University of San Carlos

Department of Civil Engineering

Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City
Cebu, Philippines









A Report on Pumps
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in
ME310: Basic Mechanical Engineering















Submitted by:
Israel, Teodoro Miguel Carlos III
Jorolan, Dan Jules
Lauron, Jan Micho


Submitted to:
Engr. Van Gaitano N.Vergara, MsManE



I. Introduction:
Pumps are used to deliver fluids and control or change the elevation, velocity, or
pressure of the said fluid. Fluids are governed by rules such as flowing from high
elevation to one that is lower (due to acceleration due to gravity) or from one with
higher pressure to somewhere with lower pressure (like air escaping from a
pressurized tank). Its velocity is often a function of geometry (its shape) and the
conditions around it. When a fluid is needed uphill from a source like a lake or
pond, at higher pressure than a source, or at a higher rate, an engineer will
consider a pump to accomplish the task.
Pumps are essential in transporting fluids where they are utilized in a controlled
manner. In general, we make use of mechanical energy to do the transportation.
II. History:
2000 BC Egyptians invent the shadoof to raise water. It uses a long suspended rod
with a bucket at one end and a weight at the other.
200 BC Greek inventor and mathematician Ctesibius invents the water organ, an
air pump with valves on the bottom, a tank of water in between them and a row of
pipes on top. This is the principal design that is now known as the reciprocating
pump.
200 BC Archimedean screw pump is designed by Archimedes is considered one of
the greatest inventions of all time and is still in use today for pumping liquids and
granulated solids in both the industrialized world and in the third worldwhere it
is a preferred way to irrigate agricultural fields without electrical pumps.
1475 According to Reti, the Brazilian soldier and historian of science, the first
machine that could be characterized as a centrifugal pump was a mud lifting
machine that appeared in a treatise by the Italian Renaissance engineer Francesco
di Giorgio Martini.
1687 French-born inventor Denis Papin develops the first true centrifugal pump,
one with straight vanes used for local drainage.
1738 In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an
increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure
or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. It is named after the Dutch-Swiss
mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, who published it in a book Hydrodynamica. The
principle is applied to various types of fluid flow and is loosely known as Bernoulli's
equation
The following years many companies and inventors patented their own design of
pump. In which these Pumps have affected our world in ways that we take for
granted. If it werent for pumps, you would have to collect rain water and make
trips to the nearest spring, pond, lake, or river to find water. Pumps save hours and
hours of labour.
III. Scope:
A. Definition:
A pump is a device that converts mechanical energy to fluid energy. This is opposite
turbines, which transforms fluid energy to mechanical energy.
A pump is a device through which fluid is conveyed by direct contact with a moving
part of the pumping machinery. Pumps move fluids (liquids or gases), or
sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. Essentially, pumps are utilized to
transport fluids to where they are used.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water
from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car
industry for water-cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping
oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps
are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and
as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile
prosthesis. In biology, many different types of chemical and bio-mechanical pumps
have evolved, and biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of
mechanical pumps.
B. Types:
In relation to the Fluid:
Submerged pumps
Pump is in contact with the fluid, or is submerged in the fluid.
Submersible pumps involve a submersible motor with a close coupled to
single stage pump that allows the entire assembly to operated submerged.
Submerged motor, either air-filled or oil-filled. Different impellers are
designed to accommodate solids of various sizes.

External pumps
Pump is not in direct contact with the fluid; it is usually located outside the
pipings or the vessel holding the fluid.
Method of Displacement
Positive Displacement pumps
Positive Displacement Pumps has an expanding cavity on the suction side
and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as
the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the
discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of
operation.
The positive displacement pumps can be divided in two main classes
o Reciprocating
o Rotary
Here are the classifications of a positive displacement pump
o Reciprocating pump
- A reciprocating pump is a positive plunger pump. It is often used where
relatively small quantity of liquid is to be handled and where
delivery pressure is quite large.
o Rotary lobe pump
- Lobe pumps involve two shafts drive lobes which mesh with each other,
but do not touch due to the use of timing gears. This allows gentle
pumping of liquids containing soft or fragile solids, or viscous liquids.
- Pump has timing gears so that lobes don't contact each other while
pumping. It is also available in sanitary options for food, pharmaceutical,
and biotech services.

