Tribology Basics

1
Tribology and Applications, 08-2003

Balzers Surface Technology
Challenging the Leading Edge
PVD-Technology
A Design Partner
2
PVD Thin Film Technology
A Fast Innovation Cycle Continues

PVD Technology in Industrial Applications
Coating Technology
Tribology Systems
Surface Engineering

Future Trends
in Coating-Assisted Surface Engineering

Applications as of Today

Quality Methods & Analytic
3
Areas of Application
4
Types of movement
C.B1.01 (0303) e
Sliding motion
Area contact
e.g. guide ways,
bushings
Rolling motion
Point contact
e.g. roller bearings
Rolling motion
Line contact
e.g. gears
5
BALINIT
- coating
Only a few
thousandths of
a millimetre thin
Fidelity of
contours
C.B5.02 (0204) e
6
How big is a micron ?
1 micron 0.001 mm
Hard coating 0.003 mm
Cigarette paper 0.03 mm
Human hair 0.05 mm
Newspaper 0.08 mm
Pigs bristle 0.1 mm
C.B5.01 (0304) e
7
Schematic presentation of friction:
Stribeck curve
C.B2.01 (0205) e
Friction coefficient
Viscosity x Sliding speed
Normal force
F
N

v
F
N

v
F
N

v
Counterbody
Medium
Body
Surface roughness R
d
Boundary friction
(d < R)
Mixed friction
(d R)
Fluid friction
(d >> R)
8
Wear Mechanisms
Adhesive

Abrasive

Fatigue

Tribooxidation
Holmberg, Matthews, Coatings Tribology
9
Adhesive wear
C.B3.02 (0205) e
Cause
Cold welding with material
transfer
Appearance
Cavities, galling and
material build up
10
Abrasive wear
C.B3.01 (0205) e
Cause
Hard particles score the surface
Appearance
Scores, scratches
11
C.B3.04 (0303) e
Cause
Material fatigue with crack
formation by dynamic or cyclic
load
Appearance
Cracks, pitting
Surface fatigue (pitting)
12
Tribooxidation
C.B3.03 (0205) e
Cause
Formation of chemical oxidation
reaction products together with
oscillating movements
Appearance
Fretting corrosion
13
PVD- Coatings for Precision Components
Adapted from Ullmann, ency.
Friction Coefficient
A
b
r
a
s
i
v
e

W
e
a
r

R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

0
.
5

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

CrN
DLC
Me C:H
Me C:H
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Carbon Group
Non Carbon Group
TiN
TiAlN
14
Dry running properties of sliding materials
Sliding distance [m]
Coefficient of friction
C.B3.07 (0303) e
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 500 100 200 300 400 600 700
Coating
with PTFE
Coating
with MoS
2
MoS
2
PVD
BALINIT
C (WC/C)
nearly no wear
x x x
x x
CuSnPb
bronze
Ni-PTFE
x End of test
due to
adhesive wear
15
Friction reduction of valve train with carbon coating
C.C1.02 (0205) e
Engine speed [rpm]
Friction torque [Nm]
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
phosphated
WC/C
Method: cylinder head test rig
Source: Ford, INA
16
Fuel saving by minimisation of friction in engines
C.C1.01 (0205) e
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Valve train
coated
All friction related
parts coated
uncoated
Fuel consumption [%]
Theoretical engine friction [%]
17
Properties of BALINIT
Coatings
Friction Coefficient against Steel
(dry)*
Protection against Surface Fatigue
Coating Material
Coating Type
Microhardness (HK 0,01) (typical)*
Typical Thickness (m)
Coating Temperature (C)
Protection against Abrasive Wear
Protection against Adhesive Wear
Protection against Tribooxidation
BALINIT

DLC
C1500 C1000
BALINIT

C
BALINIT

CNI
BALINIT

D
BALINIT

A
*depending on Testing Conditions / **no reliable results available
WC/C a-C:H CrN CrN TiN
1.000 > 2.000 1.750 1.750 2.300 1.500
1 - 4 0,5 - 3 1 - 4 1 - 4 1 - 4
0,1 - 0,2 0,1 - 0,2 0,5 0,5 0,4
< 250 < 250 < 250 < 500 < 500
+ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++
+++ +++ ++ ++ ++
++ ++ ++ ++ ++
++ + +
** ** **
C.B5.04 (0204) d
Abrasive Wear Coeff.* [10
-15
m3 /Nm] 5-8 0.5-1 >7 >7 2-5 2-5
18
Material - Wear Mechansims Map
Abrasive
Adhesive Fatigue
Tribooxidation
BALINIT
DLC
BALINIT
C, C1500
BALINIT
CNI

