Turkey

At the beginning of a new millennium, migration and its management

have posed a fundamental challenge to both the theory and practice of
governance in contemporary societies. Modernizing processes around the
globe, the end of the Cold War, the emergence of a new world order, and
the rise of globalization provide reasons for a wide eamination of new
waves and patterns of migration, both internally and internationally. As a
country that has been confronted with various types of migration during
its recent history, Turkey attaches great importance to the newly
emerging migration !uestions and their management. This focus has been
precipitated by Turkey"s desire to enter the #uropean $nion and by
recent transformations it has faced that have fueled the need for the
creation and implementation of a variety of migration%related policies. My
main aim in this essay is to present the new and emerging contet of
migration issues in Turkey, as they have become a key topic on the
political agenda in Turkey and in the eyes of the international community.
Turkey has been a main actor on the #urasian migration scene, first as a
country of origin and then as one of destination and transit.
http&''muse.(hu.edu'login)
uri*'(ournals'mediterranean+!uarterly'v,-.'-../icduygu.pdf -0.,1.2,-,
Migration, particularly among refugees and asylum seekers, poses
many challenges to the health system of host countries. This study
eamined the impact of migration history on illness eperience, its
meaning and help%seeking strategies of migrant patients from 3osnia and
Turkey with a range of common health problems in general practice in
3asel, 4witzerland. The #planatory Model 5nterview Catalogue, a data
collection instrument for cross%cultural research which combines
epidemiological and ethnographic research approaches, was used in semi%
structured one%to%one patient interviews. 3osnian patients 6n *17 8 who
had more traumatic migration eperiences than Turkish'9urdish 6n *72 8 or
4wiss internal migrants 6n */: 8 reported a larger number of health
problems than the other groups. ;sychological distress was reported most
fre!uently by all three groups in response to focussed !ueries, but
spontaneously reported symptoms indicated the prominence of somatic,
rather than psychological or psychosocial, problems. Among 3osnians, 0:<
identified traumatic migration eperiences as a cause of their illness, in
addition to a range of psychological and biomedical causes. =elp%seeking
strategies for the current illness included a wide range of treatments,
such as basic medical care at private surgeries, outpatients department in
hospitals as well as alternative medical treatments among all groups.
>indings provide a useful guide to clinicians who work with migrants and
should inform policy in medical care, information and health promotion for
migrants in 4witzerland as well as further education of health
professionals on issues concerning migrants health.
http&''www.sciencedirect.com'science)
+ob*Article$?@A+udi*37B=.%/C1WDEC%
-A+user*-,A+coverCate*,F<2>1,<2>2,,.A+rdoc*-A+fmt*highA+orig*
searchA+sort*dA+docanchor*Aview*cA+search4tr5d*-27-0,,2.7A+reru
nGrigin*scholar.googleA+acct*C,,,,.,22-A+version*-A+urlBersion*,A+
userid*-,Amd.*fF.0,ea2,b-1c,e:2fedf2f-02a1:-F, 2,.,1.2,-,
As often argued, a negative perception of immigration, or even
emigration, prevails public opinions and governments in most countries. 5t
is argued that caused by economic hardship or political hardship or
political unrest in countries of origin, it would threaten well%being and
identity in countries of destination, and sometimes endanger political
security. =owever, on the other hand, social scientists recognize that,
being a part of the global circulation and global integration, human
mobility bears a tremendous potential for human progress. This view is
increasingly shared by several actors for which ade!uate policies could
make migration a genuine instrument for economic and social development.
Therefore, the conditions under which, and the mechanisms through
which, migration can transform individual benefits into an aggregated one,
for the greater society, are to be studied. >rom this perspective, Turkey
provides us with an interesting case studyH firstly because of its multiple
migration roles as a country of emigration, immigration and transit, over
timeH secondly because, this ongoing flows of emigration and immigration
involve various stages of a migration cycleH thirdly because, this migration
cycle reflects, both eplicitly and implicitly, some gains, and occasionally
loses, both for the country and its people, migrants and non%migrantsH and
finally because of TurkeyIs longestablished #$%membership process which
highlights various types of migration issues. This report provides us with
an overview of some aspects of migration%development neus in the case
of Turkey.
http&''mpra.ub.uni%muenchen.de'-F21.' 22.,1.2,-,
?omania
Migration and development - activities, methodology, results
5n order to achieve the established ob(ectives, the program set up a three%
stage strategy& a general status analysis
62,,78H surveys focused on principal
effects of migration 62,,0%2,,:8H advocacy initiatives to promote solutions
for the identified problems 62,,7%2,,:8.
