10-113

10 106 A cogeneration plant is to produce power and process heat. There are two turbines in the cycle: a high-pressure
turbine and a low-pressure turbine. The temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate of steam at the inlet of high-pressure
turbine are to be determined.
1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
ysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
kJ/kg 1 . 2344
6 . 2047 9 . 2788 60 . 0 9 . 2788
kJ/kg 6 . 2047 1 . 2392 7758 . 0 81 . 191
7758 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 4675 . 6
kPa 10
K kJ /kg 4675 . 6
kJ /kg 9 . 2788
vapor sat.
MPa 4 . 1
5 4 4 5
5 4
5 4
5 5
4
5
4 5
5
MPa 4 . 1 @ 4
MPa 4 . 1 @ 4
4
s T
s
T
fg s f s
fg
f s
s
s
g
g
h h h h
h h
h h
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s s
h h
P
1
2
5
s
T
5
4
4
3
and
kg/min 9 . 107 kg/s 799 . 1
kJ /kg 444.8
kJ /s 800
kJ /kg 8 . 444 1 . 2344 9 . 2788
low turb,
II turb,
turb low
5 4 low turb,
w
W
m
h h w
Therefore ,
kJ /kg 0 . 2843 9 . 2788 15 . 54
kJ /kg 54.15
kg/s 18.47
kJ/s 1000
= kg/min 1108 108 1000
4 high turb, 3
4 3
turb high,
, turb
high turb,
total
h w h
h h
m
W
w
m
I
K kJ /kg 4289 . 6 1840 . 4 9908 . 0 2835 . 2
9908 . 0
9 . 1958
96 . 829 8 . 2770
MPa 4 . 1
kJ /kg 8 . 2770
75 . 0 / 9 . 2788 0 . 2843 0 . 2843
/
4 4
4
4
3 4
4
4 3 3 4
4 3
4 3
fg s f s
fg
f s
s
s
s
T s
s
T
s x s s
h
h h
x
s s
P
h h h h
h h
h h
Then from the tables or the software, the turbine inlet temperature and pressure becomes
227.5
2
3
3
3
3
K kJ/kg 4289 . 6
kJ /kg 0 . 2843
T
P
s
h
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
10-114
10 107 A cogeneration plant is to generate power and process heat. Part of the steam extracted from the turbine at a
relatively high pressure is used for process heating. The rate of process heat, the net power produced, and the utilization
factor of the plant are to be determined.
1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
1
2
8s 8
T
6
7
8 MPa
20 kPa
2 MPa
4
5
3
Q
out

