K E M A , I N C .

Equipment for Feeder

Automation
Recent Trends in Feeder Automation Seminar
IEEE PES Miami Chapter
Miami, Florida
June 2, 2005
John M
c
Donald
john.mcdonald@kema.com
KEMA, Inc.
K E M A , I N C .
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Introduction
Distribution Feeder Automationis the monitoring
and control of devices located out on the feeders
themselves
Line reclosers
Load break switches
Sectionalizers
Capacitor banks
Line regulators
K E M A , I N C .
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Main Feeder Automation Applications
Automated Feeder Switching
Volt/VAR Management (Discussed in next
Seminar Module)
K E M A , I N C .
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Automated Feeder Switching
Monitoring and control of electrically
operableswitches located outside the
substation fence
Automated feeder switching usually
involves remote control from a centralized
location (I.e., control center)
Operation can be fully automatic, with no
manual intervention
K E M A , I N C .
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Primary Application FISR
Fault Location, Isolation, and Service
Restoration
Use of automated feeder switching to:
Detect feeder faults
Determine the fault location (between 2
switches)
Isolate the faulted section of the feeder (between
2 feeder switches)
Restore service to healthy portions of the
feeder
K E M A , I N C .
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Fault Location, Isolation, & Service Restoration (FISR)
When a permanent fault occurs, customers on healthy sections
of the feeder may experience a lengthy outage
FISR provides the means to restore service to some customers
before field crews arrive on the scene
Overall Objective:
Reduce outage duration for customers on unfaulted (healthy) sections
of the feeder
Fault
Occurs
Customer
Reports
Outage
Field
Crews
On-Scene
Travel Time
Fault
Located
Fault Investigation
& Patrol Time
Power Restored
to Customers on
Healthy Sections
of Feeder
Time to Perform
Manual Switching
Repair Time
Feeder
Back to
Normal
5 10
minutes
15 30
minutes
15 20
minutes
10- 15
minutes
45 75
minutes
K E M A , I N C .
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Fault Location, Isolation, & Service Restoration (FISR)
Fault
Occurs
Customer
Reports
Outage
Field
Crews
On-Scene
Travel Time
Fault
Located
Fault Investigation
& Patrol Time
Power Restored
to Customers on
Healthy Sections
of Feeder
Time to Perform
Manual Switching
Repair Time
Feeder
Back to
Normal
5 10
minutes
15 30
minutes
15 20
minutes
10 - 15
minutes
45 75
minutes
Fault
Occurs
Feeder
Back to
Normal
Power Restored
to Customers on
Healthy Sections
of Feeder
Travel Time
15 30
minutes
1 - 4
Hours
Repair Time
1 - 4
Hours
1 to 5 minutes
5 - 10
minutes
Patrol
Time
Customer
Reports
Outage
5 10
minutes
K E M A , I N C .
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FISR How It Works
K E M A , I N C .
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FISR How It Works
K E M A , I N C .
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FISR How It Works
K E M A , I N C .
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FISR How It Works
K E M A , I N C .
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FISR How It Works
K E M A , I N C .
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FISR How It Works
K E M A , I N C .
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Reliability Improvement Benefit
Actual experience for one KEMA Client:
63% SAIDI (outage duration)
improvement
56% SAIFI (outage frequency)
improvement
FISR compares favorably with other
reliability improvement measures in bang
for the buck and overall effectiveness
K E M A , I N C .
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Other Uses of Automated Switches
Load Shedding
Can shed one section of the feeder if necessary
Feeder Reconfiguration
Use switches to balance load between feeders
Cold Load Pickup
Can pick up feeder load one section at a time
Intelligent Substation Bus Transfer
Transfer load to another substation following
transformer failure (Substation automation
application)
K E M A , I N C .
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System Components
Distribution SCADA system (if necessary)
Remote controlledfeeder switches (load
break, recloser, sectionalizer, etc.) - RCS
Normally-closed line switches
Normally-open tie switches
Feeder RTU or Controller
Fault detector unit or current sensor
Two-way communication facilities
(
Sp.Spectrum
MAS
K E M A , I N C .
