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Thermal stress and strain are caused when materials expand or contract due to temperature changes, but their movement is restricted. There are several ways to minimize thermal stress:
1. Use a three-hinge arch system, which allows free deformation without stress. Many 19th century rail stations used this approach.
2. Include expansion joints in structures like masonry walls, curtain walls, and bridges to allow for thermal expansion and contraction without inducing stress.
3. Consider thermal strain and potential stress when designing elements like exposed steel girders that will be impacted by temperature fluctuations. Restricting thermal movement can cause undesirable bending, stress, and deflection.
Thermal stress and strain are caused when materials expand or contract due to temperature changes, but their movement is restricted. There are several ways to minimize thermal stress:
1. Use a three-hinge arch system, which allows free deformation without stress. Many 19th century rail stations used this approach.
2. Include expansion joints in structures like masonry walls, curtain walls, and bridges to allow for thermal expansion and contraction without inducing stress.
3. Consider thermal strain and potential stress when designing elements like exposed steel girders that will be impacted by temperature fluctuations. Restricting thermal movement can cause undesirable bending, stress, and deflection.
Thermal stress and strain are caused when materials expand or contract due to temperature changes, but their movement is restricted. There are several ways to minimize thermal stress:
1. Use a three-hinge arch system, which allows free deformation without stress. Many 19th century rail stations used this approach.
2. Include expansion joints in structures like masonry walls, curtain walls, and bridges to allow for thermal expansion and contraction without inducing stress.
3. Consider thermal strain and potential stress when designing elements like exposed steel girders that will be impacted by temperature fluctuations. Restricting thermal movement can cause undesirable bending, stress, and deflection.
Thermal stress and strain Prof Schierle 3 Thermal Stress & Strain Thermal stress and strain are caused by temperature change. Materials expand at temperature increase and contract at temperature decrease. Restricting thermal strain cause thermal stress. Thermal stress / strain are shown at left 1. Wall (bending stress) 2. Moment frame (bending stress) 3. Braced frame (axial stress) 4. Fixed-end arch (bending stress) 5. Pin supported arch (bending stress) 6. Three-hinge arch (no stress) The three-hinge arch is free to deform without stress (important advantage!) Thermal stress and strain Prof Schierle 4 Three-hinge arch Many 19 th century rail stations have three-hinge arches to avoid thermal stress and stress due to settlement. The hinges also facilitate transport. Thermal stress and strain Prof Schierle 5 Three-hinge arch Grimshaws Waterloo Station, London, has three-hinge arches to avoid thermal stress and settlement stress. The asymmetrical form due to planning constrains required to brace arches against buckling by trusses located: Outside to prevent upward buckling Inside to prevent downward buckling. Hinges Thermal stress and strain Prof Schierle 6 Thermal strain 1 Bar of initial length L 2 Thermal strain L due to heat, computed as: L = tL where = Coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/ o F) t = temperature increase (+) / decrease (-) L = initial length Thermal stress and strain Prof Schierle 7 9.6 66 80 44 Glass 1.2 2.2 8 15 3.5 - 4.5 1.7 2.5 Wood 1 3 7 21 7 4 Masonry 0.3 0.4 2 2.8 122 - 144 68 - 80 Plastics 3 4 20 28 11 6 Concrete 29 200 11.7 6.5 Steel Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Elastic Modulus E 10 E-Modulus US (10 6 psi) 69 E-Modulus SI (10 6 Pa) 24 SI (10 -6 m/m/ o C) US (10 -6 in/in/ o F) Material 13 Aluminum Thermal stress and strain Prof Schierle 8 Thermal Stress 3. Bar of initial length L 4. Elongation L due to heat 5. Hot bar reduced to initial length by load P 6. Thermal stress in restrained bar L = t L L/L = t = L/L = t E = f / f = E f = t E where f = thermal stress = thermal coefficient t = temperature change E = elastic modulus Thermal stress and strain Prof Schierle 9 Curtain wall Assume: Aluminum curtain wall Fa = 10 ksi t = 100 o F (summer vs. winter temperature) 2 story mullion, L = 30 x 12 L = 360 = 13 x 10 -6 in/in/ o F E = 10 x 10 6 psi Expansion joint L = t L L = 13 x 10 -6 x 100 o x 360 L = 0.47 Use expansion joint 0.5 > 0.47, ok Assume: Designer forgets expansion joint Thermal stress: f = t E f = 13x10 -6 x100x10x10 6 = 13,000 psi f = 13,000 psi / 1000 f = 13 ksi 13 > 10, NOTok Note: 10 6 and 10 -6 cancel out and can be ignored Thermal stress and strain Prof Schierle 10 Masonry expansion joint Silicon joint L 1 2 3 4 1 Building axon 2 Expansion joint in wall 3 Expansion joint at wall intersection 4 Expansion joint detail Space masonry expansion joint @ L = 100 Assume: Masonry Fa = 300 psi Temperature change t = 70 o F Joint spacing L=100 x 12 L = 1200 Thermal coefficient = 4x10 -6 / o F E-modulus E = 1.5x10 6 psi Thermal expansion L = t L L = 4x10 -6 / o Fx70 o x1200 L = 0.34 Use 3/8 expansion joint 0.375 > 0.34 Check thermal stress without expansion joint f = t E f = 4x10 -6 x70 o x1.5x10 6 f = 420psi 420 > 300, NOT ok Thermal stress and strain Prof Schierle 11 Bridge expansion joints Bridges require expansion joints (roller or rocker) Assume Concrete bridge Span L = 310 x 12 L =3,720 Temperature change t = 90 o F Thermal coefficient = 6x10 -6 / o F E-modulus E = 3x10 6 psi Thermal strain L = t L L = 6x10 -6 x90 o x3720 L = 2 Provide 2 joint 2.5 > 2 Thermal stress without joint f = t E f = 6x10 -6 x90 o x3x10 6 psi f = 1,620 psi Too much stress without load Thermal stress and strain Prof Schierle 12 Girder strain IIT Building Chicago Architect: Mies Van der Rohe Roof girders are exposed to temperature change (cold winter / hot summer) Assume Steel girders Span L= 120 x 12 L =1,440 Temperature change t = 107 o Thermal coefficient =6.5x10 -6 / o F E-modulus E = 29x10 6 psi Girder strain L = 6.5x10-6x107ox1440 L = 1 Note: girder elongation induces bending stress and deflection in columns Thermal stress and strain Prof Schierle 13