Q
in

Q
process

Conden.
6
Turbine
Process
heater
I
3
7
4 2
P I P I
Boiler
5
1
8
s
ysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
kJ /kg 47 . 908
kJ /kg 71 . 253 29 . 2 42 . 251
kJ/kg .29 2
88 . 0 /
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 0 2 2000 /kg m 0.001017
/
/kg m 001017 . 0
kJ /kg 42 . 251
MPa 2 @ 3
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
kPa 0 2 @ 1
kPa 20 @ 1
f
p
f
f
h h
w h h
P P w
h h
Mixing chamber:
kJ /kg 81 . 491 kg/s) 11 ( ) kJ /kg) 71 kg/s)(253. 4 11 ( kJ/kg) 47 kg/s)(908. 4 (
4 4
4 4 2 2 3 3
h h
h m h m h m
kJ /kg 02 . 499 21 . 7 81 . 491
kJ/kg .21 7
88 . 0 /
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 00 20 8000 /kg m 0.001058
/
/kg m 001058 . 0
in II, 4 5
3
3
4 5 4 in II,
3
kJ /kg 81 . 491 @ 4
p
p p
h f
w h h
P P w
f
K kJ /kg 7266 . 6
kJ/kg 5 . 3399
C 500
MPa 8
6
6
6
6
s
h
T
P
kJ/kg 4 . 3000
MPa 2
7
6 7
7
s
h
s s
P
kJ /kg 3 . 3048 4 . 3000 5 . 3399 88 . 0 5 . 3399
7 6 6 7
7 6
7 6
s T
s
T
h h h h
h h
h h
kJ/kg 5 . 2215
kPa 20
8
6 8
8
s
h
s s
P
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
10-115
kJ /kg 6 . 2357 5 . 2215 5 . 3399 88 . 0 5 . 3399
8 6 6 8
8 6
8 6
s T
s
T
h h h h
h h
h h
Then,
kW kJ /kg 47 . 908 3 . 3048 kg/s 4
3 7 7 process
h h m Q
(b) Cycle analysis:
8603 95 8698
kW 95 kJ /kg 7.21 kg/s 11 kJ /kg 2.29 kg/s 7
kW 8698
kJ /kg 6 . 2357 5 . 3399 kg/s 7 kJ /kg 3 . 3048 5 . 3399 kg/s 4
in p, out T, net
in pII, 4 in pI, 1 in p,
8 6 8 7 6 7 out T,
W W W
w m w m W
h h m h h m W
(c) Then,
and
53.8% 538 . 0
905 , 31
8559 8603
kW 905 , 31 02 . 499 5 . 3399 kg/s 11
in
process net
5 6 5 in
Q
Q W
h h m Q
u
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
10-116
10 108 A combined gas-steam power cycle uses a simple gas turbine for the topping cycle and simple Rankine cycle for
the bottoming cycle. The thermal efficiency of the cycle is to be determined.
1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are applicable for Brayton cycle. 3
Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Prop The properties of air at room temperature are c
p
=0.240 Btu/lbmR and k =1.4 (Table A-2Ea).
ysis Working around the topping cycle gives the following results:
R 1043 R)(10) 540 (
0.4/1.4
/ ) 1 (
5
6
5 6
k k
s
P
P
T T
. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
R 1099
90 . 0
540 1043
540
) (
) (
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
C
s
p
s p
s
C
T T
T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
R 1326
10
1
R) 2560 (
0.4/1.4
/ ) 1 (
7
8
7 8
k k
s
P
P
T T
R 1449
) 1326 2560 )( 90 . 0 ( 2560
) (
) (
) (
8 7 7 8
8 7
8 7
8 7
8 7
s T
s p
p
s
T
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
1
2
4s 4
3
800 psia
5 psia
6s
2560 R
540 R
Q
out

Q
in

5
9
8s
7
GAS
CYCLE
STEAM
CYCLE
600 F
6
8
T
s
R 1028 50 R 3 . 978 50
psia 800 @ sat 9
T T
Fixing the states around the bottom steam cycle yields (Tables A-4E, A-5E, A-6E):
Btu/lbm 59 . 132 41 . 2 18 . 130
Btu/lbm 41 . 2
ft psia 5.404
Btu 1
psia ) 5 800 )( /lbm ft 01641 . 0 (
) (
/lbm ft 01641 . 0
Btu/lbm 18 . 130
in p, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in p,
3
psia 5 @ 1
psia 5 @ 1
w h h
P P w
h h
f
f
Btu/lbm 6 . 908
psia 5
R Btu/lbm 4866 . 1
Btu/lbm 9 . 1270
F 600
psia 800
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
s
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
Btu/lbm 7 . 926
) 6 . 908 9 . 1270 )( 95 . 0 ( 9 . 1270
) (
4 3 3 4
4 3
4 3
s T
s
T
h h h h
h h
h h
The net work outputs from each cycle are
Btu/lbm 5 . 132
R ) 540 1099 1449 2560 )( R Btu/lbm 240 . 0 (
) ( ) (
5 6 8 7
in C, out T, cycle gas net,
T T c T T c
w w w
p p
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-117
Btu/lbm 8 . 341
41 . 2 ) 7 . 926 9 . 1270 (
) (
in P, 4 3
in P, out T, cycle steam net,
w h h
w w w
An energy balance on the heat exchanger gives
a a
p
w w p a
m m
-h h
T T c
m -h h m T T c m 08876 . 0
59 . 132 9 . 1270
) 1028 1449 )( 240 . 0 (
) (
) ( ) (
2 3
9 8
2 3 9 8
That is, 1 lbm of exhaust gases can heat only 0.08876 lbm of water. Then the heat input, the heat output and the thermal
efficiency are
Btu/lbm 8 . 187
Btu/lbm ) 18 . 130 7 . 926 ( 08876 . 0 R ) 540 1028 )( R Btu/lbm 240 . 0 ( 1
) ( ) (
Btu/lbm 6 . 350 R ) 1099 2560 )( R Btu/lbm 240 . 0 ( ) (
1 4 5 9 out
6 7 in
h h
m
m
T T c
m
m
q
T T c
m
m
q
a
w
p
a
a
p
a
a
6 . 350
8 . 187
1 1
in
out
th
q
q
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
10-118
10 109 A combined gas-steam power cycle uses a simple gas turbine for the topping cycle and simple Rankine cycle for
the bottoming cycle. The thermal efficiency of the cycle is to be determined.
1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are applicable fo Brayton cycle. 3 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Prop The properties of air at room temperature are
c
p
=0.240 Btu/lbmR and k =1.4 (Table A-2Ea).
1
2
4s 4
3
800 psia
10 psia
6s
2560 R
540 R
Q
out