o Progressive cavity pump
- Progressive cavity pumps are a type of rotary positive displacement
pump that has a single-threaded helically shaped rotor turning inside of a
double-threaded helically shaped rubber stator. This produces a
progressing cavity that moves the liquid through the pump and
pressurizes it.
- Rotor is an interference fit inside the electrometric stator to minimize
leakage (slip). Starting torque may be higher than running torque because
of this.
o Rotary gear pump
- Gear pumps are a type of rotary positive displacement pump in which
liquid is pumped by passing between two meshing gears and the
surrounding casing. There are internal and external gear types.
- Internal and external gear types. Typically doesn't handle solids or
abrasive liquids.

o Piston pump
- Piston pumps are a type of reciprocating positive displacement pump
that has, double acting reciprocating pistons.
- Pump includes one or more double acting pistons, sealed with o-rings
against cylinder walls. Pump has an inlet and outlet check valve for each
piston.

o Diaphragm pump
- Diaphragm pumps are a type of reciprocating positive displacement
pump in which liquid is pumped by a reciprocating diaphragm, which is
driven by a solenoid, a mechanical drive, or a fluid drive. Other versions
are air operated (see AODD type below). Pump has inlet and outlet check
valves.
- Pump contains reciprocating diaphragm and inlet and outlet check
valves.

o Screw pump
- Screw pumps use two intermeshing screws, driven by timing gears, move
oils and other viscous liquids. It is also available with three screws, one
driving the other.
- Two screw pumps make use of timing gears so that meshing screws don't
drive each other. Triple screw types have one screw driving the other two
and don't include timing gears.

o Hydraulic pump
-Hydraulic pumps are used in hydraulic drive systems and can be
hydrostatic or hydrodynamic.
-Hydrostatic pumps are positive displacement pumps while hydrodynamic
pumps can be fixed displacement pumps, in which the displacement (flow
through the pump per rotation of the pump) cannot be adjusted,
or variable displacement pumps, which have a more complicated
construction that allows the displacement to be adjusted.
o Vane pump
- Vane pumps use a rotor with vanes located in slots, rotating inside an
eccentrically shaped casing. As the rotor turns, the vanes move in and out
of the slots.
- Sliding vanes are often made of carbon.

o Regenerative (peripheral) pump
- Regenerative turbine pumps are not considered a true centrifugal, but
works on the same kinetic principal as a centrifugal pump. Instead of an
impeller with vanes, the turbine impeller has blades similar to turbines,
which generate the head. Normally it is end suction, single stage, though
multi-stage versions are available.
- Normally single stage, though multi-sage is available. Pump has very
tight internal clearances, so liquid pumped must be quite clean. Pump
has very steep head-capacity curve, so pump must be protected against
possibly operating against closed valve.
o Peristaltic pump
- Peristaltic pumps or hose pumps are a type of rotary positive
displacement pump that has a roller or shoe that squeezes a tube or hose
as it rotates. The squeezing action moves the liquid along the tube.
- Includes replaceable hose that must be compatible with the pumped
liquid. This hose is typically able to be replaced when worn.

o Rope pump
- A rope pump is a kind of pump where a loose hanging rope is lowered
down into a well and drawn up through a long pipe with the bottom
immersed in water. On the rope, round disks or knots matching the
diameter of the pipe are attached which pull the water to the surface.
o Flexible impeller pump
- Flexible impeller pumps are a type of rotary positive displacement pump
that has a rotating rubber impeller with vanes that bend and then
straighten as the impeller rotates to conform to the internal cam in the
pump casing.
- Various rubber materials available for correct compatibility with the
fluid pumped.
Velocity pumps
Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in
which kinetic energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This
increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when
the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the
discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure is explained by
the First law of thermodynamics, or more specifically by Bernoulli's principle.
Dynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in which
the velocity gain is achieved.
These types of pumps have a number of characteristics:
1. Continuous energy
2. Conversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy (increase in
velocity)
3. Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in
pressure head
A practical difference between dynamic and positive displacement pumps is
how they operate under closed valve conditions. Positive displacement pumps
physically displace fluid, so closing a valve downstream of a positive
displacement pump produces a continual pressure build up that can cause
mechanical failure of pipeline or pump. Dynamic pumps differ in that they
can be safely operated under closed valve conditions (for short periods of
time).
o Centrifugal (Roto-dynamic)
- General name for pumps with one or more impellers. Many types and
configurations for different applications. See below for specific centrifugal
pump types.
- One or more impellers. Casing is volute or diffuser type. Normally electric
motor driven, but other drive types available.


