Introduction (Recovered)

Submit To: Dr. Prof.
Jamil Kazmi
Department Of Geography
GROUP MEMBERS:
RABIA TALAT
SADIA SAEED
UROOJ ASRAR

Acknowledgment
We are thankful to Almighty ALLAH then we would like to express our
gratitude and appreciation to the Department of Geography, University
of Karachi for arranging the field survey to Turtle Beach. A special
thanks to Dr. Prof. Sir Jamil Kazmi , Madam Dr.Saima Sheikh and
Madam Dr.Sheeba Afsar for their expert guidance.
Dr. Professor Sir Jamil Kazmi guide about the purpose of field & basic
field tips and tell us about the History & economical importance of that
area. He tells us about the climatic condition as well as the temporal
change in that area.
Another Lecturer Sir Salman from the department of Halophytes told us
about different flora and fauna present in that area. He also help us in
finding the samples of the different Plants by the help of their structure
and economy importance and history of that plants.
Acknowledgment: A statement of gratitude for assistance in producing a work.

CONTENTS
Chapter # 01: Introduction
1.1)Introduction
1.2)Background of the problems
1.3)Objectives
1.4)Study Area
1.5)Significant of studies
Chapter # 02: Methodology Framework
Chapter # 03: Review of literature
Chapter # 04: Result and discussions
Chapter # 05: Conclusion

gratitude for assistance in producing a work.

W

Chapter No: 01

1.1: INTRODUCTION:
On the Earth about 100 million years ago sea turtles have evolved
and prevail over the years, due to the natural predators and
favorable climate, it is effectively modified to the marine
ecosystem.(Verma, et al, 2012) Scientists identify seven eminent species of sea
turtles, which are grouped into six genera.

Leatherback (Dermochelys Coriachea)
Weight: 660 to 1,000 lbs
Shell Length: 4 to 6 feet
Diet: Jelly Fish

Australian Flat back (Natator depresses)
Weight: 150 to 250 lbs
Shall Length: 2 to 3 feet
Diet: Marine Invertebrates

Kemps Ridley (Lepidochelys kempii)
Shall length: 1 to 2 feet
Diet: Crustaceans

Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys Olivacea)
Diet: Crustaceans

Green (Chelonia Mydas)
Diet: Sea grass

Hawksbill (Eretmochelys)
Diet: Sponges

Loggerhead (Caretta Caretta)
Diet: Crustaceans
(http://www.conserveturtles.org/seaturtleinformation.php, 2:48 pm, 24-april-2014)

1.11 Biography Of Green Turtle:
Sea turtle have jaws called BEAKS. So they do not need teeth for chewing their
particular diet. They have not showy ears because their ear drum is covered with skin. Though this
they can hear appropriately even at low frequencies. In addition to this they also have good senses
of smell in ground. In ground they are nearsighted but under water they can see clearly.

They have sleek and smooth body which greatly helpful and favorable for adapting marine life, In
spite of this they linked with land because in the case of females eggs laying process they must need
sand. It is one of the most significant reason about the un spoilt costal areas remain because
without of this it is impossible for female turtle to lay their eggs.
(http://www.cobec.info/p/sea_turtles , 2:55pm, 6-may-2014)

1.12: The Life Cycle Of Green Turtle:
In marine turtle family the leatherback is the largest turtle while green sea turtle is
the second largest marine turtle. Their carapace growing size is upto 3.5 ft and its weight is about
180 kg. The most important nesting beaches for green sea turtles are located in tropical and
subtropical waters, from the Caribbean and the Atlantic, across the Indian Ocean, and the great
Barrier Reef across to Hawaii and the western coasts of the Americas, and include Pakistani
beaches, particularly Sandspit and Hawkes Bay near Karachi.
( http://seaturtles-karachi.blogspot.com/ . . 9:47pm , 11-may-2014)

1.13: Green Sea Turtles Nesting Process:
The breeding season of green turtle varies from Country to Country and season to
season. Predominantly its breeding season is from July November. The breeding
season in Pakistan is throughout the year but its considerable vertex is from September-January. In
the coarse of breeding season, breed nest female about 3-4 times . Its notice that every year
approximately 800 nest have been found at the Sandspit and Hawksbay beaches, of Karachi.
Another well example to support a large number of green turtle is the area of Balochistan.
( http://seaturtles-karachi.blogspot.com/ . . 9:50pm , 11-may-2014)

