These review questions are for the Bio 1 signal transduction topic.

These questions were adapted

from several sources, including the textbooks review questions.
Multiple choice review questions:
1) Which of the following is characterized by a cell releasing a signal molecule which diffuses into the
local environment, followed by nearby cells responding?
A) hormonal signaling
B) autocrine signaling
C) paracrine signaling
) endocrine signaling
!) synaptic signaling
") #ou are doing an e$periment to trac% the movement of signal molecules inside the body of a
particular species of mammal, from the point of secretion to the point of receptor binding& #ou find that
signal molecule A travels "'( faster than signal molecule B& What might e$plain these results?
A) )olecule A is a hormone and molecule B is a paracrine&
B) )olecule B travels by osmosis&
C) )olecule A is a paracrine and molecule B is a hormone&
) )olecule A is much larger than molecule B&
*) +he final change in a cell,s activity as a result of binding a signal molecule is called the
A) cellular output response
B) signal transduction
C) allosteric resgulation
) phosphorylation cascade
!) positive feedbac% loop
-) Because most receptors are membrane proteins, which of the following is usually true?
A) +hey lead to changes in intracellular ion concentration&
B) +hey open and close channels in response to protein signals&
C) +hey are only attached to one membrane surface. e$terior or interior&
) +hey preferentially bind with lipid or glycolipid signal molecules&
!) +heir intracellular region changes its conformation when signal molecule binds&
/) When a signal transduction pathway is transmitted via phosphorylation of a series of relay proteins,
the phosphorylation of each relay protein0
A) brings a conformational change to that relay protein&
B) re1uires binding of a hormone to a receptor in the cytoplasm&
C) re1uires 2+3 because it is the source of phosphates used in signal transduction&
) re1uires cA)3 because it is the source of phosphates used in signal transduction&
!) re1uires target cells to move within the body to activate other cells&
4) An enzyme that adds a phosphate functional group to amino acids is called a0
A) A+3ase
B) %inase
C) cyclase
) amino phosphotase
!) A+3 synthase
5) Which of the following amino acids are fre1uently phosphorylated by protein %inases in the
cytoplasm during signal transduction? 6)ore than one answer)&
A) tyrosines
B) glycine and histidine
C) serine and threonine
) glycine and glutamic acid
!) Any of the "' amino acids are e1ually phosphorylated&
7) 8ne of the ma9or categories of receptors in the plasma membrane reacts to signal molecule by
forming dimers, adding phosphate groups to themselves, and then activating relay proteins& Which type
does this?
A) 2 protein:coupled receptors
B) ligand:gated ion channels
C) steroid receptors
) tyrosine %inase receptors
;) +he receptors for a group of signaling molecules %nown as growth factors 6including growth
hormone) are often
A) ligand:gated ion channels&
B) 2 protein:coupled receptors&
C) cyclic A)3&
) tyrosine %inase receptors&
!) neurotransmitters&
1') +he phosphates that tyrosine %inase receptors add to their own amino acids activate relay proteins in
this way.
A) +he phosphates on the receptor stay on the receptor but cause relay proteins to dimerize&
B) +he phosphates on the receptor are transferred to relay proteins, activating the relay proteins&
C) +he phosphates on the receptor stay on the receptor but act as allosteric activators of relay proteins&
) +he phosphates on the receptor are transferred to A3, forming A+3 to act as an energy source for
the cellular response enzymes&
!) +he phosphates on the receptor cause relay proteins to trimerize&
11) When a 2 protein:lin%ed receptor binds signal molecule, the first relay protein to be activated is0
A) adenylyl cyclase&
B) phospholipase C&
C) 2:protein
) tyrosine %inase&
!) serine<threonine %inase&
1") When a 2 protein becomes activated, it moves0
A) laterally in the plasma membrane&
B) deeper into the cytoplasm&
C) outward through the plasma membrane 6e$ocytosis<secretion)&
) into the nucleus to promote gene transcription&
!) to the receptor,s signal molecule binding site&
1*) Which of the following is true for the signaling system in an animal cell that lac%s the ability to
produce 2+3?
