Computer

Peripherals
Peripherals
„Devices that are separate from the basic
computer
…Not the CPU, memory, power supply
„Classified
as input, output, and storage
„Connect via
…Ports
„parallel, USB, serial
…Interface to systems bus
„SCSI, IDE, PCMCIA

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 2
Storage Devices
„ Primary memory
„Expanded storage
„Secondary storage
…Data and programs must be copied to primary
memory for CPU access
…Permanence of data
…Direct access storage devices (DASDs)
…Online storage
…Offline storage – loaded when needed

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 3
Speed
„ Measured by access time and data
transfer rate
„Access time: average time it takes a
computer to locate data and read it
…millisecond = one-thousandth of a second
„Datatransfer rate: amount of data that
moves per second
Englander, The Architecture of
Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 4
Hierarchy of Storage
Device
CPU Registers
Cache Memory (SRAM)
Conventional Memory (DRAM)
Typical Access Times Throughput Rate
15 to 30 nanoseconds
50 to 100 nanoseconds

Expanded Storage (RAM) 75 to 500 nanoseconds

Hard Disk Drive 10 to 50 milliseconds 600 to 6,000 KB/sec
Floppy Disk 95 milliseconds 100 to 200 KB/sec
CD-ROM 100 to 600 milliseconds 500 to 4,000 KB/sec
Tape .5 and up seconds 2,000 KB/sec (cartridge)

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 5
Secondary Storage Devices
„ Hard drives, floppy drives
„CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives
„CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-RW
„Tape drives
„Network drives

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 6
Magnetic Disks
„ Consist of one or more flat, circular
platters made of glass, metal or plastic and
coated with a magnetic substance.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 7
Magnetic Disks (cont.)
„ Track – circle
„Cylinder – same track on all platters
„Block – small arc of a track
„Sector – pie-shaped part of a platter
„Head – reads data off the disk

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 8
Magnetic Disks (cont.)
„Head crash
„Number of bits on each track is the same!
Denser towards the center.
„CAV – constant angular velocity
…Spins the same speed for every track
…Hard drives – 3600 rpm – 7200 rpm
…Floppy drives – 360 rpm

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 9
A Hard Disk Layout

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 10
Cutaway of a floppy disk

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 11
Locating a Block of Data
„ Average seek time: time
required to move from one track to
another

„Latency: time required for disk to

rotate to beginning of correct
sector

„Transfer time: time required to

transfer a block of data to the disk
controller buffer
Englander, The Architecture of
Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 12
Magnetic Disks
Disk Interleaving
„ Data Block Format
…Interblock gap
…Header
…Data
…Formatting disk
„Disk Interleaving
„Disk Arrays
…RAID – mirrored, striped

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 13
RAID (striping)

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 14
RAID (mirroring)

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 15
Magnetic Tape
„Offlinestorage
„Archival purposes
„Disaster recovery

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 16
QIC
„ Can hold 120 MB to 25 GB of
uncompressed data.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 17
DAT
„ Data on DAT cartridges are
very tightly packed, using a
read/write head that rotates at
a high speed to pack the tape
much more tightly with data.
„ Very tiny but have capacities
of 2GB and up.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 18
Optical Storage
„ A direct access disk written and read by
light. CD, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM and DVD-
Video are read-only optical disks that are
recorded at the time of manufacture and
cannot be erased.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 19
Types of Optical Storage
„ CD-ROM
„ DVD-ROM
„ WORM
„ Magneto optical disks

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 20
CD-ROM
„ Read-only removable medium with large
data storage capacity.
„ Data storage is similar to magnetic disk.
„ Laser beam is reflected off the pitted
surface of the disk as a motor rotates the
disk.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 21
Layout: CD-ROM vs. Standard
Disk
CD-ROM Hard Disk

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 22
DVD-ROM
„ Similar to the CD-ROM technology.
„ Uses laser with a shorter light wavelength
to allow tighter packing of the disk.
„ Total capacity: 17GB

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 23
WORM Disks
„ Write-once-read-many times
„ Similar to the CD-ROM technology
„Medium can be altered by using a medium-
powered laser to blister the surface
„Data stored in concentric tracks, sectored
like a magnetic disk

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 24
Magneto-Optical Disks
„ Combine optical and magnetic disk
technology.
„ Share advantages of optical disk:
capacity, reasonable cost & removability
together with the read/write capability of
magnetic disks.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 25
Magneto-Optical Disks (cont.)
„ May be stored near magnets.
„ Limitation: have a much longer seek time
& a slower transfer rate than magnetic disks.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 26
Magneto-Optical Disks (cont.)