(http://redangpelangi.blogspot.com/2011/09/sea-turtles-nesting-process . . 11:14pm , 9-may-2014)

1.2: Background Of Problems:
In September till December, when the weather conditions are less severe,
marine turtles start laying and hatching their eggs during the day at Turtle
beach before it becomes very cold at night. Though their laying season persist
throughout the year, the less severe weather conditions are mainly the peak season for their
hatcheries in which the herd of turtles come on land. Many projects are organized to protect their
lives. A conservation project was commenced at turtle beach for the nesting females, protection of
their eggs and hatchlings from predators and hunters. Furthermore, marine turtles have been
named vulnerable and legally protected under Sindh Wildlife Protection Ordinance (1972) and the
Sindh Wildlife Protection Acr (1993). This project was started in 1980 to protect the hatchings of
the turtles at Karachi beaches.
Corressponding to the worlds marine turtles Pakistans turtles also threatened by a number of
factor which include Man-made lightening, Oil leak, Disease, Enchroachment, Predator, Marine
chaff(ingestion andentenglement),Boat stirck, Climatic variation, Fishing, Poverty of perception,
Unauthorized hunting.
www.arbec.com.my/sea-turtles/art5julysept01.htm

1.21: Threats To Marine Turtles Nesting Pits:

Introduced predators
The egg laying quantity of marine turtle is about 150eggs this is because
to increase mortality, and this high mortality inhabited the marine turtle
from attaining maturity level. The increase number of predators is the
main cause against the survival of marine turtles which destroy their
nests, Firstly due to natural predators for example Guiana, dogs etc. Secondly predators increase
due to human influence for example Raccoon one of the most prominent predator, due to excessive
household garbage dumping, which is Raccoons main source of food. In search of food Raccoon dig
up the beaches and destroy around 96% of turtle nest.
(awsassets.panda.org/downloads/hawksbill_global_voyagers.pdf, 11:10 pm, 13-may-2014)

1.21: Threats To Sea Turtles:

Man made Lightening :
Man-made/artificial lightening emphasize on both nesting and
hatchling of marine turtle. Man made/Artificial lightening may
dissuade female turtle for laying eggs from ocean to nest. Due to this
female turtles disoriented from its desiring place. Naturally hatchling
attract towards the natural lightening area, due to man made lightening, hatchling miss oriented
from its way, And these hatchling face numerous severe problems which include dehydration and
tiredness. The street light attracts hatchling towards itself as a result of this they are collide by
passing vehicles. .
DISEASE:
Although disease kill turtles, identifying a specific disease can be
difficult. Often rare casses of marine turtles wash ashore on beaches
but are too decomposed for an accurate determination the cause of
death. Several types of disease have been found in marine turtles,
one of the most considerable disease is FIBROPAPILLOMAS , a
tumor,These are lobe-shaped tumors. FP is a major cause of marine
turtles death land and marine pollution cause FP disease which inturn weaken the immune system
of marine turtle. It is estimated that about 70%of green turtle exaggerated by FP
The turtle posses these tumor in their skin mostly on soften parts like flippers, between
scutes, in the mouth, near the eyes and neck etc also in internal organ. While hard part include shell.
These tumor often increase in size varies from small pea to big grapefruit. The turtle is seriously
debilitated, death is common outcome.
Oil leak:
Due to oil leakage, water is contaminated which is highly dodgy for sea turtle.
Because of this contamination of water, all enters in their body parts like eyes, skin and lungs which
cause severe health troubles for marine turtles. The marine turtles are
also indirectly infected by eating these harmful chemicals along with
its food, this oil also affected the sea grass which is one of the basic diet
of green turtle .

Encroachment:
The major threat to turtles nest is the encroachment in the size of huts. As time passes the size of
huts increases from its original legal area. Although this was clarified by Dr Jamil Kazmis project he
reported that:
the land limit allowed under the law is 30 30 ft
for each hut. But, in our case even government institution have
brazenly violated this rule while having setup their huts on the beach
In the following image it is clearly shows that the turtle nestin area marked by red boundry while
yellow and brown shades tainted enchroach by each huts.

