Organelles - structures that carry out specific functions in the cells

Unicellular organisms - organisms that consist of a single cell

Multicellular organisms - organisms that consist of more than 1 cell
Tissue - group of similar cells performing a certain function
Organ - group of different tissues that work together to carry out a function
Cell specialisation - process of change and adaptation that a cell undergoes to give it
special structures and specific functions
Internal environment - conditions that exist within the ody of an organism! particularly
etween the composition of the interstitial fluid and lood plasma
"omeostasis - maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment for the optimum
functions of cells
#imple diffusion - net movement of molecules$ions from a region of high concentration
to a region of lower concentration %down the concentration gradient&
Osmosis - diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeale memrane$ net
movement of water molecules from a region of 'O( #O'UT) concentration to a region
of "I*" #O'UT) concentration+
,acilitated diffusion - movement of hydrophilic molecules$ions across the plasma
memrane with the help of transport proteins
-ctive transport - movement of molecules$ions from a region of lower concentration to a
region of higher concentration %-*-I.#T concentration gradient&
Isotonic solution - solution in which concentration of solutes is e/ual to that of the
cytoplasm of the cell
"01)2tonic solution - higher concentration of solutes than that of a cell
"01Otonic solution - solutions which contain a higher concentration of (-T)2 than
that of the cytoplasm
)lement - sustance composed of only 1 kind of atom which cannot e roken down into
simpler sustances y chemical reactions
Compound - sustance that contains 3$more elements chemically comined in a fixed
ratio
Monosaccharides$simple sugars - monomers of cars+ #implest cars+
4isaccharides - 3 monosaccharides 5OI.)4 y CO.4).#-TIO.
"ydrolysis - chemical reaction that involves the 62)-7I.* U1 of large molecules y
adding water to them
1olysaccharides - polymers formed y condensation of glucose monomers
Cellulose - sustance of which plant walls are made up of
1roteins - complex organic molecules that are made up of caron! hydrogen! oxygen and
nitrogen+ Most also contain phosphorus and sulphur+ Made up of 1$more polymers
%polypeptides&
'ipids and cars - organic compounds that contain caron! hydrogen and oxygen
Triglycerides - ester formed through CO.4).#-TIO. of 1 molecule of glycerol and 8
molecules of fatty acids
#aturated fats - fats containing saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fats - fats containing unsaturated fatty acids
#teroids - complex organic compounds which include cholesterol and sex hormones
-.-olism - metaolic reactions that 6UI'4 complex molecules
C-T-olism - metaolic reactions that 62)-7 4O(. complex molecules
)n9ymes - iological catalysts that direct$guide almost all cellular reactions
#ustrate - reactant in the en9ymatic reaction
1roduct - sustance formed at the end of the reaction
I.T2-cellular en9ymes - en9ymes which are produced and retained I. the cell for the
use of the cell itself
):T2-celular en9ymes - en9ymes which are produced in the cell ut #)C2)T)4 from
the cell to function ):T)2.-''0
Optimum p" - p" at which the rate of en9ymatic reaction is at its fastest