19
BALINIT
C Nanolayers

Taylored Amorphous Superstructures
W, Ti, Nb,
Cr, Si, ....
C
Cr, Ti,...
C
C
Function
Adhesion
Substrate
20
DLC for Valvetrain Applications:
Motorbike Tappets
Number (Date)
BALINIT C BALINIT C1500
BALINIT-DLC
,
Kawasaki S600 Racebike after 4 Races 4
Tungsten-rich
2 m 1 m 0,2 m
Wear:
Coating:
21
BALINIT
DLC
SEM Cross Section - Fracture
10 m
24
Coatings in Machine Design ??
Environment
Speed
Counterbody
Loading
Lubrication
Fatigue
Design
Geometry
Texture
Mechanical
Motion
Properties
Strength
Fatigue
Mechanical
Thermal, ....
Type
Material
Process
Architecture
Thickness
Int. Stress
Composition
Structure
Layersequence
Properties
Adhesive
Abrasive
Friction
Toughness
Electrical
Mechanical
(elastic
plastic)

Tribo-System
Coating System
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e

26

Running-In Behaviour
27
Dry Running Behaviour
BALINIT
Carbon Coatings
C.B3.08 (0204) e
0
0,2
0
0,4
0,6
0,8
1000 5000 500 1500 250 750 1250 1750
DIN 1.3505 (100 Cr 6) uncoated
BALINIT
C (WC/C)
x
BALINIT
DLC (a-C:H)
Slidelength [m]
x Test aborted
because of
severe adhesive
wear
28
Continuously increased load

Identical contact spots for a specific load
Performance of Carbon Coatings
Crossed Cylinder Set-Up
Diploma Thesis, Magnus Hansson,
Uppsala University, 2001
29
Diploma Thesis, Magnus Hansson,
Uppsala University, 2001
Lifetime for different running-in cycles

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000
N (Running-In Cycles)
N

(
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
)
Insufficient run-in
Good running-in Wear in Run-In-Phase
240-600N RI
800N
starved Lubrication
BALINIT C
31
Tribometer-Testing
Reference
Pin on Disk :
Load 30N
distance 2.2km
Speed 30.00cm/s
radius 12.00mm
Running In Layer
0.1
0.2

Running-In Layer on a BALINIT
C type Coating
32
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
m
Coating Variant
Counterbody Wear in m
Running In Layer
Reference
33
Coating & Surface Topography
34
How Much Lubricant Does a Coated Surface Keep?
Surface Structuring
an old idea...
Source: GeoScience online Source: UCT, Electron Microscope Unit

Sharkskin
Cylinder Liner
35
BALINIT
CNI chromium-nitride coating

C.B5.08 (0303) e
1 m
After coating:
Surface roughness BALINIT
CNI untreated
Roughness increase R
a
< 0.02 m
Before coating:
Surface roughness carbide polished
36
Coated Structure
coating
Structured Surface
Coating Protects Structure
coating
Structured Coating
Coating Provides Structure
Structured Coating
Surface Morphology
37
Structured Coating
38
Structured Coating
Comparative Test
Material: 100 Cr 6,
Coating: BALINIT
DLC, 2 m
Structuring: holes after coating; Laser;
10-20 m deep,

Testing: Ball on disc, 100 Cr6,
3 mm ball, 30N

a
=1500 MPa

e
=500 MPa

dry and
starved lubrication
5W30
coating
Structured Coating
Coating Provides Structure
39
Pin on Disc test
Dry and Starved Lubrication
C.B3.05 (0204) d
F
v
Method
Steel Ball, 3mm
DIN 1.3505 (100 Cr 6), 60 HRC

Testring:
DIN 1.3505 (100 Cr 6), 60 HRC
coated

Conditions
F = 30 N
v = 0,3 m/s
Dry, Lab air, 40% RH, 23
o
C
or
Starved Lubrication
40
Ball - on - Disc Test
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
starved lubrication dry
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
structured
not structured
Gegenkrperverschleiss Mangelschmierung
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Structured Unstructured
C
o
u
n
t
e
r
b
o
d
y
w
e
a
r

[
u
m
]
Counterbody Wear
Structured Not Str.
Ball on Disc-Test
e
=500 MPa

Coefficient of Friction - 20%
Counterbodywear - 30%
Dry
Starved Lubrication
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

41
Roleplay Surface
Role of Surface Structure
Provide favourable Surface
Texture
Reservoir for Lubrication
Removal of Particles in
Grooves
Wetting Behaviour of the
Substrate on the coating

...

