Peripheral Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) contains all of the nerves outside the brain and the spinal cord.
2 types of Nerves:
1. Sensory Nerves Carry impulses from the stimulus to the Central Nervous System for
processing.
2. Motor Nerves Carry Impulses from the CNS to activate muscles in the body.
2 Divisions of P.N.S.
1. Sensory Division (afferent) Transmits impulses from sense organs (eyes, nose, ears, and tongue
also called as Receptors to the C.N.S
2. Motor Division (efferent) Transmits impulses from muscles or glands called effectors
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Includes all nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors
It regulates all activities under conscious control
Reflex An automatic response to a certain stimuli or stimulus
Reflex arc Shortcut or pathways that doesnt involve the brain.
Vision, taste, smell,
And hearing inputs are the special senses
Pain, Temperature, and Pressure are somatic senses
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Controls internal organs
Has two divisions : sympathetic and parasympathetic each contradict each others functions


Involved in relaxation Fight or flight response


Diseases of PNS
Disease Description/s Symptom/s
Meningitis An acute inflammation of the
meninges covering the
membrane of the brain and
spinal cord. Can lead to death
after 3 months if not treated
Fever, severe headache, changes
in the pattern of the patients
way of thinking and acting,
irritability, drowsiness,
headache, loss of appetite,
vomiting, and mild fever.
Poliomyelitis An acute viral infection that
could affect spinal cord.
A. MINOR TYPE includes
headache, slight fever,
sore throat, vomiting,
and stiffness of the neck
B. MAJOR TYPE includes
severe headache,
stiffness to areas of the
neck and back, fever,
and deep muscle pain
w/ developing
weakness of certain
muscles

Neuritis Is an inflammation of the nerve. Sharp pains, burning and
tingling sensations, and
numbness
Tumor Abnormal enlargement of the
brain
N/A
Migraine A severe headache that occur
from time to time and is
sometimes confined to only one
side of the head.
Severe throbbing, blinding pain,
unusual sensations,
Epilepsy Is a disruption of electrical
process in the brain that may
cause abnormal functioning.
Prevents the brain from
interpreting and processing
incoming sensory organs such
as visual, somatosensory, and
auditory information and
controlling muscles
Alzheimers Disease Is a slowly progressive of the
brain.
Impairment of memory,
disturbance in planning,
reasoning, language, perception
Dementia Is a progressive memory loss. The person that experience
dementia may need help in
doing simple activities such as
bathing.
Skull Fracture A compound skull fracture that
may tore skin that could permit
entrance of infection.
N/A
Concussion Can cause shock that could lead
to unconsciousness
N/A
Contusions and Laceration In which the surface of the
brain may become bruised or
torn.
N/A

Health habits to prevent head injury:
1. Wear a seatbelt when riding a motor vehicle.
2. Wear a helmet when playing sports.
3. Dont use drugs unless prescribed by a licensed doctor.
4. Dont inhale poisonous fumes.
5. Dont drink alcoholic beverages.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM consists of hormones that regulates body activities.
Gland secretes chemical substances that the body can use
Hormones Are chemical messengers that has specific functions that helps in healthy functioning of
the body. They regulate growth and development, support reproductive functions , controls function
of the tissues and regulates metabolism.
Different Glands
1. Hypothalamus It acts as a liaison between the brain and the pituitary gland.
2. Pituitary Gland It is often call as the master gland, because it controls the other endocrine
glands. The pituitary glands has two lobes; anterior and posterior lobe.
Anterior Lobe regulates the activity of the thyroid gland, adrenals, and reproductive glands,
and produces growth hormones, prolactin, thyrotropin, and corticotrophin.
Prolactin activates milk production women.
Thyrotropin stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones
Corticotrophin- stimulates the thyroid gland
Posterior Lobe releases antidiuretic hormones which controls water balance in the body
3. Thyroid Gland Secretes thyroxine and calcitonin.
Thyroxine regulates growth metabolism
Iodine needed in the manufacture of thyroxine
Calcitonin regulates calcium metabolism
4. Parathyroid Glands Are four small glands located at the four corners of the thyroid gland
Parathormone regulates the level of phosphorus and calcium in the blood
5. Adrenal Gland Known as the emergency gland
Secretes epinephrine (Adrenaline) in response to the sympathetic N.S. in times of stress.
Adrenal Cortex secretes aldosterone that regulates balance of water and salt in the body
6. Pancreas Secretes insulin, and is found lying diagonally across the posterior wall of the
abdomen
Insulin causes the change of glucose
Glucagon raises the sugar level by converting glycogen into glucose
7. Gonads reproductive components of the endocrine system
Gametes Reproductive cells
8. Testes Produces androgens ( a number of male sex hormones) , Testosterone stimulates
development of secondary sex characteristics in males.
9. Ovaries Secrete progesterone and estrogen.
Progesterone Maintains pregnancy
Estrogen - stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics in females.

For the diseases see p.115
Describing a healthy person
Needs of a human
1. Social
2. Physical
3. Emotional
4. Mental
FMI see p. 122


Environmental Ecology Study about the ecosystem
Two Components of an ecosystem
1. Biotic Components Living organisms which are present in an ecosystem.
2. Abiotic Components Non-Living organisms which are present to sustain life in an ecosystem.
Some examples of Abiotic factors are climate, air, soil, minerals, water, etc.

Types of Ecosystem fat
1. Land Ecosystems such as Deserts and Forests. Also called as a Terrestrial Ecosystem
2. Water Ecosystems such as Ponds, Oceans, Seas and etc. Also called as an Aquatic Ecosystem.

Energy Pyramid Provides a detailed view about the flow of energy in an ecosystem.



1. 1
st
Trophic Level (Producers) Are organisms who can produce their own food.
2. 2
nd
Trophic Level (Herbivores, Primary Consumers) Consumers of Plants
3. 3
rd
Trophic Level (Primary Carnivores)- Consumers of Herbivores
4. 4
th
Trophic Level (Secondary Carnivores) Consumers of Primary Carnivores
Changes in the Ecosystem:
1. Community Succession is the natural process by which a community of organisms in an
ecosystem replaces each other
2. Pioneer Community is the process of succession begins with a group of simply rapidly
growing organisms
3. Climax is the final stage of ecological succession.
4. Primary Succession on a bare rock takes a long time for this to happen. The build-up of soil
on a bare rock is caused by weathering by wind and rain combined with the action of lichen
and mosses. Primary Succession may lead to the development of the climax community of
plants capable of self-perpetuating.
5. Secondary Succession occurs when condition of the environment has been disturbed.



C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s

a
r
e

a
l
s
o

c
a
l
l
e
d

a
s

H
e
t
e
r
o
t
r
o
p
h
i
e
s



.