1. Status analysis
This is based upon hypotheses drawn from eistent data and follows a
snowball pattern 6starts with the essential, sets fundaments for future
phases and advances from community to micro%region and to transnational
level8. The indicators system is thorough, with a four component multilevel
measurement&
The national !uantitative analysis, carried through a pole, with a
nationally representative sample and a over%representation of the
migration areas
The !uantitative analysis centered on two micro regions 6>ocsani%
Brancea and Aleandria%Teleorman, both with high migration figures8
The !ualitative analysis in three areas representative for the migration
types identified through recent surveys, areas with a high migration
level. @ocal authoritiesI and communitiesI reaction towards migration%
derived phenomena will be our primary focus.
5nstitutional analysis on eistent agreements, on local and central
policies and on the efficiency of the institutions involved
The analysis was carried out during 2,,7 and was finalized with the release
of two surveys which set the fundaments for the following components of the
program&
% @iving abroad on a temporary basis J ?omaniansI economic migration& -FF,%
2,,7. The survey, coordinated by prof. Cumitru 4andu, was released in
Kovember 2,,7 and is the result of the mentioned above !ualitative and
!uantitative analyses. The survey stands as the first comprehensive analysis
on the eternal migration in ?omania and depicts the amplitude of the
phenomenon 6how many, who, how and when8, the economic and social effects
of migration, as well as the main eperience patterns and migration paths.
% ;olicies and institutions in international migration& ?omaniansI work
migration -FF,%2,,7H the survey was released in March 2,,0 and discussed
at a round table with the participation of the authorities with attributions
inside the migration field. The survey follows the successive changes in
legislation, in the attributes of relevant public institutions, as well as the
effects of these changes. The survey brings both a better understanding of
the phenomenonIs evolution and estimates the impact of new, eventual
modifications in the institutional structure.
2. Surveys focusing on the primary effects of migration
The program carries on in 2,,0 with some aspects that the previous analyses
revealed as the most important effects of migration. The pro(ect will have a
two%level approach&
@ocal social effects 6effects within the community8& the situation of
migrantIs children and community development problems
#conomic and social effects on a national scale& changes in the labor
market and immigration
The impact of parents migrating for work on children left at home, in
?omania
Although a highly covered sub(ect, the situation of migrantsI children left at
home is yet to be studied. $p until now, there is insufficient knowledge on
their number and on the positive'negative effects generated by their
migrating parents. There is little statistic information and very few surveys
on the issue. The eisting surveys 6the most highlighted is the 4ocial
Alternative AssociationIs study % L=ome AloneM8 uncover some of the inherent
problems of the migration phenomenon, thus providing a good starting point
for further in%depth analysis. That is why we are approaching the sub(ect by
adding to the eisting information with an analysis focused on institutions
that interact or have attributions in the child protection field.
The specific ob(ectives of this component are to determine the impact of
parentsI absence on the children left at home and to provide corrective
measures for the negative effects. 5n order to achieve this, some specific
activities are planned, as follows&
a pole is to be conducted among secondary school children. ;rofessional
interview operators will approach approimately 2,,, children from
about 2,, schools across the country 6the eact numbers are to be
determined through probabilistic methods so that the survey has both
a national representative sample and a supplementary one for the
children whose parents are working abroad8. The interviews contain
fairly easy !uestions about life style, family structure, school
performance, health, family welfare, behavior and habits, values. All
interviews are under a strict confidentiality term and the respondentsI
identity is to be revealed under no circumstance. $sing this instrument
helps us determine the specific difference regarding children with
parents went abroad for work. 4econdarily, the data can be used to
describe the dominant profiles of secondary school children taking into
consideration the demographic variables, a most useful resource for
future educational programs. Cata will be available free of charge to
all interested.
a series of interviews with the local authorities 6townhall, local
council8, with social assistants, teachers, school principals and parents
inside areas and communities with high migration rates. The main
ob(ective is to determine the main types of successful intervention
from local authorities in order to support these children, and also to
identify the resources 6knowledge, material resources, political will
etc.8 that school and local authorities need to efficiently implement
such pro(ects.
a comparative analysis on types of intervention from countries
6#uropean mostly8 that had to deal with a similar situation
>or a proper development of the activities, the >oundation has solicited the
support of central authorities 6Ministry of #ducation, ?esearch and Eouth
and the national Authority for Children ?ights ;rotection8.
