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Number of Romanians working abroad in 2011 is estimated to be around 3. Million persons. Official emigration captures only a small fraction of actual outflows. In 2011, The National Agency for Employment mediated 72 900 work contracts.
Number of Romanians working abroad in 2011 is estimated to be around 3. Million persons. Official emigration captures only a small fraction of actual outflows. In 2011, The National Agency for Employment mediated 72 900 work contracts.
Number of Romanians working abroad in 2011 is estimated to be around 3. Million persons. Official emigration captures only a small fraction of actual outflows. In 2011, The National Agency for Employment mediated 72 900 work contracts.
COUNTRY NOTES: RECENT CHANGES IN MIGRATION MOVEMENTS AND POLICIES
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK 2013 OECD 2013 288 Romania Romanias migration pattern is mainly character- ised by emigration, especially following accession to the European Union on 1 January 2007. However, data on emigration of Romanian citizens or persons born in Romania is limited. The number of Romanians working abroad in 2011 is estimated to be around 3.5 million persons. Officially registered emigration captures only a small fraction of actual outflows. The number of newly registered emigrants in 2011 increased by 17%, to 10 000. The main official destination countries were Canada (20%), Germany (19%) and the United States (18%). A more accurate approximation of emigration can be drawn from statistics in the main destination countries. In Italy and Spain, for example, 90 000 and 61 000 Romanians enrolled in the respective popula- tion registers in 2011. The National Agency for Employment mediates temporary labour emigration through bilateral agree- ments. No new bilateral agreement has been signed since 2010. In 2011, the National Agency for Employ- ment mediated 72 900 work contracts, 30% fewer than in 2010. Almost all of these contracts related to Germany. The National Agency for Employment also provided information and mediation services to 17 300 workers seeking a job in the EU member states. According to the Ministry of Administration and Interior, in the first semester of 2012 the number of approved visa requests decreased by 11% to 76 900. However, approval rates increased. The main origin countries were Moldova (36%), Ukraine (15%) and Turkey (14%). In 2011, 59 600 new stay permits were issued. The main origin countries were Moldova (28%), Turkey (15%) and China (12%). Temporary stay permits consti- tute 83% of all stay permits issued. At the end of November 2011, the immigrant population stood at 98 000, a 4% increase from December 2012. Around 60% of those immigrants were non-EU citizens, mainly from Moldova (27%), Turkey (15%) and China (12%). The main reasons for stay were family ties (41%), study (12%), business and employ- ment activities (12%) and family reunification (7%). The maximum number of work authorisations is fixed by a governmental decree. In light of the eco- nomic downturn, the Romanian government has reduced the quota for work authorisations every year since 2009. The 2011 quota for work authorisations was set at 5 500, a decrease of 30% compared to 2009 and 2010. However, only 2 700 work authorisations were issued in 2011, only half the quota. The work permits were mainly granted for permanent workers (71%) and posted workers (22%). Most immigrant workers came fromTurkey (21%), China (18%) and the Philippines (12%). The quota was set at 5 500 for 2012 and again in 2013. The quota is subdivided by category; for 2013, it includes 3 000 for permanent employment, 900 intra-company transfers and 800 highly-skilled workers. In the first five months of 2012, the number of asy- lum seekers increased by 166% compared to the same period in 2011, but the absolute number remained low (1 200). The main origin countries of asylum seekers were Algeria, Morocco and Afghanistan. The increase in the number of asylum seekers was mainly due to new rules in 2011 which regard asylum seekers rights. First, Romania now provides accommodation to those having no access to material/financial resources. Furthermore, the General Inspectorate for Immigration took measures in order to increase the capacity of receiving and processing asylum seekers, by strength- ening