Synchronous Machines

Generator
Figure 5-1 Cross-section of a synchronous generator
a-a, b-b, and c-c are the three-phase armature windings on the stator side of the
machine. The stator windings are connected in wye. f-f is the field winding on the rotor
side. The field winding is energized by a dc oltage to produce dc rotor field. The rotor is
drien by a mechanical prime moer !the turbine".
Induced voltage
The rotation of the rotor field induces oltage in the stator windings.
##
Figure 5-$ Cylindrical rotor of a synchronous generator
Figure 5-% &ne turn of the armature winding of a synchronous generator
l B X V e
r induced
= ) (
'here,
T in density flu( rotor the is
r
B
m)s in field rotor the w.r.t. conductor stator the of elocity l tangentia the is *
#+
m in conductor stator the of length the is l
1. segment
1
a a
Figure 5-, -hasor diagram for a-a
1
paper the into is
r
B X V
Therefore. a
1
is positie !/" and a is negatie !-".
0nd
sin
' '
l VB e
peak r a a
=
1
$. segment
1
a a
Figure 5-5 -hasor diagram for a-a
1
paper the of out is
r
B X V
Therefore. a is positie !/" and a
1
is negatie !-".
0nd,
sin l VB e
peak r aa
=
1
%. turn a a
sin
'
l VB e e
peak r turn aa
= = $
t r V
e m
= = and
t rlB e
e m peak r turn
sin

=$
For a --pole machine,
e P m

$
=
t rlB
P
e
e e peak r turn
sin ) (

= $
$
,. Flu( per pole for a two-pole machine
#1
Figure 5-2 Cylindrical rotor
cos
peak
B B =
dA B
peak pole
) cos (

=
rld dA =
Then.

rld B
peak pole
) cos (

=
$
$

d rlB
peak pole

=
$
$
cos
peak pole
rlB $ =
for a $-pole machine
For --pole machine
peak pole
rlB
P
$
$
=
and
t e
e e pole turn
sin =
5. 3nduced *oltage per phase
For 4
ph
turns per phase.
t N e
e e pole ph ind
sin =
5ince
= = f
e
$
Therefore.
t fN e
e pole ph ind
sin $ =
*)ph 6 $ ) sin( + = t fN e
pole ph a

+6
*)ph 1$6 $ ) sin( = t fN e
pole ph b

*)ph 1$6 $ ) sin( + = t fN e
pole ph c

The rms oltage of any of the phases is7
*)ph ,, ,
*)ph
$
$
pole ph
pole ph rms
fN
fN E

. =
=
Equivalent Circuit
The rotating flu( density,
r
B , induces oltages in the three-phase stator windings.
Figure 5-# 'ye connected armature winding.

V
8 terminal phase oltage of the generator
a
E
8 armature induced oltage per phase.
9nder no-load conditions,
a
E V =

'hile under load conditions,

a
E V
due to the following factors7
1. armature winding resistance, :
a
$. armature winding lea;age reactance, <
a
%. armature reaction.
a
E
is ma(imum when peak r
B
is 16 from phase a-a(is.
Therefore,
a
E
lags
r
by 16 .
+1
Figure 5-+ Flu( for ma(imum =a.
9nity power factor load is used to determine the e>uialent circuit of the synchronous
generator.
Figure 5-1 =>uialent circuit with unity pf.
Figure 5-16 Flu(es and oltages relationship.
ar r net
+ =
ar a net
E E E + =
'here,
flu(, produced rotor the is
r

flu( reaction armature the is

ar

+$
gap - air in the flu( net the is
net

flu( rotor the to due oltage induced the is

a
E
flu( reaction armature the to due oltage induced the is
ar
E
flu( net the to due oltage induced the is
net
E
a ar
I E
and since

ar
E
is in the negatie ?-a(is, then
<
ar a ar
I j E =
or
<
ar a ar
I j E =
'here
reactance reaction armature the as ;nown is
ar
X
Therefore,
ar a a a a a ar net a
X I j X I j R I V E E E + + + = =

) (
a ar a a a a
X X I j R I V E + + + =

s a a a a
X I j R I V E + + =

'here,
) (
a ar s
X X X + =
is the synchronous reactance of the generator.
0nd the e>uialent circuit reduces to7
Figure 5-11 =>uialent circuit with armature reaction reactance.
The armature winding e>uialent circuit is as shown in the following figure7
Figure 5-1$ =>uialent circuit for synchronous generator.
+%
Example !"
@etermine the oltage regulation of a $566 A*0, 2266 *, B-connected synchronous
generator at full-load and 6.+ power factor lagging. The generator has the following per
phase parameters7 :a86.6#1 and <s816.,C.
:epeat the oltage regulation with 6.+ power factor leading.
#pen!circuit Characteristics
+,
Figure 5-1% Circuit connection for open-circuit characteristics.
B K E
a
=
0t rated speed,
s
=
8 constant
Therefore,
B E
a