Role of Coating
Protect against Adhesive Wear
Conserve Surface Structure
against (abrasive, adhesive)
Wear
Reduce Friction
Modify Surface Energy

...

42
Substrate Influence
Hardness & Hardening Depth
A Supporting Role
43
Substrate Influence
Interference Coating - Substrate Hardness
The Eggshell-Effect
44
No abrasive or adhesive
Wear of Coating
Failure of Tribo-System
Plastic Wear
High Point-Loads

Soft Substrates
45
42CrMo4 Nitrided
BALINIT
DLC coated
46
Influence of Nitriding Temperature on Scratchload
Scratchtest
1N-150N
L
c2

42CrMo4, nitrided
670K
20-180 min
620-770 K
60 min
High Temperature = Hard Compound Layer
= High Breakthroughload
Influenceing Factors; Coating Support and Plastic Behaviour
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
20 40 60 80 100 120
Scratchload Lc2 [N]
N
i
t
r
i
d
i
n
g

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

[
K
]
47
Substrate Influence
Surface Roughness
An Acting Role
48
42CrMo4 Nitrided
BALINIT
DLC coated
Nitrided 670K 60min
Coated BALINIT
DLC

Nitrided 830K
Coated BALINIT
DLC

Ball on Disc Testing
30N, 2200m
49
Influence of Surface on Counterbody
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Counterbody Wear [m]
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

C
o
e
f
f
c
i
e
n
t
BOD 30N
30cm/s
100Cr6 Ball
High Roughness = High Friction
= High Counterbody Wear
Influenceing Factors; Coating Support and Shear Stress
42CrMo4, nitrided
670K
20-180 min
620-770 K
60 min
50
Link between Friction and Lifetime
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2
L
i
f
e
t
i
m
e

[
m
]
BOD 30N
30cm/s
100Cr6 Ball
42CrMo4, nitrided
770, 670, 620K
20-180 min

High Roughness + Substrate Hardness
= High friction + Low lifetime
Influenceing Factors; Coating Support and Shear Stress
Not nitrided
770K
620K
670K
51
Good coatable materials
C.B5.11 (0205) e
Heat-treatable steels
Tool steels
Austenitic steels
Precipitation-hardened steels
Structural steels
Nitrided steels (after pre-treatment)
Cemented carbides
Nickel- and titanium alloys
Ball-bearing steels*
Case-hardening steels*
Hardenable chromium steels*
*only for low temperature coatings suitable (< 250 C)
52
Conditionally coatable materials
C.B5.12 (0205) e
Cast iron
(lamellar graphite favourable)
Chromium- / nickel-plated metals
(only for low loads because of rel. poor adhesion
between electroplated coating and substrate)
Copper alloys
(cleaning could be challenging)
Aluminium alloys
(low coating temperature required,
substrate has low strength and supporting ability )
Ceramics
(electrical conductivity)
53
Non coatable materials
C.B5.13 (0205) e
Sintered metals with open pores
(not suitable for vacuum process)
Polymers
(not thermally stable and not electrically
conductive)
54
Leading Edge Applications
Designing History by Applications
55
Fuel Injection
PVD-Applications
56
Common Rail System
Injector and high-pressure pump
C.C2.02 (0304) e
Made possible only with
BALINIT
C and
BALINIT
DLC coating:

Compliance with narrow
system tolerances < 1 m

Reliable operation at
pressures up to 1600 bar

Long service life combined
with minimal wear
57
BALINIT
coated components in
fuel injection pumps
C.C2.01 (0204) e
Single cylinder or
inline pump
Plunger
Roller pin
Bushing
Camshaft
Unit injector
Plunger
Roller pin
Bushing
Cam shaft
Injector needle
Distributor pump with axial piston
Plunger
Roller pin
Cam ring
Roller
Piston
Shoe
Distributor pump or common rail
system with radial piston
58
Tappets
PVD-Applications
59
Wrist pins for motorcycles
Uncoated
Seizure between wrist pin boss
(Aluminium) and wrist pin at racing
conditions