The impact of migration inside the community
Migration is a community phenomenon which occurs through family and
community networks. 4ome of the most important effects of migration can
be spotted inside the community. Contact with foreign cultures produces
significant mentality changes, such as the increment of active social criticism
and entrepreneurial spirit. These are the positive effects that must be taken
into account by local authoritiesI policies and promoted inside the community.
Concurrently, considerable demographic changes lead to depopulated, aged
communities that depend on remittances. Gn the other hand, the issue of the
impact created by these remittances on the need and production of public
services occur.
All these elements can be analyzed using data already gathered by the
>oundation last year through local surveys. >urther information from local
authorities is still needed and a detailed legislative analysis is to occur in
May%4eptember 2,,0.
The impact of migration on labor market and migration policies
5n the last years, ?omania has been a source or a transit country for
migration flues. ?omaniaIs #$ membership, correlated with a trend of
income growth, will most likely change this situation. 5n a first phase, ?omania
will e!ually become a source and a destination country, but afterwards the
number of immigrants will surpass the figures proposed by the migration.
This evolution has occurred in countries like 4pain, ;ortugal or 5taly and is
ongoing in the #$ recently integrated countries 64lovakia, ;oland, =ungary
etc.8. #amples of countries such as 4pain 6that has negotiated bilateral
agreements in good time and has developed fleible policies to accommodate
immigrants8 and 5taly 6that didnIt follow 4painIs eample8 show that a rational
an coherent approach of the migration phenomenon helps fighting the social
and economic negative effects 6human trafficking, shadow economy, violence,
ethnic conflicts, radical attitude occurrence, effects upon the social security
system etc.8.
?ecently, as a conse!uence of the new #$ membership, ?omania started 6at a
slow and trembling pace8 to develop policies in this area, but things are, at
the moment, tenfold slower due to political instability. The current pro(ect
aims at creating an interdisciplinary group in view of setting a policy strategy
for governmental bodies that activate in the field. The first phase consists
of an analysis regarding the implicated stakeholders and of an LargumentM in
favor of investing resources in migration policies. Concurrently, the working
group is to be assembled in order to produce the surveys that will support
the results of the group. Activities are scheduled beginning with May 2,,0
and carrying through the whole year.
Gne of the most visible and impact effects on migration flues is the
evolution of the labor market. Massive migration for work and the present
population aging process affects the labor force offer. 4urvey from the
Ministry of @abor and 4ocial 4olidarity indicate significant labor force
deficit in certain areas 6constructions, tourism, tetile industry8. ;ossible
answers for filling the eisting gap are professional reconversion or labor
force import from Moldova ?epublic, $kraine or other countries outside the
#$. This yearIs activities list holds a !uantitative survey based on a phone
pole, on a sample of companies from industries utterly affected by migration.
Cata gathering is scheduled for this fall.
3. Advocacy and promotion
All components programmed for 2,,0 are to be finalized with
recommendations for public policy measures to the local and central
authorities. Those are to be grouped in guides of good practices for local
authorities and recommendations for legislative steps towards a coherent
strategy on the national level, synchronized with #$ regulations. The
promotion activities of those instruments will include&
5nvolving representatives of authorities in producing the papers, to
create an ownership sense on the results and to facilitate their
acceptance
4eries of round tables in 3ucharest and on local level, with
representatives of authorities, civil society organizations and mass%
media, to launch the debate on negative effects of migration and how
to prevent them
5nternational seminar, necessary due to the nature of migration J
transnational phenomenon
The placing of the debate in an #uropean contet opens the door to continue
the pro(ect in the following years.
The promotion and dissemination activity is practically continuously, starting
from the moment when the first results of the program are produces. After
the guides for the authorities are produced, the advocacy component will
intensify, in cooperation with other pro(ects of the 4oros >oundation.
http&''www.osf.ro'en'program+articol.php)articol*./ 22.,1.2,-,