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2011 SEG
SEG San Antonio 2011 Annual Meeting 123 123
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Gaussian beam based illumination
reflection points on the target layer. In short, given a
seismic geometry and a target layer, we can perform
illumination analysis to optimize the seismic geometry
design using various illumination attributes as shown in
figure 4.
Examples
Figure 2 shows the results of the source side, receiver side
and source-receiver pair illumination corresponding to a
three-dimensional model with one horizontal layer. As
shown in figure 2(b) and (c), the patterns of both the source
side and receiver side illumination are circles. The
strongest illumination is at the centre of the circle and the
strength of the illumination decreases gradually as the
radius increases. Furthermore, the source-receiver pair
illumination exhibits an elliptical pattern as shown in figure
2(d). The major axis of the ellipse links the centers of the
source side and receiver side illumination circles. And in
the centre part of the ellipse, the illumination is stronger
than the other regions. In addition, at the CMP location of
the source-receiver pair, the strongest illumination is
observed, which agrees with the seismic reflection principle.
Figure 3 shows a narrow swath with orthogonal geometry.
This geometrys illumination attributes on the geology
model of figure 2(a) are displayed in figure 4.
Figure 5 shows a complex three-dimensional geology
model and a stack section. The geological model consists of
some steep-dipping faults. A geometry as shown in figure 3
is used to perform seismic modeling based on the Gaussian
beam forward method. After generating all the synthetic
shot gathers, the full three-dimensional seismic data
stacking processing for the synthetic data is performed. The
bottom picture in figure 5 shows the stack section of the
CMP inline No.5 located at the center of the geometry.
Figure 6 and 7 show the comparisons between the stack
sections of the synthetic data and the results of the
Gaussian-beam-based illumination analysis for two given
target layers in the complex three-dimensional model. The
red lines in the stack sections indicate the faults while the
red lines in the illumination results indicate the location of
CMP inline No.5. The pink lines with double arrows in
these figures show the locations of the corresponding points.
It is clear that amplitude variation of these events in the
stack section generally agree with variation of the source-
receiver illumination.
Conclusions
1) The Gaussian-beam-based illumination analysis is more
efficient than the illumination analysis based on the
one-way or two-way wave equation.
2) The source-receiver pair illumination and the other
illumination attributes of a geometry introduced in this
paper are practicable in the seismic survey design.
3) Synthetic data examples show that the illumination
results agree with the corresponding seismic section for
the complex geological model.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Ke Benxi for revising this
paper and the management at BGP for allowing us to
publish this work.
Figure 3: The orthogonal geometry with a swath of 4 lines, 125
shots and 400 channels. Group interval is 50m and line spacing
is 100m.
( a ) ( b )
( c ) ( d )
Figure 2: A three-dimensional model of 10000m*5000m*5000m
with single horizontal layer buried in depth of 4000m, given the
P-wave velocity of the overlying formation as 3000m/s, Vs as
1700m/s, density as 1.5g/cm
3
, those of the underlying formation
are 4500m/s, 2600m/s and 1.5g/cm
3
, source S locates at point
(3500, 2500, 0) and receiver R at point (6500,2500,0). Scan from
0~360 degree horizontally and 0~90 degree perpendicularly,
angular interval is 1 degree. (a) is the model, (b) and (c) are the
energy distribution of the source and the receiver. (d) is the
illumination analysis result of the source-receiver pair.
2011 SEG
SEG San Antonio 2011 Annual Meeting 124 124
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Gaussian beam based illumination
Fault
Fault
InLine
No.5
Figure 6: The top figure is the horizontal stack section of inline
No.5 of layer No.5. The bottom figure is the illumination result
of layer No.5, in which each block represents the illumination
result of the slices of the layer shaped by the faults.
( a ) ( b )
( c ) ( d )
( e ) ( f )
Color : illumination values
Figure 4: Illumination attributes of a narrow swath with
orthogonal geometry. (a) and (b) are the number of source-
receiver pairs (NSRP) corresponding to different offsets and
azimuths. (c) is the illumination result of 0~1250m offset range.
(d) is the illumination result of 1250~3000m offset range. (e) is
the illumination result of 230~290 degree azimuth range. (f) is
the illumination result of 140~200 degree azimuth range.
InLine No.5
Figure 7: The top figure is the horizontal stack section of inline
No.5 of layer No.6. The bottom figure is the illumination result
of layer No.6, in which each block represents the illumination
result of the slices of the layer shaped by the faults.
Figure 5: The top figure is a three-dimensional geology model
with six layers. The bottom figure is the horizontal stack section
of inline No.5 which locates in the center of the swath at station
(North: 2525m, East: 1362m to 8612m).
2011 SEG
SEG San Antonio 2011 Annual Meeting 125 125
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EDITED REFERENCES
Note: This reference list is a copy-edited version of the reference list submitted by the author. Reference lists for the 2011
SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts have been copy edited so that references provided with the online metadata for
each paper will achieve a high degree of linking to cited sources that appear on the Web.
REFERENCES
Bear, G., C.-P. Lu, R. Lu, D. Willen, and I. Watson, 2000, The construction of subsurface illumination
and amplitude maps via ray tracing: The Leading Edge, 19, 726728, doi:10.1190/1.1438700.
Cerven, V., 1985, Gaussian beam synthetic seismograms: Journal of Geophysics, 58, 4472.
Hoffmann, J., 2001, Illumination, resolution, and image quality of PP- and PS-waves for survey planning:
The Leading Edge, 20, 10081014.
Nowack, R. L., 2003, Calculation of synthetics seismograms with Gaussian beams: Pure and Applied
Geophysics, 160, 487507.
Schneider, Jr., W. A., and G. A. Winbow, 1999, Efficient and accurate modeling of 3-D seismic
illumination: 69th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 633636,
doi:10.1190/1.1821102.
Wu, R.-S., and L. Chen, 2002, Mapping directional illumination and acquisition-aperture efficacy by
beamlet propagators: 72nd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 13521355,
doi:10.1190/1.1816908.
Wu, R.-S., and L. Chen, 2003, Prestack depth migration in angle-domain using beamlet decomposition:
Local image matrix and local AVA: 73rd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts,
973976, doi:10.1190/1.1818110.
Xie, X.-B., S. Jin, and R.-S. Wu, 2003, Three-dimensional illumination analysis using wave equation
based propagator: 73rd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 989992,
doi:10.1190/1.1818114.
Xie, X.-B., S. Jin, and R.-S. Wu, 2006, Wave-equation-based seismic illumination analysis: Geophysics,
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2011 SEG
SEG San Antonio 2011 Annual Meeting 126 126
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