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Remote Controlled Switches
Integrated Load Break Switch
J oslyn Vacuum Switch
S&C Omni Rupter
G&W SF6 Switch
Line Recloser
Cooper recloser
K E M A , I N C .
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Non Integrated Load Break Switches
(Retrofit Motor Operators)
K E M A , I N C .
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Padmount Switches
Can add motor or solenoid operating mechanism
Open 2 sec/close 5 sec
Mounting of radio antenna can be a problem (remote
the antenna)
K E M A , I N C .
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Feeder Remote Terminal Unit
DAQ Polaris
GE Harris DART
Metso Polecat
K E M A , I N C .
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Fault Detectors
Determines that a fault has occurred
downstream (further from the substation)
Must be able to identify the fault before its
cleared by fault interrupting devices (a few
cycles)
System must capture this information for further
processing
Must be able to detect all kinds of faults
Phase faults
Ground faults current may be less than normal
load must use residual current
K E M A , I N C .
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Current & Voltage Sensors
Sensors
Measure single/three phase line currents and voltages
and reports these measurements to local controller or
RTU
Accuracy at least + or - 3%
Suitable for measuring fault current
May be incorporated in the switch
Must detect fault before its cleared
Lindsey Current
Sensor
Fisher Pierce Line
Post Sensor
K E M A , I N C .
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Fault Indicators
Fault Indicators
Clamp on style
Current inrush restraint
Fault settings
Bi-directional
Detect fault before clearing
Reset conditions
Time
Restoration of voltage or current
Output signal to feeder RTU
Radio signal
Fiber optic/metallic cable
Local indicator visible from ground
level
Fisher Pierce
Edison Controls FCI
K E M A , I N C .
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Pictures of Fault Indicators
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Radio Transmitter Style Fault Indicator
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Communication Facilities
System requires reliable 2-way communication
facilities to feeder locations
Common approaches:
Licensed UHF MAS radio
Unlicensed Spread spectrum radio (PTP, MAS,
store-and-forward network, Ethernet radio)
Cellular telephone (CDPD, 3G cellular)
Commercial services (Cellnet, Telemetrics, etc.)
K E M A , I N C .
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Hockey Puckantenna for padmounts
K E M A , I N C .
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Store and Forward Network Radio
K E M A , I N C .
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Use of Optical Fiber
Increasing interest in using Optical Fiber to
handle communications with feeder
switches
Municipal utilities installing fiber for cable
television and other applications want to
exploit this for DA
Fiber capacity probably overkill for for
feeder switching application but if its
available, use it!
K E M A , I N C .
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Control Panels
Open/Close Pushbuttons
Switch status (open/closed) indicators
Alarm indicators
Local/remote switch
Operations counter
K E M A , I N C .
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Switch Power Supply
Power source
dedicated voltage transformer
connect to local secondary circuit
Backup Power Supply
Provides ability to operate switch when
associated feeder is dead
Should specify a required number of
operations with the power off (biggest
power drain is radio transmitter)
Maintenance free rechargeable battery
packs
Temperature compensated battery charger
Self monitoring capability
K E M A , I N C .
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Feeder Automation Categories
Approaches categorized on how control
is performed:
Manual
Semi-Automatic
Fully Automatic
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Feeder Automation Categories
MANUAL
No automatic control
System delivers information (recommendations) to Dispatcher
Dispatcher executes recommended actions
Pros
Simpler than fully automatic
Good starter approach until confidence is built up
Cons
Takes longer to restore service (3 5 minutes)
Communication time (both ways)
Dispatcher decision time
Difficult for dispatcher to manage many switches during emergencies
involving multiple disturbances
K E M A , I N C .
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Feeder Automation Categories
SEMI-AUTOMATIC
Mix of automatic and supervised control
Example
FA system automatically isolates fault and performs upstream
restoration
Dispatcher supervises downstream restoration activities based on FA
system recommendations
Pros
Simpler than fully automatic
Natural progression from Manual approach
Where most utilities end up
Upstream customers restored in less than 1 minute
Cons
Takes longer to restore downstream service (3 5 minutes)
Difficult for dispatcher to manage many switches during emergencies involving
multiple disturbances
K E M A , I N C .
