SCADA and Control

Valves
What is SCADA..??

SCADA is Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

real time industrial process used for controlling and
monitoring chemical or transport processes and can
be used in a factory environment such as electic
power generation water supply systems gas and oil
pipelines or any other distributed processes! SCADA
is used to control chemical plant processes oil and
gas pipelines electrical generation and transmission
equipment manufacturing facilities water
purification and distribution infrastructure etc!

"ndustrial plant#scale SCADA is often referred to as a

Distributed Control System or DCS

SCADA nu$$les up to embedded system issues too!

%S&S '( SCADA

Electric power generation, transmission and distribution:

&lectric utilities use SCADA systems to detect current flow and line
voltage to monitor the operation of circuit brea)ers and to ta)e
sections of the power grid online or offline!

Water and sewage: State and municipal water utilities use SCADA to
monitor and regulate water flow reservoir levels pipe pressure and
other factors!

Buildings, acilities and environments: (acility managers use

SCADA to control *+AC refrigeration units lighting and entry systems!

!anuacturing: SCADA systems manage parts inventories for ,ust#in#

time manufacturing regulate industrial automation and robots and
monitor process and quality control!

!ass transit: -ransit authorities use SCADA to regulate electricity to

subways trams and trolley buses. to automate traffic signals for rail
systems. to trac) and locate trains and buses. and to control railroad
crossing gates!

"raic signals: SCADA regulates traffic lights controls traffic flow

and detects out#of#order signals!
system components of SCA#DA

A SCADA System usually consists of the following subsystems/

Sensors 0either digital or analog1 and control

rela$s that directly interface with the managed
system!

#emote telemetr$ units %#"&s'. -hese are small

computeri$ed units deployed in the field at specific
sites and locations! 2-%s serve as local collection
points for gathering reports from sensors and
delivering commands to control relays!

SCADAmaster units. -hese are larger computer

consoles that serve as the central processor for the
SCADA system! 3aster units provide a human
interface to the system and automatically regulate
the manage
Data Acquisition

Some sensors measure more comple4 situations

where e4act measurement is important! -hese are
analog sensors which can detect continuous
changes in a voltage or current input! Analog
sensors are used to trac) fluid levels in tan)s
voltage levels in batteries temperature and other
factors that can be measured in a continuous range
of input!

(or most analog factors there is a normal range

defined by a bottom and top level! (or e4ample you
may want the temperature in a server room to stay
between 56 and 78 degrees (ahrenheit! "f the
temperature goes above or below this range it will
trigger a threshold alarm! "n more advanced
systems there are four threshold alarms for analog
sensors defining 3a,or %nder 3inor %nder 3inor
'ver and 3a,or 'ver alarms!
Data Communication

Sensors and control relays are very simple

electric devices that can9t generate or
interpret protocol communication on their
own! -herefore the remote telemetry unit
02-%1 is needed to provide an interface
between the sensors and the SCADA
networ)! -he 2-% encodes sensor inputs into
protocol format and forwards them to the
SCADA master. in turn the 2-% receives
control commands in protocol format from
the master and transmits electrical signals to
the appropriate control relays!
Data (resentation

A real SCADA system reports to human operators

over a speciali$ed computer that is variously called a
master station an *3" 0*uman#3achine "nterface1
or an *C" 0*uman#Computer "nterface1!

-he SCADA master station has several different

functions! -hemaster continuously monitors all
sensors and alerts the operator when there is an
alarm : that is when a control factor is operating
outside what is defined as its normal operation! -he
master presents a comprehensive view of the entire
managed system and presents more detail in
response to user requests! -he master also performs
data processing on information gathered from
sensors : it maintains report logs and summari$es
historical trends!
)uman !ac*ine +nterace
Control valves

Control valves are valves used to control

conditions such as flow pressure temperature and
liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing in
response to signals received from controllers that
compare a ;set point; to a ;process variable; whose
value is provided by sensors that monitor changes in
such conditions
SCADA arc*itectures

SCADA systems have evolved through

< generations as follows/
,. -irst generation: .!onolit*ic/
"n the first generation computing was
done by mainframe systems! =etwor)s
didn9t e4ist at the time SCADA was
developed! -hus SCADA systems were
independent systems with no
connectivity to other systems!