BALINIT
C (WC/C)
nearly no wear after the whole racing
season
C.C1.04 (0205) e
Wrist pin uncoated after 150 km
Wrist pin WC/C-coated after 3500 km
Wrist pin
Aluminium piston
Connecting rod
60
Tappets and cam shafts for vehicles
Car motor test stand
Oil: without additives
Testtime: 16 hours

Uncoated
increased frictional losses
of motor

BALINIT C (WC/C)
reduces friction and wear
compared to nitrided
tappets
Tappets

Cams made of steel,
uncoated
W
e
a
r

[
m
]

0
10
8
6
4
2
Cam
Tappet
Valve
BALINIT C
(WC/C)
Nitrided
25.4 (9507) e
61
Wear reduction of valve train with BALINIT
C
C.C1.03 (0304) e
Cam
Tappet
Valve
Auto engine test stand
Oil: without additives
Test period: 16 hours

Uncoated
Increased engine friction loss

BALINIT
C (WC/C)
Reduced friction and wear
compared with nitrided tappets
Wear [m]
Nitrided
uncoated
BALINIT
C
(WC/C)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Tappets
Cams
Cams: steel, uncoated
Tappets
Cams
62
BALINIT
DLC coating for motorcycle tappets

C.C1.05 (0205) e
Uncoated
Tappets of racing motorcycles have to be replaced
after each race (250 km) due to wear

BALINIT
C (WC/C) -coated
Slight wear after 4 races (1000 km)

BALINIT
DLC -coated
Nearly no wear after 4 races (1000 km)
Kawasaki Supersport (600 ccm)
Uncoated BALINIT
DLC BALINIT
C
63
Piston Rings
PVD-Applications
64
Wear of liners paired with differently treated
piston rings
C.C1.06 (0304) e
Tribometer
(Cameron-Plint TE77)
Load: 8 Mpa
Temperature: 80 C
Test period: 6 hours
Frequency: 10 Hz

Liners: grey cast iron
Oil: Lubrizol TH 53303

Source: Scania AB
Plasma-
sprayed
Nitrided Hard chrome-
plated
Chrome
Ceramic
BALINIT
C
WC/C
Piston ring
surface
0,2
0,1
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
x
x x
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x no wear detected
Liner wear [mg]
Piston ring wear [mg]
65
Bearings
PVD-Applications
66
Cylindrical roller thrust bearing
Bearing 81206
Load: 33 kN
Cage material: PA 66
Speed: 15 rpm
Dry running
C.C3.02 (0204) e
1000
100
10
1
Life time [hours]
> 250
1,5
Temperature: 30 C
Coeff. of friction: 0.004
Roller wear: 5 mg
Rings and rollers
BALINIT
C - coated
uncoated
1.5
67
Gears
PVD-Applications
68
Load Bearing Capacity of Gears
Flank and Root of Gears

Testing:
FVA - Specification 05
Steel: 42CrMo4V
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
uncoated TiCN TiN pretreated
+ TiN
Balinit C pretreated
+ Balinit C
F
a
c
t
o
r

o
f

L
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
flank
root
Source:
WZL, RWTH Aachen
69
Working limits of gears
C.C4.01 (0204) e
Damagefree region
Circumferential velocity
External stress
Abrasive wear
limit
Pitting
limit
Tooth fracture
limit
Seizing
limit
70
Load capacity of the tooth base and flank
C.C4.02 (0204) e
Test-rig
acc. to FVA -guideline 05

Material
Case hardened steel
DIN 16MnCr5E

Uncoated
Failure criterion:
4% single tooth wear
(pitting)

BALINIT
C (WC/C)
Increase of service life by:
factor 4 for tooth flank
factor 16 for tooth base

Source:
WZL, RWTH Aachen

Flank Base
BALINIT
C
4
16
1 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Flank Base
Uncoated
Service life - progression factor
71
Gear wear by seizure
C.C4.03 (0205) e
FZG-Test

