Definitions:

Biomaterials - Any material of natural or of synthetic origin that comes in contact with tissue, blood or biological fluids, and intended for use
in prosthetic, diagnostic, therapeutic or storage applications without adversely affecting the living organism and its components.
Biocompatibility - The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application
Inorganic - They are non-living things like rock, cement, etc and have no energy or life in them i.e. non-biological origin
Organic -They are living organism in their natural form without chemicals i.e. DNA, RNA, Protein
Mineral - A mineral is a naturally occurring substance that is solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula,
usually abiogenic, and has an ordered atomic structure.,
Bioactive - A bioactive material is one that elicits a specific biological response at the interface of the material, resulting in the
formation of a bond between the tissues and the material
Inert It is the state of being non-reactive (e.g. synthetic, 90% polymer)
Stress shielding - Stress shielding refers to the reduction in bone density (osteopenia) as a result of removal of normal stress from the bone by
an implant (for instance, the femoral component of a hip prosthesis)
Ceramics - A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. They have ionic/covalent
bonding.
Metals They are inorganic solid that have closed packed crystal structure.
Polymers They are organic/inorganic molecules composed on many repeated subunit, monomers.
Composites - Composite material, a material that is made from several different substances
Vinyl polymers they are group of polymers derived from vinyl monomers.
Polymer configurations
Branched polymer They are formed when there are side chains attached to a main chain
Dendrimer polymer Polymers with a high degree of branching are called dendrimer polymer ,
Star polymer The polymerization starts with a single monomer and has branches radially outward from this point
Cross-linked polymer -
Thermosets polymers polymers that become cross-linked resulting in an insoluble and infusible
Thermoplastics polymers amorphous, materials that soften, melt, and flow when heat is applied; the adhesives solidify when cooled
Elastomers These polymers have viscoelasticity property i.e. any rubbery material composed of long chainlike molecules, or polymers that
are capable of recovering their original shape after being stretched to great extents.
Unsaturated fats - a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain. A fatty acid chain is
monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond. Where double bonds are
formed, hydrogen atoms are eliminated.
Saturated fats - Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double
bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms.

Tissue - Basic tissues are made up of similar type which plays specific functional roles and have distinctive microscopic appearance.
Organ An organ is composed of several different types of tissues arranged together to become a functional unit.
Homeostasis - The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedbackcontrols, so as to
stabilize health and functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions
Inflammation - Inflammation is the body's attempt at self-protection; the aim being to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged
cells, irritants, or pathogens - and begin the healing process.
Complement system - The Complement system is a complex cascade involving approximately 30 glycoproteins present in serum as well as
cell surface receptors; Part of the innate immune system; Activation of the inflammation and immune related function.
Hemostasis - a process which causes bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel (the opposite of hemostasis
is hemorrhage). It is the first stage of wound healing.
Thrombosis - the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood
vessel is injured, the body uses platelets (thrombocytes) and fibrin to form ablood clot to prevent blood loss. Even when a blood vessel is not
injured, blood clots may form in the body under certain conditions. A clot that breaks free and begins to travel around the body is known as
an embolus.
Zymogens - A zymogen is an inactive enzyme precursor. A zymogen requires a biochemical change for it to become an active enzyme.
Nosocomial infection - is an infection whose development is favored by a hospital environment, such as one acquired by a patient during a
hospital visit or one developing among hospital staff. Such infections include fungal and bacterial infections and are aggravated by the reduced
resistance of individual patients
Biofilm - A biofilm is any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface. These adherent cells are
frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). a thin, slimy film of bacteria that
adheres to a surface.
Sterilization - a technique for destroying microorganisms or inanimate objects using heat, water, chemicals, or gases

Known the four classes of biomaterials and their general properties along with examples of where
these materials are used
Ceramics Inorganic ionic/covalent bonding e.g. porcelain, clay, etc
Metals Inorganic closely packed crystal structure e.g. stainless steel, titanium, etc
Polymers Organic/Inorganic (Design your own polymers) e.g. protein, DNA, rubber, cellulose
Composites Concrete, Fibre - reinforced polymers, wood (natural composite)