Q
in

5
9
8s
7
GAS
CYCLE
STEAM
CYCLE
600 F
6
8
T
ysis Working around the topping cycle gives the
following results:
R 1043 R)(10) 540 (
0.4/1.4
/ ) 1 (
5
6
5 6
k k
s
P
P
T T
R 1099
90 . 0
540 1043
540
) (
) (
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
C
s
p
s p
s
C
T T
T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
R 1326
10
1
R) 2560 (
0.4/1.4
/ ) 1 (
7
8
7 8
k k
s
P
P
T T
s
R 1449
) 1326 2560 )( 90 . 0 ( 2560
) (
) (
) (
8 7 7 8
8 7
8 7
8 7
8 7
s T
s p
p
s
T
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
R 1028 50 R 3 . 978 50
psia 800 @ sat 9
T T
Fixing the states around the bottom steam cycle yields (Tables A-4E, A-5E, A-6E):
Btu/lbm 7 . 163 43 . 2 25 . 161
Btu/lbm 43 . 2
ft psia 5.404
Btu 1
psia ) 10 800 )( /lbm ft 01659 . 0 (
) (
/lbm ft 01659 . 0
Btu/lbm 25 . 161
in p, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in p,
3
psia 10 @ 1
psia 10 @ 1
w h h
P P w
h h
f
f
Btu/lbm 6 . 946
psia 10
R Btu/lbm 4866 . 1
Btu/lbm 9 . 1270
F 600
psia 800
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
s
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
Btu/lbm 8 . 962
) 6 . 946 9 . 1270 )( 95 . 0 ( 9 . 1270
) (
4 3 3 4
4 3
4 3
s T
s
T
h h h h
h h
h h
The net work outputs from each cycle are
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
10-119
Btu/lbm 5 . 132
R ) 540 1099 1449 2560 )( R Btu/lbm 240 . 0 (
) ( ) (
5 6 8 7
in C, out T, cycle gas net,
T T c T T c
w w w
p p
Btu/lbm 7 . 305
43 . 2 ) 8 . 962 9 . 1270 (
) (
in P, 4 3
in P, out T, cycle steam net,
w h h
w w w
An energy balance on the heat exchanger gives
a a
p
w w p a
m m
h h
T T c
m h h m T T c m 09126 . 0
7 . 163 9 . 1270
) 1028 1449 )( 240 . 0 (
) (
) ( ) (
2 3
9 8
2 3 9 8
That is, 1 lbm of exhaust gases can heat only 0.09126 lbm of water. Then the heat input, the heat output and the thermal
efficiency are
Btu/lbm 3 . 190
Btu/lbm ) 25 . 161 8 . 962 ( 09126 . 0 R ) 540 1028 )( R Btu/lbm 240 . 0 ( 1
) ( ) (
Btu/lbm 6 . 350 R ) 1099 2560 )( R Btu/lbm 240 . 0 ( ) (
1 4 5 9 out
6 7 in
h h
m
m
T T c
m
m
q
T T c
m
m
q
a
w
p
a
a
p
a
a
6 . 350
3 . 190
1 1
in
out
th
q
q
When the condenser pressure is increased from 5 psia to 10 psia, the thermal efficiency is decreased from 0.4643 to 0.4573.
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
10-120
10 110 A combined gas-steam power cycle uses a simple gas turbine for the topping cycle and simple Rankine cycle for
the bottoming cycle. The cycle supplies a specified rate of heat to the buildings during winter. The mass flow rate of air and
the net power output from the cycle are to be determined.
1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-
standard assumptions are applicable to Brayton cycle. 3 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas
with constant specific heats.
. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
Prop The properties of air at room temperature are
c
p
=0.240 Btu/lbmR and k =1.4 (Table A-2Ea).
ysis The mass flow rate of water is
lbm/h 2495
Btu/lbm 161.25) - (962.8
Btu/h 10 2
6
1 4
buildings
h h
Q
m
w
The mass flow rate of air is then
0.09126
2495
09126 . 0
w
a
m
m
The power outputs from each cycle are
kW 1062
Btu/h 3412.14
kW 1
R ) 540 1099 1449 2560 )( R Btu/lbm 240 . 0 ( lbm/h) 340 , 27 (
) ( ) (
) (
5 6 8 7
in C, out T, cycle gas net,
T T c m T T c m
w w m W
p a p a
a
1
2
4s 4
3
800 psia
10 psia
6s
2560 R
540 R
Q
out