Boat strikes: Usually marine turtles have hard carapace exemption
leather-back turtles, but these carapace is not that much strong that it
can survive against the stricken of a boat or the cut of the powerful
propeller. For the relaxation and breathing purpose marine turtles
came close to the ocean surface, due to which they are crushed by the
boats or hit by propellers .

Marien Chaff:
Probably greater than 100 million lives are exterminate yearly in an
account for polythene waste in the ocean. Commonly the crowd that are
coming for picnic, dump unwanted waste near the nesting pits of sea
turtle and huts, in which polythene is the most
dominant waste. When these polythene bags
swimming under water its seems like jelly
fish(which is one of the basic diet of the turtle). In that situation turtles cant
able to discriminate between jelly fish and polythene bag. When turtles gulp
down these polythene debris as a result of this they become pale and even not able to eat their
other food also.
.

Climatic Variation
Climatic variation also affects the nesting beaches for example melting polar ice caps cause sea level
rising due to which beaches starts to disappear. Marine turtles have temperature reliant sex
purpose, temperature is involve in budding the egg and conclude the sex of hatchling. The increase
and decrease in temperature definitely affected the ratio of male and female turtles, the result of
this marine turtle population becoming unhinged

Fishing
Annually,10,000s of marine turtle are attentive in shrimp catching action.
Fishery habitually use extensive nets and hooks are haphazard and during
fishing most of other marine live are trapped by trawlers even turtle, sharks
and octopus etc.


Geographical facts associate in the development of geography

To rank the major threats of marine turtles and their nesting pits in priority.

To raise the awareness of marine turtle conservation needs at regional level

To outline the mechanism of post nesting migration.
1.4: Study Area:

Area Of Interest: Base map:

At 2448'N; 6658'E in the Southern limits of Karachi is the location of Sandspit and Hawksbay
beaches. The nesting of turtles are usually found on Sandy coves from the stretches of Manora
till the Balochistan border where the coastline is also very important for nesting. Protective
enclosures have been formed for the nesting of turtles between Sandspit and Hawksbay beaches.
Beyond these areas, there is less nesting of turtles due to the rocky and less sandy areas.
Sometimes the turtle tracks are found in sandy bays at Cape Monz except the monsoon and
where it proceeds to the provincial border of Baluchistan. Due to open sandy shores at Sandspit
and Hawksbay beaches, the nesting of turtles are mostly found except in the months of May to
August during which the beaches are fully submerged at high tide.
.

Distribution of nesting beaches in Pakistan
( http://www.arbec.com.my/sea-turtles/art5julysept01.htm, 11:39pm, 12-may-2014)

1.5: Significance Of Study:
The role of green turtle is like a natural lawnmower.Grazing Acreage are
generate in the sea grass bed though chomping choosey blotches by green turtles.
Grazing acreage are more fresh and more adolescence enrich with a large number of vitamins. The
grazing acreage play a vital role as victuals and provide shield to other tiny marine lifes, and also
assist to recover the dietary and snare sediments. In order to get more these grazing acreage, it is
essential to recompense concentration on the terrorization to turtle, in that manner we can acquire
better understanding about the threat reason. It is affirmed to save the life of green turtle because
their existence comes to dying out species not only in Pakistan but all over the world where they
exists. To inspect these blemish we cram on consideration of terrorization to turtles existence.
1.51 Geographical Facts About Marine Turtle:
Importance Of Marine Turtle In Ecosystem:
The olive and Kemps ridley turtles plays a vital role in both Open Ocean and Coastal
ecosystems and feed on invertebrates. Loggerhead turtles also feed on invertebrates and their
shells carry around 100 species of veritable animal and plant cities. The future of those species
depends upon Loggerhead turtles for their survival. Flatback turtles feed on jellyfish, sea pens and
soft corals living on seabed and effects species distributions.
Ecologically Marine Turtle Manage The Jellyfish Community:
Leatherback turtle are the largest living turtles that feed on jellyfish made of 95% of water.
They provide natural ecological control of jellyfish due to their consumption of jellyfishes, which in
turn reduces population growth of commercially important fishes. As a result, their presence is
beneficial for mainly fisheries, people and the fishes providing a balanced ecosystem.
Marine Turtles Nourish Variety Of Groups Of Marine Lives:
Marine turtles mainly spend their initial years in Open Ocean and feed upon tiny animals,
which they find in floating sargassum seaweed concentrations. They are preyed by fish, sharks and
birds. Marine turtles play a vital role in a balanced ecological role by controlling prey species in
providing them food and their perishing could lead to harmful effects in open ocean ecosystems.
Marine Turtles Are Organic Nutrient Supplements:
Every Marine turtle deposit their eggs in the sandy beaches and function as biological
nutrient transporters from the coastal and pelagic ecosystems. The energy contained in their eggs
comes from the food, which they find in marine environment. The balanced and healthy ecosystem
on land is closely connected to the marine turtles as other wildlife species depend on their eggs as
their source of energy. Their decline would lead to harsh and disastrous outcomes for those wildlife
animal species that depend upon the marine turtles.