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Feeder Automation Categories
FULLY AUTOMATIC
All fault isolation and restoration activities performed
automatically
No dispatcher intervention
Pros
Possible to restore all service in less than one minute
Less burden on Dispatcher to manage the switching
activities
Cons
Most complex approach
Acceptance difficulties
Ranges from Why not? to Over my dead body
K E M A , I N C .
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Feeder Automation Architecture
Standalone Automatic Switches
Reclosers, sectionalizers
Centralized System
Switches controlled by central DMS/SCADA
Substation Centered Approach
Substation unit controls switches on associated
feeders
Peer to Peer Arrangement
Groups of switches communicate to determine
appropriate switching actions
K E M A , I N C .
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System controlled by
central SCADA
Acquire data fromfield
devices
Process data in SCADA
system
Issue supervisory
control commands
Comm. Tower
Workstation
Centralized Feeder Automation
Can be manual, semi-automatic,
or fully-automatic
K E M A , I N C .
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Centralized Feeder Automation
Conceptual Block Diagram
SCADA Server
Basic SCADA Functionality
Feeder Automation
Application Server
Feeder Models
Distribution Power Flow
Load Estimator
Topology Processor
FLISR Application Software
Switch Order Management
Substation and
Feeder
Devices
Fault indicator status,
currents, voltages
Device Control
Commands
Geogaphic
Information
System (GIS)
Real-Time
Data
Feeder
equipment data,
topology
information
Dispatcher Console
Equipment status
and loading
Switching
Actions
Central SCADA
System
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ACS Feeder Automation
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Some Vendors That Use the
Centralized FA Approach
Advanced Control Systems (ACS)
Areva (formerly Alstom)
SNC Lavalin ECS (SLECS)
Survalent (former Quindar)
Siemens
Telvent-Abengoa (formerlyMetso)
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Central Scheme Pros & Cons
Pros
Operators retain control
Operators are always informed
Considerably more operating flexibility
Fewer restrictions (e.g., number of switches controlled)
Better ability to handle abnormal situations
No unnecessary switching
Additional functionality possible
Non-outage switching
Feeder load balancing
K E M A , I N C .
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Central Scheme Pros & Cons
Cons
Requires a distribution SCADA system
Requires an extensive communication
infrastructure
Requires electrical models updated via GIS
K E M A , I N C .
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Substation Centered Approach
Comm. Tower
Local HMI
RTU/PLC
SCADA EMS
Substation
O
P
T
IO
N
A
L
System controlled by
Substation PLC or RTU
Acquire data fromfield
devices
Process data in substation
Issue supervisory control
commands as needed to
field devices
Can be manual, semi-
automatic, or fully-
automatic
K E M A , I N C .
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GE Feeder Automation Scheme
K E M A , I N C .
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Substation Centered Vendors
General Electric
Novatech
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Substation Centered Pros/Cons
Pros
- Fairly easy to set up and maintain
- Doesnt require electrical feeder models
- Doesnt require central SCADA
- Lowest cost alternative
- Cons
- Difficulty in handling complex situations
- Heavily loaded feeders where load must be split up
- Limited number of switches controlled
- Requires substation feeder communications
K E M A , I N C .
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Peer-to-Peer Arrangement
Network of Distributed
Controllers
Acquire local data via local
sensors
Acquire remote data via
peer-to-peer
communications with other
controllers
Process data locally
Open/close associated switch
as needed
Primarily intended for fully-automatic operation
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Peer-to-Peer Arrangement
No SCADA central station required
Most implementations have
remote monitoring
Switching decisions made
automatically prior to lockout
based on:
Extended loss of voltage
Through fault current
Prefault loading
Dispatcher
User Interface
Optional
Control Center
Interface
K E M A , I N C .
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S&CIntelliTEAMI
Original IntelliTEAM Capabilies:
Teams can have up toseven switches
Only two sources of power allowed
Teams must contain only one open switch
No switch can be in multiple teams
Not adaptable to multiple source topology
K E M A , I N C .