Q
in

5
9
8s
7
GAS
CYCLE
STEAM
CYCLE
600 F
6
8
T
s
kW 224
Btu/h 3412.14
kW 1
) 43 . 2 8 . 962 9 . 1270 ( lbm/h) 2495 (
) (
) (
in P, 4 3
in P, out T, cycle steam net,
w h h m
w w m W
a
a
The net electricity production by this cycle is then
kW 224 1062
net
W
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-121
10 111 A combined gas-steam power plant is considered. The topping cycle is an ideal gas-turbine cycle and the bottoming
cycle is an ideal reheat Rankine cycle. The mass flow rate of air in the gas-turbine cycle, the rate of total heat input, and the
thermal efficiency of the combined cycle are to be determined.
1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with variable specific heats.
ysis (a) The analysis of gas cycle yields
. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
kJ /kg 63 . 523 K 520
kJ/kg 38 . 768 54 . 37 5 . 450
12
1
5 . 450
kJ /kg 42 . 1515 K 1400
kJ /kg 18 . 630 66 . 18 5546 . 1 12
5546 . 1
kJ /kg 24 . 310 K 310
11 11
10
9
10
9 9
8
7
8
7 7
9 10
9
7 8
7
h T
h P
P
P
P
P
h T
h P
P
P
P
P
h T
r r
r
r r
r
From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
g w h h
P P w
h h
f
f
kJ /k 42 . 204 62 . 12 81 . 191
kJ /kg .62 12
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 12,500 /kg m 0.00101
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ /kg 81 . 191
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
1
2
6
3
12.5 MPa
10 kPa
8
Q
out