Chapter No: 02

Several techniques of observation and studies were used to made thie report more significant in
order to illuminate our objectives for effective of outcome.

Field Substantial:
Many photos were took with the purpose of sustain our objective and to show a relationship of
them with the report stuff.
.
Implimentations:
Satellite images mosacing.
Image geo referencing.
Digitization.
Map layout formation.

SOFTWARES:
Google earth
Adob Photo shop
Arc map 10.1
Arcview 3.2

Steps Of Mosaicing image:
Step#01

Double click on
google earth from
desktop

Write the name of your study area e.g kakapir Karachi

Your study area is open#04

Step#05

By clicking on thump pin icon you can mark your place
Place mark
Click here to choose place mark icon as
you wish
A dialogue box is open to show
you varieties of place mark icon
Write name of your study area

With help of this you can
zoom in and out
This is north arrow
By this you can move upward,
downward, left and right
You done place mark

Click on FILE to save your image
Double click on adob photo shop from
desktop
Click on FILE then choose open
from drop down list
CHOOSE LOCATION OF YOUR IMAGE
SELECT YOUR IMAGE
Click o.k to add your image
Your image is add

To add tool bar on adobe photo shop

tool bar is add

carefully move upward,downward,right side or left side with
doing any wrong movement of mouse
With the help of fill effect you give your
image lighter and darker tone through it
helps you in mozaicing

Now repeat the steps which is telling above like save the image, add the image etc to complete your
mozaicing of your study area.

Here your mozaicing is complete.
Steps To Digitize Your Map/Study Area :

Creation Editing Of Spatial Database:
The position of geographic features is accumulating in spatial data, in conjunction with
characteristic in order depict what these features characterize. The vector or raster data
configuration is store up in spatial data, and subsequent aspect of facts is store in a set of tables.

Process of data input for GIS database:

Printed map (Hard copy)
Image
Digitization (vector)
Scanning(Raster)
Raster/vector
conversation
Map Digital
Projection

Steps To Get Layout Of Your Map :
Step#01: The first lets prepare the legend. From the Main Menu Bar select Theme >
Properties. A Theme Properties window should open. Change the Theme Name from
Torctage.shp to TURTLE BEACH KARACHI, then select OK. This doesnt change the name of
the file on disk, it just changes it for the purpose of this View.

Step#02: Again from the Main Menu Bar select View > Layout >Landscape > OK. Now in the
window titled Layout 1 there are 5 objects: Title, Legend, North Arrow, Scale Bar and the
Theme.
Step#3: Now you are ready to print. File > Print > OK.

Steps To Get Temporal Change In Map :

To show the temporal change same methods of POINT, LINE and POLYGON are applied in ARC
VIEW 3.2.So by the help of pits counting and encroachment in huts size we can easily discuss.
Polygon for year 2009 Polygon for year 2008 Polygon for year 2008
Nesting Ground From 2006 TO 2009
YEAR NESTING GROUND
2009 534
2008 551
2005 478