Know the three main types of chemical bonds and be able to identify them and be able to recognize
hydrogen bonding and when it occurs

Covalent it occurs when two atoms share electrons e.g. bonding of oxygen and hydrogen in H2O
Ionic it occurs when oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other e.g. bond between Na+ and Cl- in salt
Hydrogen it is formed between oppositely charges portions of covalently bonded hydrogen atoms e.g. bonds between water
molecules
Know the four reaction types discussed in class and be able to identify these types of reactions

Addition reaction: the entire monomer becomes part of the polymer
Condensation reaction: a small molecule is removed during the process
Chain growth reaction: the monomers can only be added one at time
Step growth reaction: multiple products are possible
Condensation reactions produce peptide bonds.

Identify the 3 major biopolymers of life (polysaccharides, polypeptides, poly nucleic acids) and their associated structures and
monomers along with where they would be located in a cell as well as phospholipids and the types of structures they can form in water

Biopolymer Monomer Elements (atoms) Terminology
Lipids Carbon Hydrogen
Polysaccharides Saccharide, sugar Carbon Hydrogen
Oxygen
Ends with ose
Polypeptide (protein) Amino acid Carbon Hydrogen
Oxygen Nitrogen
Ends with ine
Polynuclei acid Nucleic acid Carbon Hydrogen
Oxygen Nitrogen P
e.g. DNA, RNA



Be able to define the four types of tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous) and give examples
Epithelial Tissue example skin epidermis, gut mucosa, thyroid follicles, and others
Connective Tissue example skin dermis pericardium, tendon adipose tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, and others
Muscle Tissue example arterial or gut smooth muscle, limb musculature, diaphragm, heart
Nerve Tissue example brain cells, peripheral nerve

Know the differences between the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation cascade and the adaptive and innate immune system
as well as how mutations in these pathways can influence their behavior
The intrinsic pathway is activated when blood comes into contact with sub-endothelial connective tissues or with negatively
charged surface that are exposed as a result of tissue damage. Quantitatively it is the most important of the two pathways, but is
slower to cleave fibrin than the extrinsic pathway.
The extrinsic pathway is an alternative route for the activation of the clothing cascade. It provides a very rapid response to tissue
injury, generating activated factor X almost instantaneously, compared to the seconds or even minutes required for the intrinsic
pathway to activate factor X. The main function of the extrinsic pathway is to augment the activity of the intrinsic pathway.

The innate immune system consists of cells and proteins that are always present and ready to mobilize and fight microbes
at the site of infection. The main components of the innate immune system are 1) physical epithelial barriers, 2) phagocytic
leukocytes, 3) dendritic cells, 4) a special type of lymphocyte called a natural killer (NK) cell, and 5) circulating plasma
proteins. The adaptive immune system, on the other hand, is called into action against pathogens that are able to evade or
overcome innate immune defenses. Components of the adaptive immune system are normally silent; however, when
activated, these components adapt to the presence of infectious agents by activating, proliferating, and creating potent
mechanisms for neutralizing or eliminating the microbes. There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humoral
immunity, mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes.

Know the three distinct pathways that can activate the complement system and the main components of these pathways
What is the role of the complement system and how does it relate to the field of biomaterials? What are the three ways that the
complement cascade can be activated and what are each of these pathways called? What would be the result of a hyperactive C3
convertase? 15 points
The complement system is part of the innate immune system and it is part of the non-specific immune response triggered when
biomaterials are implanted in vivo. It can be activated via the classical pathway (when the C1 component becomes activated after
binding to the Fc region of an antibody complex), the alternative pathway (arises from spontaneous conversion of C3 to its
activated form on a surface) or the lectin pathway (mannose binding lectin binds to bacteria and forms a complex with 2 other
proteins that can cleave C4 and C2 producing a C3 convertase).

Know the sequence of events that follows device implantation (as well as wound healing) and methods of sterilization for
device implants




Know the role of platelet activation and cytokines in the wound healing response