o Radial flow pumps
- The Radial Flow pump is a Centrifugal pump in which the liquid exits the
pump radial, i.e. perpendicular to the pump shaft.
- The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is
accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute
casing, from where it exits into the downstream piping system. In contrast to
axial pumps, in which the liquid exits the pump axial, the flow deflections in
the impellers of radial flow pumps realize higher centrifugal forces. This
leads to higher pump heads in radial flow pumps, but also to smaller
capacity flows.
o Axial flow pumps
- Axial Flow pumps are a very high flow, low head type of pump. Also called a
propeller pump.
- Single stage, high specific speed impeller for high flow low head.


o Mixed flow pumps
- Mixed flow pumps are ideal for applications with high flow, low pressure
requirements. These pumps are a great choice for many surface water
irrigation applications, but are also perfect for high flow/low head duty
points found in numerous municipal and industrial pumping applications.
o Eductor jet pumps
- Is a type of pump that uses the Venturi effect of a converging-diverging
nozzle to convert the pressure energy of a motive fluid to velocity energy
which creates a low pressure zone that draws in and entrains a suction fluid.
After passing through the throat of the injector, the mixed fluid expands and
the velocity is reduced which results in recompressing the mixed fluids by
converting velocity energy back into pressure energy. The motive fluid may
be a liquid, steam or any other gas. The entrained suction fluid may be a
gas, a liquid, slurry, or a dust-laden gas stream.

Impulse pumps
Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse
pumps the gas trapped in the liquid (usually water), is released and
accumulated somewhere in the pump, creating a pressure that can push part
of the liquid upwards.

