and the filtrate is sodium nitrate solution.
(Filter, not filterate. Specify the identity of the residue and filtrate)
Step 3: Heat the filtrate to evaporate some of the water to obtain a saturated solution.
Step 4: Cool the saturated solution to allow crystals to form.
Step 5: Filter to collect the crystals. Wash the crystals with distilled water. Dry the crystals
between pieces of filter paper.
(Evaporation to dryness cannot be used as sodium nitrate is not stable to heat. You have to describe
the detailed steps for crystallise, ie, steps 4& 5 are required)
2(a) Fractional distillation
(b) (i) The error : conical flask is sealed.
(ii) The apparatus will blow up as air pressure builds up in the apparatus.
(Other common errors are the position of the thermometer and the flow of water into the
condenser. The bulb of the thermometer has to be at the side arm to measure the boiling point of
the vapour being condensed and collected. The cold water has to come in from the bottom of the
condenser for more efficient condensing)
(c)
Apparatus Processes
A: round bottom flask Boiling/vaporisation/evaporation
B: fractionating column Boiling/vaporisation/evaporation and
condensation
C: condenser condensation

(d)(i) (Remember to label the axes and write the units)

(ii) As the mixture is heated, the temperature rises until it reaches at 132
0
C. At 132
0
C, which is the
boiling point of chlorobenzene, it distils over. The temperature remains at 132
0
C until all the
chlorbenzene has distilled over. The temperature rises again until it reaches 156
0
C, the boiling point
of bromobenzene. The temperature remains at 156
0
C until all the bromobenzene has distilled over.
(e) By using a separating funnel as the two liquids are immiscible and have different densities.

Answers are adapted from Marshall Cavendish. Explanation and comments provided by Mrs Joyce
Chong.

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