A) =t would not be able to activate any 2 proteins&
B) =t could activate only phospholipase C&
C) =t would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to have a cellular
output response&
) =t would use A+3 instead of 2+3 to activate the 2 proteins on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma
membrane&
!) =t would employ a transduction pathway using secondary messengers instead of 2+3&
1-) After a signal molecule has bound to a 2 protein:lin%ed receptor and signal transduction has
successfully occurred, eventually the cell needs to stop the signal transduction pathway 6otherwise the
cell would be forever stuc% doing the cellular output response to the signal molecule)& An enzyme that
the cell could use to halt the signal transduction pathway described above might be an enzyme that0
A) increases the available concentration of phosphate&
B) increases the amount of =3
*
in the cell&
C) converts 2+3 to 23&
) converts c2)3 to 2+3&
!) phosphorylates protein %inases&
1/) A ma9or group of 2 protein:lin%ed receptors contains seven transmembrane > helices& +he amine
end of the protein lies at the e$terior of the plasma membrane& ?oops of amino acids connect the helices
either at the e$terior face or on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane& +he loop on the cytoplasmic side
between helices / and 4 is usually substantially longer than the others& Considering all the information
given above, where would you e$pect to find the carbo$yl end of the receptor protein?
A) at the e$terior surface
B) at the cytoplasmic surface
C) connected with the loop at @/ and @4
) between the membrane layers
14) Considering all the information given in the problem above, the 2 protein that is activated by this
receptor most li%ely interacts with this receptor0
A) at the amine end&
B) at the carbo$ylic acid end&
C) at the signal molecule binding site&
) along its hydrophobic transmembrane domains&
!) at the loop between heli$ / and heli$ 4&
15) =f you wish to alter a 2 protein:lin%ed receptor such that it still could bind its signal molecule but it
was unable to carry out any signal transduction, you should change which region of the receptor?
A) the e$terior 6e$tracellular) end of the receptor
B) the binding site for signal molecule
C) the transmembrane domains
) the amino acid se1uence in the receptor,s binding site for the 2 protein
!) the amino acid se1uence in the receptor,s binding site for the adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C
17) !pinephrine hormone causes liver cells to secrete glucose into the blood& =f you were researching the
signal transduction pathway involved in this process, you would suspect that the epinephrine receptor is
a 2 protein:lin%ed receptor if you found that0
A) liver cells secrete epinephrine into the blood&
B) liver cells have receptors for epinephrine in the blood&
C) liver cells secrete 2+3 into the blood&
) the epinephrine receptors dimerize when epinephrine binds to them&
!) epinephrine causes an increase in cA)3 in the liver cells&
1;) +he binding of a certain hormone to its receptor results in the activation of the enzyme adenylyl
cyclase& +he receptor is0
A) a 2 protein:lin%ed receptor&
B) an ion channel&
C) phospholipase C&
) a tyrosine %inase receptor&
"') +he binding of a certain hormone to its receptor results in the activation of the enzyme adenylyl
cyclase& A secondary messenger in this signal transduction pathway is0
A) Ca
"A
B) phosphate ion
C) cA)3
) tyrosine %inase
!) paracrines&
"1) What is the substrate molecule of adenylyl cyclase?
A) 2+3
B) 23
C) C=A
) cA)3
!) A+3
"") Consider this pathway. epinephrine B 2 protein:lin%ed receptor B 2 protein B adenylyl cyclase
B cA)3& Which part of the pathway is not a membrane protein?
A) cA)3
B) 2 protein
C) 2 protein:lin%ed receptor
) adenylyl cyclase
C
"*) @ow e$actly does cA)3 activate the subse1uent parts of the signal transduction pathway?
A) =t causes 2+3 to bind to the 2:protein lin%ed receptor&
B) =t causes 2+3 to bind to the 2:protein&
C) =t is the substrate for increased A+3 synthesis to power the cellular output response&
) =t releases Ca
"A
ions into the cytoplasm&
!) =t is an allosteric activator of the ne$t relay protein&
"-) Which membrane enzyme can be activated by 2:proteins?
A) +yrosine %inase receptors&
B) 3hospholipase C&
C) Derine %inase receptors&
) A+3 synthase&
!) 2:protein lin%ed receptors&
"/) Activated phospholipase C directly ma%es this secondary messenger.