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 27
Displays
„ Images made up of thousands of individual
pixels or picture element
„ Pixel: The smallest addressable unit on a
display screen or bitmapped image.
„Screens are rated by their number of
horizontal and vertical pixels
„1024x768 means 1024 pixels are displayed
in each row, and there are 768 rows (lines).
Englander, The Architecture of
Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 28
Simplest Pixel Representation

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 29
Display Screen
„ Screen size: measured
diagonally
„Resolution: minimum
identifiable pixel size

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 30
Displays Screen (cont.)
„ How to select a PC display screen:
… Acceleration and multimedia
… Monitor size and resolution
… LCD or CRT

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 31
Acceleration & Multimedia
„ Placing drawing functions into the circuits
of the display adapter speeds up rendering
on screen.
„ Adding graphics accelerator & video
accelerator cards

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 32
Acceleration & Multimedia

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 33
Monitor size & resolution
„ Standard resolutions:
… 640x480
… 800x600
…1024x768
… 1280x1024
… 1600x1200
„The higher the resolution, the more
material is viewable on screen.
Englander, The Architecture of
Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 34
Displays Screen

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 35
Color and Displays
„ Pixel color is determined by intensity of 3 colors
– Red Green Blue or RGB
„ RGB: The computer's native color space.
„ It is also the color system for capturing images
and displaying them.
„ Human eyes are sensitive to red, green and
blue, and all colors are perceived as a combination
of the R, G and B.
Englander, The Architecture of
Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 36
CRT
„ Cathode Ray Tube
… A vacuum tube used as a display screen in a
computer monitor or TV.
… The viewing end of the tube is coated with
red, green and blue phosphors dots, which emit
light when struck by electrons.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 37
CRT

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 38
Raster scan
„ Displaying or capturing a video image line by line from
left to right.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 39
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
„ A display technology that uses rod-shaped
molecules (liquid crystals) that flow like
liquid and bend light.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 40
LCD (cont.)

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 41
Plasma Display
„ Gas discharge display
„Uses tiny cells lined with phosphor that are
full of inert ionized gas

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 42
Plasma Display (cont.)

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 43
Printers
„ Dots vs. pixels
…300-2400 dpi vs. 70-100 pixels per inch
…Dots are on or off, pixels have intensities
„Types
…Typewriter / Daisy wheels – obsolete
…Dot matrix – usually 24 pins, impact printing
…Inkjet – squirts heated droplets of ink
…Laserjet
…Thermal wax transfer
…Dye Sublimation

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 44
Printers
„ General Categories
… Serial Printers (Character Printers)
… Line Printers
… Page Printers

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 45
Serial Printer
„ Prints one character at a time moving
across the paper.
„ Eg. serial dot matrix printer, with speeds
ranging from 200 to 400 cps (90 to 180 lines
per minute)

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 46
Dot Matrix
„ Uses hammers and a ribbon to form
images out of dots.
„ Forms characters and graphics by
impacting a ribbon and transferring dots of
ink onto the paper.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 47
Dot Matrix (cont.)

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 48
Line Printer
„ Print a line at a time from approximately
400 to 2,000 lpm
„ Eg. Line Matrix printer

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 49
Line Matrix

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 50
Line Matrix (cont.)

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 51
Page Printer
„ Prints a page at a time from four to more
than 800 ppm.
„ Eg. Laser Printer

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 52
Laser Printer
„ Uses a laser and the electrophotographic
method to print a full page at a time.
„ The laser "paints" a charged drum with
light, to which toner is applied and then
transferred onto paper.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 53
Laser Printer

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 54
Other Printers
„ Ink jet
„ Dye sublimation
„ Thermal Wax transfer

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 55
Ink Jet
„ Propels droplets of ink directly onto the
medium.
„ Makes use of an ink jet cartridge

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 56
Ink Jet Printer

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 57
Dye sublimation printer
„ Produces continuous-tone images that
look like photographic film.
„ Also called a "thermal dye printer”.
„ The print cartridge contains a cellophane
ribbon with panels of dye the same size as
the page to be printed.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 58
Dye sublimation printer (cont.)

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 59
Dye Sublimation Printer

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 60
Thermal wax transfer printer
„ Uses the same printing mechanism as a
dye sublimation printer.
„ Instead of using a dye, it melts dots of
wax-based ink that adhere to almost any
kind of stock, from ordinary paper to
complex synthetics and film.

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 61
Thermal wax transfer printer

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 62
Other Computer Peripherals
„ Scanners
…Flatbed, sheet-fed, hand-held
…Light is reflected off the sheet of paper

„User Input Devices

…Keyboard, mouse, light pens, graphics tablets
„Communication Devices
…Telephone modems
…Network devices

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 63
Scanner

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 64
Telephone modems

Englander, The Architecture of

Computer Hardware and Systems
Software An Information Technology
Computer Peripherals Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 65