FINAL OUTPUT OF THREE YEARS TO SHOW PITS FINAL OUTPUT OF THREE YEARS TO SHOW ENCROACHMENT IN HUTS

Chapter No: 03

We deliberate the troubles which are visage by the turtles. For the purpose of laying eggs
female green turtle come to Karachi beach, Unfortunately they face there too much threat
by organic and in-organic surroundings. Not only in Pakistan but also all over the world
where they are exist, they facing such threat , major cause of these threats are man made.
Unlike western/ other countries turtle is not local food in Pakistan because of some
religious customs. The second most important source of demolition of turtle nest is
undomesticated dogs that expose the nests for food. Other factors that threaten sea turtles
are the destruction of nesting habitat due to The major threat to turtles nest is the
encroachment in the size of huts. As time passes the size of huts increases from its original
legal area n, Man-made/artificial lightening emphasize on both nesting and hatchling of
marine turtle. Man made/Artificial lightening may dissuade female turtle for laying eggs
from ocean to nest. Due to this female turtles disoriented from its desiring place. Naturally
hatchling attract towards the natural lightening area, due to man made lightening,
hatchling miss oriented from its way, And these hatchling face numerous severe problems
which include dehydration and tiredness. The street light attracts hatchling towards itself
as a result of this they are collide by passing vehicles.. Commonly the crowd that are
coming for picnic, dump unwanted waste near the nesting pits of sea turtle and huts, in
which polythene is the most dominant waste. When these polythene bags swimming under
water its seems like jelly fish(which is one of the basic diet of the turtle). In that situation
turtles cant able to discriminate between jelly fish and polythene bag. When turtles gulp
down these polythene debris as a result of this they become pale and even not able to eat
their other food also. As well as non-living is also very considerable like climatic variation
can cause threat to turtles. Usually marine turtles have hard carapace exemption leather-
back turtles, but these carapace is not that much strong that it can survive against the
stricken of a boat or the cut of the powerful propeller. For the relaxation and breathing
purpose marine turtles came close to the ocean surface, due to which they are crushed by
the boats or hit by propellers Due to oil leakage, water is contaminated which is highly
dodgy for sea turtle. Because of this contamination of water, all enters in their body parts
like eyes, skin and lungs which cause severe health troubles for marine turtles. The marine
turtles are also indirectly infected by eating these harmful chemicals along with its food,
this oil also affected the sea grass which is one of the basic diet of green turtle.
Attentiveness is the essential characteristic to protect turtle inhabitants exclusive of this
characteristic it will be complicated to manage the exposure to turtles existence for the
reason that they are already confirmed as dying out species. Protection actions are
essential if turtles are to persist to breed there.

CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY
International Journal of Turtle and Tortoise Research Status and New Nesting Sites of Sea Turtles in
Pakistan BY M. ZAHEER KHAN, SYED ALI GHALIB AND BABAR HUSSAIN (Department of Zoology
Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Karachi,)
GIS Mapping of Karachi coast and GIS based analysis of marine turtle habitat: Sandspit/Hawksbay Eco-
system

Hawksbay / Sandspit Coastal Eco-System
Preserving a Threatened Natural ResourceBy Farhan Anwar Shehri-CBE

Studies on Transplantation of Marine Turtle Nests at Karachi Coast, Sindh, Pakistan
Fehmida Firdousa, Sohail Barkatib* and Solaha RahmanbaSindh Wildlife Department, Karachi,
Pakistan Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
(received April 29, 2010; revised August 2, 2010; accepted September 16, 2010)

Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Series B: Biological Sciences
EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Shoukat Parvez Editor-in-Chief Dr. Kaniz Fizza Azhar

SEA TURTLE CONSERVATION AND EDUCATION IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN BY Fehmida Firdous

MARINE TURTLES OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
Edited by Kartik Shanker and BC Choudhury

Workshop on Marine Turtles in the Western Indian Ocean
Saif M. Al-Ghais1 and Jack Frazier Secretary-General, Environmental Research and Wildlife
Development Agency, P.O. Box # 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (e-mail:alghais@emirates.net.ae)
Research Associate, Conservation and Research Center, Smithsonian Institution,1500 Remount Road, Front
Royal, VA 22630 USA

IOTC 8TH SESSION OF THE WORKING PARTY ON ECOSYSTEMS AND BYCATCH (WPEB) 1719
September 2012 Cape Town, South Africa

The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 21(2 Suppl.): 2011, Page: 358-363
ISSN: 1018-7081 CLIMATE CHANGE, BIODIVERSITY PAKISTANs SCENARIO
N. A. Qureshi and Z. Ali Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, Lahore *Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Corresponding e-mail:
naureenaziz@yahoo.com