Test data
Speed: 1,000 rpm
Surface pressure:
1,000 N/mm

Lubricant: ESSO CL46B
(on biological base)

Source:
IMM, TU Dresden
Tolerated load changes
Uncoated
dry
Uncoated
lubricated
BALINIT
C
dry
BALINIT
C
lubricated
Oil quantity:
1 drop per Minute
29.000
150.000
1.400
10
6

10
7

10
5

10
4

10
3

10
2

10
1
Interruption after 200,000,000
150,000
29,000
1,400
72
Planetary gear for a concrete mixer
C.C4.05 (0304) e
Uncoated
Seizure of case hardened sun
wheels at low speeds and high
loads

BALINIT
C (WC/C)
Prevents seizure and increases
load and working range of the
planetary gear
uncoated
Pinion and wheel
BALINIT
C - coated
Model test:
Slow running wear
Stress: 2180 MPa (316 KSI)
Sliding velocity: 0.04 m/s
Teeth characteristics: FZG-C
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 40 80 120 160 200
600
Total wear of pinion and wheel [mg]
Time [hours]
73
High loaded fast running gear
C.C4.07 (0205) e
Uncoated
Surface fatigue (Pitting)
despite continous oil film

BALINIT
C (WC/C)
increases load carrying
capacity (fatigue endurance
limit) of
heat treated gears by
30 - 40%
case hardened gears by
10 - 15%
Stress cycles
Tooth flank stress [N/mm
2
]
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
2

2 4

6

8

10
7
2

4

6

8

10
8
BALINIT
C (WC/C)
Test method:
FZG-C-test
case hardened steel,
62 HRC, R
Z
= 3 m
Uncoated
74
Spur gears for motorcycles
C.C4.08 (0205) e
Uncoated
Seizure due to oil leakage and
overloading

BALINIT
C (WC/C)
provides emergency running
reserve and higher load carrying
capacity

Right
Wear on uncoated gear after oil
leakage

Left
No wear on BALINIT
C (WC/C) -
coated gear after oil leakage
BALINIT
C (WC/C)
uncoated
75
Hydraulic & Compressors
PVD-Applications
76
Hydraulic motor with
BALINIT
C coated parts
C.C8.04 (0205) e
With BALINIT
C (WC/C) coated roller

bearings:
no seizure
after 58,000 revolutions nearly no wear
static friction between roller and piston
decreased by 40 %
losses at start-up reduced by 18 %
less Stick-slip
77
Wear of PVD coated compressor screws
C.C6.01 (0205) e
BALINIT
C (WC/C) coated screws:

Due to the low wear rate a service life
of more than 20,000 hours is
expected.

Source: University of Dortmund
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Worn surface [%]
CrN (PVD) BALINIT
C (WC/C)
Male and female screw
coated
Sliding velocity 50m/sec
Test duration 1000 hours
Water injected
60 %
3 %
78
Chlorine free vane compressors
C.C6.02 (0205) e
Vane
Roller
Testing conditions

Time: 1000 hours
Pressure: 3.5 N/mm
2
(500 psi)
Temperature: 100 C (212 F)
Medium: chlorine free refrigerant
Roller material: cast iron
Vane material: steel
15
0,1
5
< 0,1
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
Wear [m]
Roller Vane
uncoated
Roller Vane
BALINIT
C (WC/C), only vane coated

0.1
0.01
0.1
< 0.1
79
Axial piston pump - pistons
C.C8.07 (0205) e
Nitrided: seizure damage
Nitrided + BALINIT
C (WC/C):
no seizure damage
Test conditions

Pressure: 400 bar
Speed: 3000 rpm
Time: 1000 hours
Piston
80
Axial piston pump - sliding shoes
C.C8.08 (0205) e
Bronze: abrasive wear and deformation
Steel + BALINIT
C (WC/C):
wear < 1 m
Test conditions

Max. pressure: 350 bar
Max. speed: 2200 rpm
Time: 1000 hours
Sliding shoe
81
Pneumatic valves for paper machines
C.C7.01 (0205) e
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Service life [months]
Uncoated BALINIT
C (WC/C)
Working conditions
Valve material: DIN 1.4112
Rotation 30, 2 x / min.
Pressure: 5 Mpa
Dry running