9nder open circuit conditions, 3
a
86.6 and =
a
8*
t
-
oc
8:otational losses8Friction losses / 'indage losses / Core losses.
Figure 5-1, =>uialent circuit for open-circuit test.
Figure 5-15 &pen-circuit characteristics and air-gap line.
Short!circuit Characteristics (SCC)
The 5CC is the relation between the armature current 3
a
and the field current 3
f
at constant
speed. 9nder short-circuit conditions, *
t
86 and ery small amount of induced oltage is
needed to achiee rated current.
+5
Figure 5-12 =>uialent circuit for short-circuit test.
s a a a
s a a a
X I j R I
jX R I V E
+ =
+ + =

) (

$ $
s a
a
a
X R
E
I
+
=
For oltages way less than rated oltages, =
a
is directly proportional to 3
f
and from the
aboe e>uation 3
a
is directly proportional to =
a
. Therefore, 3
a
is directly proportional to 3
f
.
The test circuit for the short circuit test is as shown in the following figure7
Figure 5-1# Circuit connection for short-circuit characteristics.
+2
Figure 5-1+ 5hort-circuit characteristics.
#pen! and Short!circuit characteristics on the same graph.
Figure 5-11 &pen- and short-circuit characteristics.
4eglecting :
a
constant = =

SCC
a
!nsat
a
s
I
E
X
SCC
"CC
!nsat
a
a
s
I
E
X =
+#
Synchronous Generator $o%er &lo%
Figure 5-$6 =>uialent circuit.
'otor (&ield) Circuit
f
f
f
R
V
I =
f f f f f
R I I V P
$
= =
Figure 5-$1 0rmature circuit phasor diagram
Stator ((rmature) Circuit
) (
) (
s a a a
s a a a
jX R I E
jX R I V E
+ =
+ + =

*
1. &utput power

cos
a out
I V P % =
$. Conerted power
SC# out con$
P P P + =
.
a a a con$
R I I V P
$
% % + =

cos
.
++
) cos(
.
=
a a con$
I E P %
s ind con$
% P =
.
P
f
P
f
s

, 1$6
26
$
= =
%. 0ir-gap power
s ind con$ A&
% P P = =
.
,. 3nput power
Stra' ( ) core A& in
P P P P P + + + =
+
s app in
% P
.
=
Example !)
0 $66-A*0, ,+6-*, 6.+-pf lagging, $-pole, 26-Dz, B-connected synchronous generator
has the following parameters7 :a86.6, &hms and <s86.$5 &hms. Friction and windage
losses are 2-A' and core losses are ,-A'.The &CC of the machine is shown in Figure
5-$% of the te(t.
a" @etermine the field current for rated terminal oltage of ,+6-* at no-load.
b" @etermine the induced oltage under rated conditions.
c" 'hat is the field current under rated conditionsE
d" @etermine the conerted power of the generator.
e" @etermine the induced tor>ue of the generator.
f" @etermine the tor>ue applied to this generator under rated conditions.
$hasor *iagram o+ a Synchronous Generator
Figure 5-$$ =>uialent circuit.
1. Fagging power factor
+1
Figure 5-$% -hasor diagram with lagging pf.
$. 9nity power factor
Figure 5-$, -hasor diagram with unity pf.
%. Feading -ower Factor
Figure 5-$5 -hasor diagram with leading pf.
$o%er!(ngle Characteristics o+ a Synchronous Generator %ith ,eglected
(rmature 'esistance.
16
Figure 5-$2 =>uialent circuit with neglected armature resistance.
Figure 5-$# -hasor diagram.
# a a
I I =

=
a #
I V S

=
16
s
a
s
a
a
X
V E
*
V E
I

16
s
a
a
X
V E
I

=

16 16
s s
a
a
X
V
X
E
I

Therefore,
= 16 16
$
s s
a
#
X
V
X
V E
S

) (
0nd
= 16 16
$
cos ) cos(
s s
a
#
X
V
X
V E
P

sin
s
a
#
X
V E
P =
per phase

sin
s
a
#
X
V E
P
%
%
=

5ince :a neglected,
11
s ind
s
a
out con$
%
X
V E
P P

=
= =

%
sin
.
0nd

sin
s s
a
ind
X
V E
%
%
=
s s
a
X
V E
%

%
=
max
P
f
P
f
s

, 1$6
26
$
= =
1$