o Hydraulic ram pump
- is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower. It takes in water at
one "hydraulic head" (pressure) and flow rate, and outputs water at a
higher hydraulic head and lower flow rate. The device uses the water
hammer effect to develop pressure that allows a portion of the input
water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point higher than where
the water originally started. The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in
remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head hydropower and
a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the
source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no
outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water.
o Pulser pump
- A pulser pump is a gas lift device that uses gravity to pump water to
a higher elevation. It has no moving parts.
o Airlift pump
- An airlift pump is a gas lift pump which is powered by compressed
air. Airlifts are used in cases where light suction is needed.
Gravity pumps
- A gravity water pump pumping various kinds of fluids, including a
waterfall, river water and drizzle, and gases heavier than air, using gravity
and producing kinetic and potential energy is provided.
- As fluid falls into a set of a piston and a switch, which are hung by
strings passing over pulleys supported by a support frame, a pressure is
applied to fluid contained in the cylinder along an inner wall of which the
piston and the switch move down, so that the fluid is pumped up.
- Kinetic energy is generated as the piston and the switch rise and fall
during pumping, and potential energy is generated by the pumped fluid.
Steam pumps
- A small pumping engine operated by steam. It is usually direct-acting.
Valveless pumps
- This assists in fluid transport in various biomedical and engineering
systems. In a valveless pumping system, no valves are present to regulate the
flow direction.
- The fluid pumping efficiency of a valveless system, however, is not
necessarily lower than that having valves. In fact, many fluid-dynamical
systems in nature and engineering more or less rely upon valveless pumping
to transport the working fluids therein.
According to Application:
API Process Pumps - designed to meet the 610 standard set by the American
Petroleum Institute (API).
Boiler Feed Pumps - built to control the amount of water that enters a boiler.
They are centrifugal pumps, and most are multistage.
Borehole Pumps - made to pump liquid from a borehole.
Chemical Pumps - built to handle abrasive and corrosive industrial materials.
They can either centrifugal or positive displacement type.
Circulator Pumps - used to circulate fluid through a closed or looped system. They
are usually centrifugal pumps, but a few use positive displacement technology.
Dewatering Pumps - a de-watering process involves using a centrifugal pump
(submersible or vertical turbine) to remove water from a construction site, pond,
mine shaft, or any other area.
Drill Pumps - a type of pump powered by attaching an electric power drill.
Drum Pumps - used to empty fluid from barrels or drums. They can be a small
centrifugal pump used for thin liquids or for more viscous fluids a progressive
cavity or piston pump can be used.
Fire Pumps - a type of centrifugal pump used for firefighting. They are generally
horizontal split case, end suction or vertical turbine.
Flooded Suction Pumps - include a suctioned chamber that is always full of the
fluid being pumped.
High Pressure Pumps - used in many applications including water blast, hydro-
mining, and jet cutting. They can be a wide variety of pumps types including
positive displacement pumps, rotary pumps and reciprocating pumps, or
centrifugal pumps.
Industrial Pumps - used in industrial applications such as slurry, wastewater,
industrial chemicals, oil and gas, etc. There are dozens of different industrial
pumps both in positive displacement and centrifugal pump types.
Irrigation Pumps - usually some form of centrifugal pump type. They are often
used for agriculture application where water needs to be moved from a water
source to dry land.
Marine Pumps - built to pump sea water. They are often used in large salt water
tanks to continuously circulated water so it stays fresh.
Mixed Flow Pumps - incorporate the features of both axial flow pumps and radial
flow pumps. Axial flow pumps operate on a vertical plane and radial flow operate
on a horizontal plane to the flow direction of water.
Mud Pumps - built to transfer heavy sludge or mud. Some larger versions are
used to pressure. They are sometimes used on oil rigs to pressurize and circulate
fluid.
Paint Pumps - built to dispense paint, either for direct application or into a
separate paint container. They are used in many applications including electric
paint sprayers.
Petrochemical Pumps - made to transfer petroleum products that are often very
viscous and corrosive. They can be magnetic drive pumps, diaphragm pumps,
piston pumps and others.
Pneumatic Pumps - uses compressed air to pressurize liquid through the piping
system.
Pond Pumps - used in gardens, fish pools, ponds, and fountains to prevent water
from becoming stagnant. The two main types include submersible pumps and
external pumps.
Pool Pumps - used to circulate the water in a pool.
Pressure Pumps - used to create either high or low pressure. They can be
metering pumps, and sometimes booster pumps.
Process Pumps - are many times centrifugal pumps or positive displacement
pumps used in process applications. The type of pump and construction details
vary depending on the application in which these pumps are used.
Pump Companies - manufacturer and sell pumps. They can include
manufacturers, distributors or representatives.
Pump Distributors - businesses that sell pumps, made by pump manufacturers.
They are private businesses that often sell several different product lines.
Pump Manufacturers - companies that research, engineer, test, and manufacturer
pumps. Some sell direct, and some also utilize distributors and reps to sell and
service their pumps.
Pump Suppliers - sell and service pumps. They can include distributors, reps, or
manufacturers.
Sanitary Pumps - a type of pump used to transport fluids that must be processed
for sanitary standards. They are designed to meet regulatory requirements.
Sewage Pumps - considered submersible pumps and they are mostly used to