Uncoated
The valves jam at lack of grease

BALINIT
C (WC/C) coated
The valves operate permanently
even at dry running
82
Erosion of materials used in hydraulic
components
C.C8.02 (0205) e
Particle size: 0-20 m
Particle concentration: 100 mg/l
Pressure: 150 bar
Medium: HFA
Source:
PhD Thesis, St. Lehner,
IFAS Aachen (1996)
Sample
Medium
Particles 5
0

m

Relative factor of wear compared to steel DIN St 52
0
1
2
3
4
Bronze
Brass
GGG 40
St 52
Ck 45
WC/C
CrN
Alu
WC/C = BALINIT
C
CrN = BALINIT
D
83
Wear behaviour of hydraulic valves coated
with BALINIT
C (WC/C)
C.C8.09 (0205) e
Gap increase h [m]
Valve housing
Valve stem Particles
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
uncoated BALINIT
C (WC/C)
Valve stem: Steel Ck 45 / 650 HV
Standard flow rate: 50 l/min
Valve type: 4/3 way proportional valve
Valve housing: cast iron
Medium: HFA
Source:
PhD Thesis, St. Lehner,
IFAS Aachen (1996)
Medium
h

84
A QS9000 Company
PVD - Quality Standards
85
QS9000-Certification for
Component Production Cites
C.D3.02 (0205) e
86
Measurement techniques for quality control
C.D3.03 (0204) e
Destructive measurements are performed outside the functional surfaces if possible
Method
Coating
Feature Accuracy
Substrate
Requirements
Limits
Destructive for:
Calo test
XRF
measurement
Rockwell
hardness HRC
Rockwell test
Colour
measurement
Profilometer
Coating
thickness
Substrate
hardness
Coating
adhesion
Colour
Roughness
Geometry,
roughness
Substrate hardness,
geometry
Plane surface
Geometry
0.3 - 0.5 m
+/- 1 HRC
+/- 0.5
HF-classification
+/- 1
yes yes
no no
Coating
thickness
Geometry,
chem. elements
0.3 - 0.5 m
yes yes
Substrate hardness,
geometry
yes yes
no no
no no
87
Measurement techniques for analysis and
specification
C.D3.04 (0304) e
Destructive measurements are performed outside the functional surfaces if possible
Method
Coating
Feature Accuracy
Substrate
Requirements
Limits
Destructive for:
Cross section
Microhardness
Scratch test
Calo-wear test
Tribometer
Coating
thickness
Coating
adhesion
Abrasive wear
coefficient
Friction
coefficient,
life cycle test
Substrate hardness,
geometry
Plane surface
0.1 - 0.3 m
+/- 10%
yes yes
yes no
Coating
hardness
Geometry,
roughness,
coating thickness >1m
+/- 10%
yes yes
Plane surface,
roughness
yes no
yes yes
88
C.D3.05 (0205) e
Polishing sphere
Coating
Substrate
Calculation of coating thickness D
using A, B, and sphere radius r
BALINIT
- coating after calo test

(spherical abrasion),
top view
A
B
D
r
v
Coating thickness measurement by calo test
89
Rockwell coating adhesion test
C.D3.06 (0205) e
Rockwell diamond cone
Coating
Substrate
BALINIT
-coating
with HRC indentation,
top view
Comparative assessment of
coating adhesion based on de-
formation geometries in zone A
with defined image series.
F
A A
90
Measurement of coating adhesion with
scratch test
C.D3.07 (0205) e
Diamond stylus
Coating
Substrate
Scratch in BALINIT
-coated surface,
top view
F
v
S
Visual assessment of crack formation and
coating flaking inside track S dynamically
deformed under load F.
91
C.D3.08 (0304) e
Polishing sphere
Coating
Substrate
Calculation of grinding mark volume
using B and sphere radius r
Test conditions:
Humidity and temperature constant
r
v
B
Measurement of abrasive wear coefficient
with calo-wear test
Abrasive slurry
92
Sliding wear test with tribometer
Fixed ball, diam. 3 mm,
AISI 52100 (DIN 1.3505), 60 HRC

Test ring:
AISI 52100 (DIN 1.3505), 60 HRC
blasted or ground, N4
coated

F
N
= 30 N
v = 0.3 m/s
dry running
C.D3.09 (0304) e
F
N

v
F
R
Frictional
force
Calculation of friction
coefficient by measuring
the frictional force F
R

v
Normal force
93
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