the co-operation with the General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations and the Romanian Red Cross. Since accession to the European Union, one of the main challenges Romania had to face has been irregular migration. In 2011, new measures were intro- duced to ensure the legal stay of immigrants. Informa- tion campaigns on the risk of illegal employment were organised both for immigrant workers and for employers. A free hotline was opened to report cases of illegal/undeclared work. A joint action plan was issued with Serbia in order to address migration flows. In 2011, new social integration measures were introduced. A special training project prepared 20 Romanian language teachers to teach Romanian to asylum seekers. Romanian language and culture hand- books were published. From February to June 2011, 300 foreign citizens benefited fromRomanian language and culture courses. The Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports, together with UNHCR, organised a training programme for teachers of Romanian language and literature in order to provide courses to immigrants. For further information www.insse.ro www.mai.gov.ro www.ori.mai.gov.ro/. www.oecd.org/migration/imo 5. COUNTRY NOTES: RECENT CHANGES IN MIGRATION MOVEMENTS AND POLICIES INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK 2013 OECD 2013 289 Recent trends in migrant flows and stocks ROMANIA Migration flows (foreigners) 2000 2005 2010 2011 Average Level (000) National definition 2001-05 2006-10 2011 Per 1 000 inhabitants Inflows 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.4 15.5 Outflows .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Migration inflows (foreigners) by type Thousands % distribution Inflows of top 10 nationalities as a % of total inflows of foreigners Permit based statistics (standardised) 2010 2011 2010 2011 Work .. .. .. .. Family (incl. accompanying family) .. .. .. .. Humanitarian .. .. .. .. Free movements .. .. .. .. Others .. .. .. .. Total .. .. .. .. Temporary migration 2005 2010 2011 Average 2006-10 Thousands International students .. .. .. .. Trainees .. .. .. .. Working holiday makers .. .. .. .. Seasonal workers .. .. .. .. Intra-company transfers .. .. .. .. Other temporary workers .. .. .. .. Inflows of asylum seekers 2000 2005 2010 2011 Average Level 2001-05 2006-10 2011 Per 1 000 inhabitants 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 2 061 Components of population growth 2000 2005 2010 2011 Average Level (000) 2001-05 2006-10 2011 Per 1 000 inhabitants Total -1.1 -2.2 -2.3 -2.7 -7.4 -1.8 -58 Natural increase -0.9 -1.9 -2.2 -2.6 -2.2 -1.8 -55 Net migration -0.2 -0.3 0.0 -0.1 -5.3 -0.1 -3 Stocks of immigrants 2000 2005 2010 2011 Average Level (000) 2001-05 2006-10 2011 Percentage of the total population Foreign-born population .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Foreign population .. .. 0.3 0.3 .. 0.3 57 Naturalisations 2000 2005 2010 2011 Average Level 2001-05 2006-10 2011 Percentage of the foreign population .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Labour market outcomes 2000 2005 2010 2011 Average 2001-05 2006-10 Employment/population ratio Native-born men .. 63.7 65.7 64.9 64.6 65.2 Foreign-born men .. - - - - - Native-born women .. 51.5 52.0 52.0 53.8 52.4 Foreign-born women .. - - - - - Unemployment rate Native-born men .. 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.4 7.8 Foreign-born men .. - - - - - Native-born women .. 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.0 6.0 Foreign-born women .. - - - - - Macroeconomic indicators 2000 2005 2010 2011 Average Level 2001-05 2006-10 2011 Annual growth in % Real GDP 5.7 7.9 2.2 0.3 6.2 1.6 GDP/capita (level in USD) .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 895 Employment (level in thousands) 0.0 0.1 0.0 -1.1 -3.0 0.3 9 138 Percentage of the total labour force Unemployment 6.8 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.2 6.7 Notes and sources are at the end of the chapter. 1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932824327 0 10 20 30 40 50 Romania 2010 2005-09 annual average Moldova Italy Germany United States Turkey China Hungary Canada France Syria
Amelia David Chelsea Cruz Ellaine Garcia Rica Mae Magdato Shephiela Mae Enriquez Jamaica Bartolay Jerie Mae de Castro Meryl Manabat Riejel Duran Alexis Concensino