A) cA)3
B) Ca
"A
C) =nositol triphosphate
) Ea
A

!) 2+3
"4) Activated phospholipase C directly ma%es a secondary messenger from0
A) A+3
B) Ca
"A
stored in the endoplasmic reticulum
C) membrane phospholipids
) e$tracellular ions
!) 2:protein lin%ed receptors
"5) Why do cells store Ca
"A
in their endoplasmic reticulum?
A) as a building bloc% for the cytos%eleton
B) to neutralize negative ions that enter the cell through ion channels
C) For use as a secondary messengers
) to neutralize the phosphate ions used in signal transduction
!) as a hormone
"7) An inhibitor of which of the following could be used to bloc% the release of calcium from the
endoplasmic reticulum?
A) tyrosine %inases
B) serine %inases
C) threonine %inases
) phospholipase C
!) adenylyl cyclase
";) Which of the following would be inhibited by a drug that specifically bloc%s the addition of
phosphate groups to proteins?
A) 2 protein:coupled receptor signaling
B) ligand:gated ion channel signaling
C) adenylyl cyclase activity
) Ca
"A
activity
!) tyrosine %inase receptor activity
*') Which of the following statements is true of signal molecules?
A) When signal molecules first bind to receptor tyrosine %inases, the receptors phosphorylate a number
of nearby molecules&
B) =n response to some 2 protein:mediated signals, a special type of lipid molecule associated with the
endoplasmic reticulum is cleaved&
C) =n most cases, signal molecules cause their effects by entering the cell and binding to allosteric sites
on the relay proteins they activate&
) A drug that interfered with the ability of 2 proteins to hydrolyze 2+3 to 23 would bloc% the
ability of cells to respond to signal molecules that use 2 protein:lin%ed receptors&
!) 3hospholipase C activation is one possible result of signal molecules binding to 2 protein:coupled
receptors&
*1) Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to an increase in the passage
of ions through the cell membrane?
A) receptor tyrosine %inase
B) 2 protein:coupled receptor
C) phosphorylated receptor tyrosine %inase dimer
) ion channel receptors
!) intracellular receptor
*") 3rotein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following except
A) activation of protein %inase molecules&
B) enzyme activation&
C) activation of 2 protein:coupled receptors&
) activation of receptor tyrosine %inases&
**) Which of the following is the best e$planation for the fact that most transduction pathways have
multiple steps?
A) )ost of the steps were already in place because they are steps in other pathways&
B) )ultiple steps in a pathway re1uire the least amount of A+3&
C) )ultiple steps provide for greater possible amplification of a signal&
) !ach individual step can remove e$cess phosphate groups from the cytoplasm&
!) !ach step can be activated by several 2 proteins simultaneously&
*-) 3hosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein %inases are useful for cellular signal
transduction because
A) they are species specific&
B) they always lead to the same cellular response&
C) they amplify the original signal&
) they counter the harmful effects of phosphatases&
!) the number of molecules used is small and fi$ed&
*/) Eeurons communicate with one another by releasing molecules called neurotransmitters which
diffuse to other very nearby neurons& What type of receptors do neurons have for neurotransmitters?
A) receptor tyrosine %inases
B) 2 protein:coupled receptors
C) phosphorylated receptor tyrosine %inase dimers
) ion channel receptors
!) intracellular receptors
*4) Eeurons communicate with one another by releasing molecules called neurotransmitters which
diffuse to other very nearby neurons& When a neuron responds to a neurotransmitter by opening gated
ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway?
A) receptor
B) relay molecule
C) transducer
) signal molecule
!) endocrine molecule
*5) 8n neurons 6nerve cells), what usually enters the cell when signal molecules bind their receptors?
A) Ea
A
B) phosphate ions
C) cA)3
) neurotransmitters
!) paracrines
Answers to multiple choice questions:
1 = C
2 = A
3 = A
4 = E
5 = A
6 = B
7 = A and C
8 = D
9 = D
10 = C
11 = C
12 = A
13 = A
14 = C
15 = B
16 = E
17 = D
18 = E
19 = A
20 = C
21 = E
22 = A
23 = E
24 = B
25 = C
26 = C
27 = C
28 = D
29 = E
30 = E
31 = D
32 = C
33 = C
34 = C
35 = D
36 = D
37 = A