,. Second generation: .Distributed/
he processing was distributed across
multiple stations which were
connected through a >A= and they
shared information in real time! &ach
station was responsible for a particular
tas) thus ma)ing the si$e and cost of
each station less than the one used in
(irst ?eneration!
,. "*ird generation: .0etwor1ed/
hese are the current generation
SCADA systems which use open
system architecture rather than a
vendor#controlled proprietary
environment! -he SCADA system
utili$es open standards and protocols
thus distributing functionality across a
WA= rather than a >A=!
Eects Associated wit* SCADA #elated
+ncidents

direct problems
discharge of a pollutant destruction of
property fatalities

indirect problems
as in the case of a loss of power/ the
power failure may not directly cause
damage but its absence may ma)e it
impossible for businesses to operate

2nd order eects resulting from the

cascading failures e!g! loss of power
might cause still other critical systems to
fail and so on

Although you need sensors control relays and a

communications networ) to ma)e a complete
SCADA system it9s your choice of a master station
and 2-%s that really determine the quality of your
SCADA system!

#ugged construction and ability to withstand

e3tremes o temperature and *umidit$! @ou
)now how punishing on equipment your sites can
be! Aeep in mind that your SCADA system needs to
be the most reliable element in your facility!

Secure, redundant power suppl$! @ou need

your SCADA system up and wor)ing BCDE no
e4cuses! @our 2-% should support battery power
and ideally two power inputs!

#eal4time cloc1 for accurate dateDtime stamping

of reports!

Watc*dog timer to ensure that the 2-% restarts

after a power failure!

2567, automatic pager and email notiication.

-here9s no need to pay personnel to watch a board
BC hours a day! "f equipment needs human
attention the SCADA master can automatically
page or email directly to repair technicians!

Detailed inormation displa$. @ou want a

system that displays reports in plain &nglish with a
complete description of what activity is happening
and how you can manage it!
,. #edundant, geodiverse bac1up. -he best
SCADA systems support multiple bac)up masters
in separate locations!! "f the primary SCADA master
fails a second master on the networ)
automatically ta)es over with no interruption of
monitoring and control functions!
SCADA Securit$

Secure networ1 communications: "mplement strong encryption over the SCADA networ)
communications ensuring that both monitored data and control commands are encrypted!

"urn on securit$: "mplement security features with devices on your networ) especially authentication!
%se secure protocols whenever possible!

8now $our SCADA networ1: "dentify all connections to e4ternal networ)s including wireless networ)s
corporate >A=s and WA=s and the "nternet! (urther secure your networ) by eliminating all unnecessary
connections to e4ternal networ)s!

)arden $our SCADA environment: 2emove all unnecessary services from the hosts on your networ)!
Also ,ust as you would in your corporate networ) environment ensure that all systems are patched and
up to date!

Conduct regular securit$ audits: &nsure that security practices and procedures such as incident
response are defined and implemented! Fenetration testing of the networ) environment should also be
prudently conducted with inspection for potential bac) doors into the SCADA networ)!
SCADA &nvironment

"n the old days process control systems used

proprietary protocols and ran with serial
communications or even on physically separated
privateDdedicated networ)s

-hese days process control systems often run on

the enterprise >A= and over the "nternet.
process control traffic may be
commingled with web pages
email FBF traffic +o"F traffic etc!
Windows4Based Control Stations

SCADA devices are often controlled from central

monitoring stations 03-%s or master terminal
units1!

*istorically those were %ni4#based systems but

many contemporary 3-%s are now 3icrosoft
Windows based!
Scada communication
AD+A=-A?&S

Access quantitative measurements of

important processes both immediately and
over time

Detect and correct problems as soon as they

begin

3easure trends over time

Discover and eliminate bottlenec)s and

inefficiencies

Control larger and more comple4 processes

with a smaller less speciali$ed staff!
2eferences

Implementation of code acquisition and code tracking loop for CDMA wireless local

loop system

9ae4Woo1 C*ung, 9in4Su 8im, :oung4;$un 9eong, 9eong4Su1 )a

Electronics and "elecommincations #esearc* +nstitute, :usong, "ae<on, 8orea

=,>>? +EEE

Implementation of Base Station Receiver for CDMA Wireless ocal oop System

9ae W. C*ung, 9in S. 8im, :. ;. 9eong, 9. S. )a

Electronics and "elecommincations #esearc* +nstitute, :usong, "ae<on, 8orea

=,>>7 +EEE

Wireless ocal oop ! "ropagation #nvironment Measurements and analysis

@evin !., 8atA E., ;il A., -reedman A., !atit$a*u +., Dilmon D.

Wireless S$stems "adiran "elecommunications, +srael

,>>B +EEE

Issues and c$allenges of implementing a wireless local loop %ased telep$one

access network

&'Minero( &' Ba%)i *#C cororation( +A"A*

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