Impacts of Oil on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service

Training Workshop on Marine Turtle Research and Conservation 24-28/7/2001 Vung Tau & Con Dao

Chapter No: 04

During 1972, owing to increasing ecological apprehension, the Sindh Wildlife Management Board
took a revolutionary pace and sketch the Sindh Wildlife Protection Ordinance of 1972, recover in
1993 as the Sindh Wildlife Protection Act, which makes it an offence punishable by law to harass or
hurt any adult or hatchling turtle or to steal eggs or disturb nests. Commercial export of turtle meat
and eggs to foreign countries come to an end in 1976 when Pakistan converted into a participant to
the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES), which
register all sea turtles on its Appendix 1, which embrace species exclude from international trade
from or to participant countries.During 1979, the Sindh Wildlife Department in association with
WWF-Pakistan established an agenda for the safety of marine turtles, and within 1980, a three year
pilot project was officially accepted by WWF/IUCN for management and defense of dying out
species turtles at Sandspit and Hawkes Bay, which was incorporated with world wide protection
agenda as 'The Seas Must Live'. In 1983, the scheme was taken over by the local government as a
five-year enlargement scheme, and since 1988 the scheme has been incorporated in usual on-going
schemes support from first to last by the provincial budget.
Three enclosures of 24 x 24 m
2
were assemble at Sandspit and Hawkes Bay to take care for marine
turtle eggs and hatchlings. Every enclosure has a capability of 300
nests (45cm high, 90 cm circumference and 2.5 cm mesh covered
with wire material on the top to protect hatchlings from birds.
Inspection are perform every night to trace nesting and non-nesting
turtles, collect eggs and wander off hatchlings, liberate abandoned
turtles, calculate dead turtles and verify for predators. Mature were
labeled with Motel tags (Size 19, Style 49) on the irregular periphery
of both front flippers, as these areas are less frequently harmed. Eggs
were assembled and bring to the hatchery. Incubation era and hatching achievement were supervise in
every nest. Un-hatched eggs were detached from the nest and inspected after quarry. Hatchlings were
collected, classified, calculated, assessed, and pondered before mortal liberated to the sea
( http://www.arbec.com.my/sea-turtles/art5julysept01.htm, 1:39pm, 12-may-2014)
In the west of Karachi, at Sandspit The Wetland Center is situated, middle of
mangrove forests. Its distance from Kakapir village is about of 35 minutes
drive. The turtle beach conflict with it ,which enhance the beauty of this
place through green marine turtle for nesting purpose and migratory birds.
Around 125 migratory birds are recorded there. Like Dalmatian Pelicans,
Gulls, Tern and Waders and more. To accomplish the
requirements of maintenance of the wetland center of Pakistan
and environmental education, WWF-Pakistan resolute to found a
center in 1996 with financial support afford by the Directorate
General for International Cooperation (DGIS) through World
Wide Fund for Nature International. The wetland center at
Sandspit was authoritatively inaugurated on 13, February 2001

Chapter No: 05

The threats facing by the marine turtle specially from human being
activity at beach due to lack knowledge about marine turtle habitat,
it can be control by enhance the public awareness about marine
turtle habitat, during nesting season there must be high security at
night when female turtle come on beach for egg laying process and
also protected them from other predators or by in organic
surroundings.
According to our report with the help of temporal change map
we conclude that number of marine turtle nesting pits decrease in
the year 2009 as compare to the year 2008 ,the reason is that huts
sizes are also change they cover more area illegally as the
government announce the area. Government should take an action
in against of landlord of huts, charge them with high fine due to
illegal area coverage.
Almighty ALLAH made every creatures for us so, to gives Thanks
to Almighty ALLAH , Its our duty to save the nature and to love the
nature.

(http://www.conserveturtles.org/seaturtleinformation.php, 2:48 pm, 24-april-2014)

REFRENCES:

www.conserveturtles.org/seaturtleinformation.php ,
www.seaturtles-karachi.blogspot.com/ . .
www.conserveturtles.org/seaturtleinformation.php
( www.arbec.com.my/sea-turtles/art5julysept01.htm,
( www.arbec.com.my/sea-turtles/art5julysept01.htm,

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