Molecular electronic transition

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For Electronic transitions in film and video see Wipe.
Molecular electronic transitions take place when electrons in a molecule are excited from one energy level
to a higher energy level. he energy change associated with this transition provides information on the structure
of a molecule and determines many molecular properties such as color. he relationship !etween the energy
involved in the electronic transition and the fre"uency of radiation is given !y #lanck$s law.
Contents
% &rganic molecules and other molecules
' (olvent shifts
) *ine spectra
+ (ee also
, References
Organic molecules and other molecules
he electronic transitions in organic compounds and some other compounds can !e determined !y ultraviolet-
visi!le spectroscopy, provided that transitions in the ultraviolet (./) or visi!le range of the electromagnetic
spectrum exist for this compound.
0%10'1
Electrons occupying a 2&3& of a sigma !ond can get excited to the
*.3& of that !ond. his process is denoted as a 4 5 4
6
transition. *ikewise promotion of an electron from a
7-!onding or!ital to an anti!onding 7 or!ital
6
is denoted as a 7 5 7
6
transition. 8uxochromes with free
electron pairs denoted as n have their own transitions, as do aromatic pi !ond transitions. (ections of molecules
which can undergo such detecta!le electron transitions can !e referred to as chromophores since such
transitions a!sor! electromagnetic radiation (light), which may !e hypothetically perceived as color somewhere
in the electromagnetic spectrum. he following molecular electronic transitions exist9
4 5 4
6
7 5 7
6
n 5 4
6
n 5 7
6
aromatic 7 5 aromatic 7
6
:n addition to these assignments, electronic transitions also have so-called !ands associated with them. he
following !ands are defined9 the R-!and from the ;erman radikalartig or radical-like, the <-!and from the
;erman Konjugierte or con=ugated, >-!and from !en?oic and the E-!and from ethylenic (system devised !y
8. >urawoy in %@)A).
0)1
For example, the a!sorption spectrum for ethane shows a 4 5 4
6
transition at %),
nm and that of water a n 5 4
6
transition at %BC nm with an extinction coefficient of C,AAA. >en?ene has three
aromatic 7 5 7
6
transitionsD two E-!ands at %EA and 'AA nm and one >-!and at ',, nm with extinction
coefficients respectively BA,AAA, E,AAA and '%,. hese a!sorptions are not narrow !ands !ut are generally
!road !ecause the electronic transitions are superimposed on the other molecular energy states.
Solvent shifts
he electronic transitions of molecules in solution can depend strongly on the type of solvent with additional
!athochromic shifts or hypsochromic shifts.
Line spectra
(pectral lines are associated with atomic electronic transitions and polyatomic gases have their own a!sorption
!and system.
0+1
See also
8tomic electron transition
References
%. ^ 3orrill, erence F.D (ilverstein, Ro!ert 3.D >assler, ;. Flayton (%@E%). Spectrometric identification of
organic compounds. Gew Hork9 Wiley. :(>G A-+C%-A'@@A-+.
'. ^ Frouch, (tanleyD (koog, Iouglas 8. ('AAC). Principles of instrumental analysis. 8ustralia9 homson
>rooksJFole. pp. )),K)@E. :(>G A-+@,-A%'A%-C.
). ^ >urawoy, 8. (%@)A). L*icht-8!sorption und <onstitution, :. 3itteil.9 2omMopolare organische /er!indungenL.
Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft ! and B Series" 639 )%,,. doi9%A.%AA'Jc!er.%@)AAB)%%)A
(http9JJdx.doi.orgJ%A.%AA'N'Fc!er.%@)AAB)%%)A)
+. ^ 2er?!erg, ;erhard (%@,A). #olecular spectra and molecular structure. #rinceton, G.O9 /an Gostrand.
:(>G A-E@+B+-'CA-C.
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