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S&CIntelliTEAMII
IntelliTEAMII Capabilities:
A team is now a line segment bounded by switches
Teams can include up to8 switches
Teams can have up to8 separate sources of supply
Switches canbelong to multiple teams
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Peer to Peer Pros and Cons
Pros
Doesnt require:
Central SCADA system
Feeder models supported by GIS interface
Extensive communications infrastructure
Speed of operation (30 seconds or less)
Costs less than central approach
Primary application is FISR, but not limited to this
Can be fully functional feeder SCADA system
K E M A , I N C .
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S&C Electric
J ungle Mux
Terminal Server
D20
Spread SpectrumRadio
Substation
S&C 5800
Switch
Controller
S&C 5800
Switch
Controller
S&C 5800
Switch
Controller
J ungleMux
Terminal Server
D20
Spread SpectrumRadio
Substat ion
S&C 5800
Switch
Controller
S&C 5800
Switch
Controller
S&C 5800
Switch
Controller
Survalent Master ProxyServer
J ungle Mux
Firewall
Logic Module
J ungle Mux
Terminal Server
D20
Spread SpectrumRadio
Subst ati on
S&C 5800
Switch
Controller
S&C5800
Switch
Controller
Control Center
S&C 5800
Switch
Controller
Broadband Fibreoptic Network
Sys tem Architecture
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Peer to Peer Pros and Cons
Cons
Lack of operator visibility and control
Can add SCADA interface (most utilities do!)
Communication difficulties
Peer-to-peer communications among pole top units can be a
challenge!
Single vendor solution
Costs more than substation centered approach
Some unnecessary switching involved
Switches in a team open regardless of fault location
Then close back in as necessary
May fail to close? Extra mechanical operations?
K E M A , I N C .
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Feeder Automation Training Simulator
K E M A , I N C .
Practical Matters to Consider
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Tradeoff: Permanent vs. Momentary
Outages
Definitions:
Permanent: Duration > threshold
Momentary: Duration < threshold
Use of FISR will:
Improve permanent outage statistics
SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI
Make momentary outage statistics worse
MAIFI
Most utilities are willing to accept this tradeoff!
K E M A , I N C .
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Limitations on Transferring Load to
Adjacent Feeders
It is often difficult to transfer all the healthy
load to adjacent feeders without causing
overloads and/or voltage problems
Especially true during peak load period
May need to split load being transferred to
alternative sources
May require additional automated switches
to accomplish FISR objectives at certain
times of the day
K E M A , I N C .
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Diminishing Returns
Additional reliability improvement benefit declines
dramatically as more switches are added
Reliability Improvement vs. Cost
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Cost ($)
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M
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t
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I
m
p
r
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t
K E M A , I N C .
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Importance of Switch Placement
Predicted reliability improvement varies widely
with switch placement strategy
Variation observed for sample case:
SAIDI - 22%
SAIFI - 31%
MAIFI - 23%
Small change in placement (a few hundred feet)
produced a 5% change in SAIDI!
K E M A , I N C .
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First Segment Fault Detection
Always an issue!
System requires a lockout for fault signal from
the substation to trigger feeder switching
activities
Fault has occurred
Feeder protection has completed its automatic
reclosing cycle
Works best if a protective relay IED is available
in the substation and can be interfaced to the
FISR system
K E M A , I N C .
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Non-Fault vs Fault Tripping
System must be ale to distinguish between non fault
and fault tripping of the substation circuit
breaker/recloser
Fault Tripping
A feeder fault has occurred or supply has been lost
due to a transmission substation fault
FISR should attempt to restore service
Non-Fault Tripping
Substation CB tripped for reasons other than a
feeder fault
Manual operation by switching personnel or supervisory
control from the control center
Underfrequency/undervoltage load shedding
FISR should not attempt to restore service
K E M A , I N C .
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Safety Issues
Safety for workers and general public must not
be compromised!!!
Operating practices and procedures must be
reviewed and modified if necessary to address
presence of automatic switchgear
Safety related recommendations:
Requirement for visible gap
No automatic closures after two minutes have
elapsed following the initial fault
System disabled during maintenance (live line)
work