Q
in

7
11
10
9
GAS
CYCLE
STEAM
CYCLE
1400 K
310 K
5
4
2.5MPa
T
s
kJ /kg 8 . 2365 1 . 2392 9089 . 0 81 . 191
9089 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 4653 . 7
kPa 10
K kJ /kg 4653 . 7
kJ/kg 4 . 3574
C 550
MPa 5 . 2
kJ /kg 6 . 2909
MPa 5 . 2
K kJ /kg 4651 . 6
kJ/kg 6 . 3343
C 500
MPa 5 . 12
6 6
6
6
5 6
6
5
5
5
5
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
Noting that for the heat exchanger, the steady-flow energy balance equation yields 0 pe ke W Q
153.9 kg/s 12
63 . 523 38 . 768
42 . 204 6 . 3343
11 10
2 3
air
11 10 air 2 3 out in
s
s e e i i
m
h h
h h
m
h h m h h m h m h m E E
(b) The rate of total heat input is
10 1.44
5
kW 200 , 144
kJ/kg 6 . 2909 4 . 3574 kg/s 12 kJ /kg 18 . 630 42 . 1515 kg/s 153.9
4 5 reheat 8 9 air reheat air in
h h m h h m Q Q Q
(c) The rate of heat rejection and the thermal efficiency are then
59.1%
,
5913 . 0
kW 144,200
kW 58,930
1 1
kW 930 58
kJ/kg 81 . 191 8 . 2365 kg/s 12 kJ/kg 24 . 310 63 . 523 kg/s 153.9
in
out
th
1 6 7 11 air steam out, air out, out
Q
Q
h h m h h m Q Q Q
s
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-122
10 112 A combined gas-steam power plant is considered. The topping cycle is a gas-turbine cycle and the bottoming cycle
is a nonideal reheat Rankine cycle. The mass flow rate of air in the gas-turbine cycle, the rate of total heat input, and the
thermal efficiency of the combined cycle are to be determined.
1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with variable specific heats.
. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course
ysis (a) The analysis of gas cycle yields (Table A-17)
kJ /kg 63 . 523 K 520
kJ /kg 4 . 958
35 . 860 42 . 1515 85 . 0 42 . 1515
kJ /kg 35 . 860 3 . 56 5 . 450
8
1
5 . 450
kJ /kg 42 . 1515 K 1400
kJ/kg 1 . 585
80 . 0 / 16 . 290 12 . 526 16 . 290
/
kJ /kg 12 . 526 849 . 9 2311 . 1 8
2311 . 1
kJ /kg 16 . 290 K 290
11 11
10 9 9 10
10 9
10 9
10
9
10
9 9
7 8 7 8
7 8
7 8
8
7
8
7 7
9 10
9
7 8
7
h T
h h h h
h h
h h
h P
P
P
P
P
h T
h h h h
h h
h h
h P
P
P
P
P
h T
s T
s
T
s r
s
r
r
C s
s
C
s r
s
r
r
s
s
1
2
6s
3
15 MPa
10 kPa
8
Q
out

Q
in

7
11
10s
9
GAS
CYCLE
STEAM
CYCLE
1400 K
290 K
5
4
3 MPa
6
4
8
1
T
s
From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
kJ/kg 95 . 206 14 . 15 81 . 191
kJ /kg 15.14
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 15,000 /kg m 0.00101
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ /kg 81 . 191
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
w h h
P P w
h h
f
f
kJ /kg 1 . 2838
7 . 2781 9 . 3157 85 . 0 9 . 3157
kJ /kg 7 . 2781 9 . 1794 9879 . 0 3 . 1008
9880 . 0
5402 . 3
6454 . 2 1434 . 6
MPa 3
K kJ /kg 1428 . 6
kJ /kg 9 . 3157
C 450
MPa 15
4 3 3 4
4 3
4 3
4 4
4
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
s T
s
T
fg s f s
fg
f s
s
s
h h h h
h h
h h
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-123
kJ/kg 5 . 2467
8 . 2292 2 . 3457 85 . 0 2 . 3457
kJ /kg 8 . 2292 1 . 2392 8782 . 0 81 . 191
8783 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 2359 . 7
kPa 10
K kJ/kg 2359 . 7
kJ /kg 2 . 3457
C 500
MPa 3
6 5 5 6
6 5
6 5
6 6
6
6
5 6
6
5
5
5
5
s T
s
T
fg s f s
fg
f s
s
s
h h h h
h h
h h
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
Noting that for the heat exchanger, the steady-flow energy balance equation yields 0 pe ke W Q
203.6 kg/s 30
63 . 523 4 . 958
95 . 206 9 . 3157
0
11 10
2 3
air
11 10 air 2 3
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
s
s e e i i
m
h h
h h
m
h h m h h m h m h m
E E
E E E
(b)
207,986
kJ /kg 1 . 2838 2 . 3457 kg/s 30 kJ /kg 1 . 585 42 . 1515 kg/s 203.6
4 5 reheat 8 9 air reheat air in
h h m h h m Q Q Q
(c)
44.3%
kW 207,986
kW 115,805
1 1
kW 115,805
kJ /kg 81 . 191 5 . 2467 kg/s 30 kJ /kg 16 . 290 63 . 523 kg/s 203.6
in
out
th
1 6 7 11 air steam out, air out, out
Q
Q
h h m h h m Q Q Q
s
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
. 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course