pump sewage to a waste treatment facility.
Sludge Pumps - used to pump waste fluids with high solids content. They can be
positive displacement (progressive cavity) or centrifugal pumps.
Slurry Pumps - a heavy duty pump that is made to handle thick, abrasive
slurries. They are made of durable materials, and capable of handling abrasive
fluids for long periods of time.
Solar Pumps - powered by the sun. They can be PD pumps or centrifugal pumps.
Sprinkler Pumps - work within a sprinkler system. They are the mechanism that
creates pressure to move the water through the system.
Transfer Pumps - used to move a fluid from one receptacle to another. They are
used in residential, commercial or agriculture applications where a fluid needs to
be moved from one tank to another.
Trash Pumps - Trash pumps are a type of pump used to handle fluids containing
solid content such as mud, trash, fish, or waste products. They are also referred to
as grinder pumps, chopper pumps, or sludge pumps.
Utility Pumps - a type of submersible pump used to remove water from an area,
often times after a flood. They are used in industrial, residential and agricultural
applications.
Wastewater Pumps - used to move wastewater toward or within a waste
treatment facility.
Water Pumps - a type of equipment used to move water through a piping system.
They rely upon principles of displacement, gravity, suction, and vacuums to move
water. They can be both positive displacement or centrifugal pumps.
Well Pumps - designed to draw water to the surface from an underground water
source. Depending on the well depth and configuration, they pumps can be jet
pumps, centrifugal pumps, or submersible pumps.
C. Advantages and Disadvantages:
Positive Displacement pumps
Advantages
Versatile
Compact Design
High-Viscosity Performance
Continuous Flow Regardless of Differential
Pressure
Ability to Handle High Differential Pressure
Disadvantages
Most require some modification to run at higher viscosity
Reduced speed
Increased clearances
Larger ports
Most require some modification to run at higher temperatures
Change in materials
Increased clearances
Most need to be slowed down with shear sensitive liquids
All needs overpressure protection
Progressing Cavity
Advantages
Self-Priming/Suction Lift
Ability to Vary Capacity
Non-Pulsating Flow
Pressure
Solids Laden Fluids, Abrasive Fluids
Handles High Viscosity Applications
Handles Shear Sensitive Fluids
Runs in Either Direction
Accurate Repeatable Flow
Open Throat
Disadvantages
Cant Run Dry
Length of Pump
Vane pumps
Advantages:
Self-Priming/Suction Lift
Ability to Vary Capacity
Run Dry Short Time
Handles High Viscosities
Handles Abrasive Fluids
Handles Shear Sensitive Fluids
Self Adjusting Vanes - For Performance
Disadvantages
Solids
Pressure Capabilities
Material Limitations
Lobe pumps
Advantages
Self-Priming/Suction Lift
Ability to Vary Capacity
Run in Either Direction
Handles High Viscosities
Accurate Repeatable Flow
Run Dry for a Short Time
Disadvantages
Abrasion Resistance
Pressure Capabilities
Stuffing Box
Jamming
Pump Efficiency
Non-Pulsating Flow
Gear pumps
Advantages
Self-Priming/Suction Lift
Ability to Vary Capacity
Non-Pulsating Flow
Run Dry for a Short Time
High Temperature
Disadvantages
Pressure
Solids
Abrasion
High Shear
Viscosity
Screw pumps
Advantages
Highest flow rate of positive displacement pumps.
Disadvantages
Have many moving parts
Peristaltic pumps
Advantages
Self-Priming/Suction Lift
Ability to Vary Capacity
Handles Difficult Fluids
Reversible
Can Run Dry
No Seals
Disadvantages
Pressure
Abrasion
Temperatures
Short Hose Life
Pulsation
Drive Options
High HP Requirement
Diaphragm pumps
Advantages
Self-Priming/Suction Lift
Ability to Vary Capacity
Handles Abrasive and Suspended solids
Handles Viscous Fluids
Run Dry
Length of Pump
No Seals or Packing
Closes Discharge
Submersible
No Efficiency Loss Due to Wear
Disadvantages
Pressure
Noise
Pulsation
Icing
Power Consumption
Centrifugal pumps
Advantages
Small in size, space saving & less capital costs
Easy for maintenance
No danger creates if discharge v/v is closed while starting
Deal with large volume
Able to work medium to low head
Able to work medium to low viscous fluid
Disadvantages
Extra priming P/P requires.
Cannot be able to work high head.
Cannot deal with high viscous fluid.
Axial pumps
Advantages
Is the best type to achieve very high flow rate with very low head
Submersible pumps
Advantages
Submersible pumps produce a smooth and even flow and are easy to
frost proof. They also have a short pump shaft to the motor.
Disadvantages
This pump type is easily damaged by sand in the water, and repair
requires pulling the pump out of the well.
Hydraulic ram pumps
Advantage
No Electricity or External Power Source
Continueal operation
Easy to maintain
Long life
Reliable
Disadvantage
Only suitable for certain sites
Large amount of excess water runoff
Typically low exit flow rates per pump
IV. Conclusion:
Pumps are of great use to society, especially in engineering works. They are used to
transport fluids (liquids like water and gases like air, although gases are more
commonly transferred via compressors or gas pumps) with varying velocity and
volume. In other words, the fluids that are transported can be controlled in terms of
its pressure, velocity and volume. The movement or transportation can also be
against the fluids natural flow meaning, fluids can move from lower elevation to
higher elevation and from lower concentration or pressure to areas with higher
concentration or pressure.
V. References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/classification-pumps-d_55.html
http://www.pumpscout.com/articles-scout-guide/pump-types-guide-aid100.html
http://cds.cern.ch/record/454178/files/p25.pdf
http://udel.edu/~inamdar/EGTE215/Pumps.pdf
http://www.pumpscout.com/all-pump-applications/
http://powerservices.lakho.com/2009/11/02/history-of-pumping-and-pumps/
http://www.emt-india.net/equipment_tips/fans_pumps/pdf/Types_of_Pump.pdf
http://www.masterpumpsandpower.com/POSITIVE%20DISPLACEMENT%20PUM
PS%20050510.pdf
http://www.appropedia.org/Hydraulic_ram_pumps
http://beforeitsnews.com/business/2012/03/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-a-
submersible-pump-1860323.html
http://articles.compressionjobs.com/articles/oilfield-101/3242-pumps-oil-gas-field-
rotor-casing?start=16